Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-0808-7409
Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin zur Diagnostik und Therapie von erwachsenen Patienten mit Husten
Guidelines of the German Respiratory Society for Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults Suffering from Acute, Subacute and Chronic CoughPublication History
Publication Date:
18 February 2019 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende 2019 S2k-Leitlinie der DGP wurde im Gegensatz zu den S3-Vorgänger-Leitlinien aus dem Jahre 2004 und 2010 für Pneumologen verfasst, für Allgemeinärzte liegt eine Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin aus dem Jahre 2014 vor.
Die Leitlinie enthält 48 im Konsensusverfahren abgestimmte Empfehlungen und 16 Statements, die im Hintergrundtext in den folgenden neun Kapiteln erläutert werden: Epidemiologie, Physiologie, Klassifizierung, akuter, subakuter bzw. chronischer Husten, Diagnostik und Therapie; dem chronischen idiopathischen Husten wurde ein Extra-Kapitel gewidmet. Weitere Schwerpunkte der Leitlinie sind die Physiologie des Hustens in Erwartung der Einführung neuer Medikamente sowie ausführliche Abhandlungen des Hustens, der durch Affektionen im Bereich der oberen Atemwege oder durch gastroösophagealen Reflux getriggert wird. Hier sollte die Leitlinie dem Pneumologen die zur Diagnostik und Therapie erforderlichen neuesten Kenntnisse aus den Nachbardisziplinen vermitteln. Die klinischen Kapiteln enthalten auch eine kurze Zusammenfassung, praktische Empfehlungen und jeweils ein eigenes Literaturverzeichnis. Drei neue, vereinfachte Algorithmen für den akuten, subakuten und chronischen Husten runden das Kapitel Diagnostik ab.
Abstract
The present 2019 S2k consensus guideline of the German Respiratory Society was written – in contrast to the predecessor more general S3 guidelines from 2004 and 2010 – for pneumologists, since 2014 the German College of General Practitioners and Family Physicians (DEGAM) published his own cough guidelines.
The guideline contains 48 recommendations agreed by consensus and 16 statements, which are explained in the background text in the following nine chapters: epidemiology, physiology, classification, acute, subacute or chronic cough, diagnostics and therapy; an extra chapter was dedicated to chronic idiopathic cough. Further emphasis of the guideline is the physiology of cough in anticipation of the introduction of new drugs, as well as detailed treatises on cough triggered by affections in the upper respiratory tract or by gastroesophageal reflux. The guideline should provide the pneumologist with the latest knowledge from neighboring disciplines required for diagnosis and therapy of cough. The clinical chapters also contain a short summary, practical recommendations and a bibliography of their own. Three new, simplified algorithms for acute, subacute and chronic cough round off the Diagnostics chapter.
-
Literatur
-
Präambel - 1 Kardos P, Cegla U, Gillissen A. et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit akutem und chronischem Husten. Pneumologie 2004; 58: 570-602
- 2 Kardos P, Berck H, Fuchs KH. et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin für Diagnostik und Therapie von Erwachsenen Patienten mit akutem und chronischem Husten. Pneumologie 2010; 64: 701-711
- 3 Morice AH, McGarvey L, Pavord I. British Thoracic Society Cough Guideline Group. Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. Thorax 2006; 61: i1-i24
- 4 Morice AH, Fantana GA, Belvisi MG. et al. ERS guidelines on the assessment of cough. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 1256-1275
- 5 Morice AH, Fontana GA, Sovijarvi AR. et al. ERS Task Force. The diagnosis and management of cough. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 481-492
- 6 Kohno S, Ishida T. et al. Committee for the Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines for Management of C. The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for management of cough. Respirology 2006; 11 (Suppl. 04) S135-S186
- 7 Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC. et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: 1S-23S
- 8 Irwin RS, French CT, Lewis SZ. et al. Overview of the management of cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2014; 146: 885-889
- 9 Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B. et al. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report. Chest 2017; 152: 1021-1037
- 10 Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Weinberger MM. et al. Management of Children With Chronic Wet Cough and Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2017; 151: 884-890
- 11 Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Weinberger MM. et al. Use of Management Pathways or Algorithms in Children With Chronic Cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2017; 151: 875-883
- 12 Tarlo SM, Altman KW, Oppenheimer J. et al. Occupational and environmental contributions to chronic cough in adults: Chest expert panel report. Chest 2016;
- 13 Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB. et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016;
- 14 Boulet LP, Coeytaux RR, McCrory DC. et al. Tools for assessing outcomes in studies of chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2015; 147: 804-814
- 15 Vertigan AE, Murad MH, Pringsheim T. et al. Somatic cough syndrome (previously referred to as psychogenic cough) and tic cough (previously referred to as habit cough) in adults and children: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2015; 148: 24-31
- 16 Irwin RS, French CL, Chang AB. et al. Classification of Cough as a Symptom in Adults and Management Algorithms: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2018; 153: 196-209
-
1 Epidemiologie des Hustens - 1 Morrell DC. Symptom interpretation in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1972; 22: 297-309
- 2 Chung KF, Pavord ID. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough. Lancet 2008; 371: 1364-1374
- 3 Birring SS, Prudon B, Carr AJ. et al. Development of a symptom specific health status measure for patients with chronic cough: Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). Thorax 2003; 58: 339-343
- 4 Song WJ, Chang YS, Faruqi S. et al. The global epidemiology of chronic cough in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 1479-1481
- 5 Janson C, Chinn S, Jarvis D. et al. Determinants of cough in young adults participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 647-654
- 6 Kauffmann F, Varraso R. The epidemiology of cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24: 289-294
- 7 Ford AC, Forman D, Moayyedi P. et al. Cough in the community: a cross sectional survey and the relationship to gastrointestinal symptoms. Thorax 2006; 61: 975-979
- 8 Burt CW, Schappert SM. Ambulatory care visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments: United States, 1999 – 2000. Vital Health Stat 2004; 13: 1-70
- 9 Irwin RS. Introduction to the diagnosis and management of cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: 25S-27S
- 10 Kanezaki M, Ebihara S, Nikkuni E. et al. Perception of urge-to-cough and dyspnea in healthy smokers with decreased cough reflex sensitivity. Cough 2010; 6: 1
- 11 Ebihara S, Ebihara T, Kanezaki M. et al. Aging deteriorated perception of urge-to-cough without changing cough reflex threshold to citric acid in female never-smokers. Cough 2011; 7: 3
- 12 Everett C, Kastelik J, Thompson R. et al. Chronic persistent cough in the community: a questionnaire survey. Cough 2007; 3: 5
-
2 Physiologie - 1 Dinh QT, Heck S, Le DD. et al. Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie vom chronischen Hustens: Neuronale Reflxe und Antitussiva. Pneumologie 2013; 67: 327-334
- 2 Canning BJ, Chang AB, Bolser DC. et al. Anatomy and neurophysiology of cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel report. Chest 2014; 146: 1633-1648
- 3 Widdicombe J. Functional morphology and physiology of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors (RARs). Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003; 270: 2-10
- 4 Undem BJ, Carr MJ. Targeting primary afferent nerves for novel antitussive therapy. Chest 2010; 137: 177-184
- 5 Chung KF, Pavord ID. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough. Lancet 2008; 371: 1364-1374
- 6 Canning BJ. Central regulation of the cough reflex: therapeutic implications. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22: 75-81
- 7 Eccles R. Central mechanisms IV: conscious control of cough and the placebo effect. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009;
- 8 Chung KF. Cough: potential pharmacological developments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 11: 955-963
- 9 Lee KK, Birring SS. Cough and sleep. Lung 2010; 188 (Suppl. 01) S91-S94
- 10 Tekdemir I, Aslan A, Elhan A. A clinico-anatomic study of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve and Arnold’s ear-cough reflex. Surg Radiol Anat 1998; 20: 253-257
- 11 Nomura S, Mizuno N. Central distribution of primary afferent fibers in the Arnold's nerve (the auricular branch of the vagus nerve): a transganglionic HRP study in the cat. Brain Res 1984; 292: 199-205
- 12 Plevkova J, Kollarik M, Poliacek I. et al. The role of trigeminal nasal TRPM8-expressing afferent neurons in the antitussive effects of menthol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115: 268-274
- 13 Morice AH, Marshall AE, Higgins KS. et al. Effect of inhaled menthol on citric acid induced cough in normal subjects. Thorax 1994; 49: 1024-1026
- 14 Smith J, Houghton L. The oesophagus and cough: laryngo-pharyngeal reflux, microaspiration and vagal reflexes. Cough 2013; 9: 12
- 15 Bessac BF, Jordt SE. Breathtaking TRP channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in airway chemosensation and reflex control. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 23: 360-370
- 16 Bonvini SJ, Birrell MA, Smith JA. et al. Targeting TRP channels for chronic cough: from bench to bedside. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388: 401-420
- 17 Chung KF. NMDA and GABA receptors as potential targets in cough hypersensitivity syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22: 29-36
- 18 Choudry NB, Fuller RW. Sensitivity Of The Cough Reflex In patients with chronic cough. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 296-300
- 19 Chung KF, Canning B, McGarvey L. Eight International London Cough Symposium 2014: Cough hypersensitivity syndrome as the basis for chronic cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35: 76-80
- 20 Song WJ, Morice AH. Cough Hypersensitivity Syndrome: A Few More Steps Forward. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2017; 9: 394-402
- 21 Driessen AK, McGovern AE, Narula M. et al. Central mechanisms of airway sensation and cough hypersensitivity. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 47: 9-15
- 22 Abdulqawi R, Dockry R, Holt K. et al. P2X3 receptor antagonist (AF-219) in refractory chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. The Lancet 2015; 385: 1198-1205
- 23 Escamilla R, Roche N. Cough hypersensitivity syndrome: towards a new approach to chronic cough. European Respiratory Journal 2014; 44: 1103-1106
- 24 Dinh QT, Suhling H, Fischer A. et al. Neuronale Kontrolle bei chronisch entzündlichen und obstruktiven Lungenerkrankungen wie Asthma bronchiale und COPD. Pneumologie 2011; 65: 283-292
-
3 Klassifizierung und klinische Ursachen des Hustens - 1 Irwin RS, French CL, Chang AB. et al. Classification of Cough as a Symptom in Adults and Management Algorithms: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2018; 153: 196-209
- 2 Jany B. Klug entscheiden ... in der Pneumologie. Dtsch Arztebl International 2016; 113: 930
- 3 Irwin RS, French CT, Lewis SZ. et al. Overview of the management of cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2014; 146: 885-889
- 4 Morice AH, McGarvey L, Pavod I. Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. BTS guidelines. Thorax 2006; 61: i1-i24
- 5 Committee for the Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines for Management of C. Kohno S, Ishida T. et al. The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for management of cough. Respirology 2006; 11 (Suppl. 04) S135-S186
- 6 Morice A, Kardos P. Comprehensive evidence-based review on European antitussives. BMJ Open Respiratory Research 2016;
- 7 Kardos P, Lehrl S, Kamin W. et al. Assessment of the Effect of Pharmacotherapy in Common Cold/Acute Bronchitis – the Bronchitis Severity Scale (BSS). Pneumologie 2014; 68: 542-546
- 8 Morice AH, Kantar A, Dicpinigaitis PV. et al. Treating acute cough: wet versus dry – have we got the paradigm wrong?. ERJ Open Res 2015;
- 9 Beeh KM, Beier J, Esperester A. et al. Antiinflammatory properties of ambroxol. Eur J Med Res 2008; 13: 557-562
- 10 Dicpinigaitis PV, Gayle YE. Effect of guaifenesin on cough reflex sensitivity. Chest 2003; 124: 2178-2181
- 11 Wenzel RP, Fowler III AA. Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2125-2130
- 12 Yuan X, Liu Y, Bai C. et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is associated with subacute cough. European Respiratory Journal 2014; 43: 1178-1181
- 13 Harnden A. Whooping cough. BMJ 2009; 338: b1772
- 14 Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J. et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2012; 50: 1-12
- 15 Kardos P. [Chronic persistent cough]. Pneumologie 1995; 49: 2-13
- 16 Irwin RS, Rosen MJ, Braman SS. Cough. A comprehensive review. Arch Intern Med 1977; 137: 1186-1191
- 17 Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L. et al. Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2015;
- 18 Irwin RS, Curley FJ, French CL. Chronic cough. The spectrum and frequency of causes, key components of the diagnostic evaluation, and outcome of specific therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 640-647
- 19 McGarvey LPHL, Lawson JT, Johnston BT. et al. Evaluation and outcome of patients with chronic non-productive cough using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol [see comments]. Thorax 1998; 53: 738-743
- 20 Poe RH, Harder RV, Israel RH. et al. Chronic Persistent Cough. Experience In Diagnosis and outcome using an anatomic diagnostic protocol. Chest 1989; 95: 723-728
- 21 Holinger LD. Chronic Cough In Infants And Children. Laryngoscope 1986; 96: 316-322
- 22 Holinger LD, Sanders AD. Chronic Cough In Infants And Children: an update. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 596-605
- 23 Kiljander TO, Junghard O, Beckman O. et al. Effect of Esomeprazole 40 mg Once or Twice Daily on Asthma: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010; 181: 1042-1048
- 24 Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Gaffney J. et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD004823.pub4 [doi]
- 25 Song WJ, Chang YS, Morice AH. Changing the paradigm for cough: does ‘cough hypersensitivity’ aid our understanding?. Asia Pac Allergy 2014; 4: 3-13
- 26 Morice AH, Millqvist E, Belvisi MG. et al. Expert opinion on the cough hypersensitivity syndrome in respiratory medicine. European Respiratory Journal 2014; 44: 1132-1148
- 27 Morice AH, Jakes AD, Faruqi S. et al. A worldwide survey of chronic cough: a manifestation of enhanced somatosensory response. European Respiratory Journal 2014; 44: 1149-1155
-
4 Der akute Husten - 1 Kardos P, Malek FA. Common Cold – an Umbrella Term for Acute Infections of Nose, Throat, Larynx and Bronchi. Pneumologie 2017; 71: 221-226
- 2 Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B. et al. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report. Chest 2017; 152: 1021-1037
- 3 Lee KK, Matos S, Evans DH. et al. A Longitudinal Assessment of Acute Cough. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013; 187: 991-997
- 4 Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J. et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2012; 50: 1-12
- 5 Wenzel RP, Fowler III AA. Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2125-2130
- 6 Wang DY, Ghoshal AG, Razak Bin Abdul MA. et al. Cough as a Key Symptom in Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Copd and Rhinosinusitis and Its Impact in Asia. Value Health 2014; 17: A776-777
- 7 Buhl R, Bals R, Baur X. et al. [Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma - Guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Atemwegsliga in Cooperation with the Paediatric Respiratory Society and the Austrian Society of Pneumology]. Pneumologie 2017; 71: e2
- 8 Tajiri T, Toriyama A, Sokai A. et al. [the Causes of Acute Cough: A Single-Center Study in Japan]. Arerugi 2018; 67: 46-52
- 9 Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures. Chest 1985; 88: 376-384
- 10 Barber CM, Curran AD, Fishwick D. et al. Impaired cough reflex in patients with recurrent pneumonia. Thorax 2003; 58: 645-664b
- 11 Ewig S, Hoffken G, Kern WV. et al. [Management of Adult Community-acquired Pneumonia and Prevention – Update 2016]. Pneumologie 2016; 70: 151-200
- 12 Kim V, Aaron SD. What Is a Copd Exacerbation? Current Definitions, Pitfalls, Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement. Eur Respir J 2018;
- 13 Vogelmeier C, Buhl R, Burghuber O. et al. Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis und Lungenemphysem (COPD). Pneumologie 2018; 72: 253-308
- 14 Pollack CV, Schreiber D, Goldhaber SZ. et al. Clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: initial report of EMPEROR (Multicenter Emergency Medicine Pulmonary Embolism in the Real World Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 700-706
- 15 Brunnee T, Graf K, Kastens B. et al. Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with moderate pulmonary circulation overload. Chest 1993; 103: 1477-1481
- 16 Brandon N. Premature Atrial Contraction as an Etiology for Cough. Chest 2008; 133: 828
- 17 Baron SB, Huang SK. Cough syncope presenting as Mobitz type II atrioventricular block-an electrophysiologic correlation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1987; 10: 65-69
- 18 Mitton M. Paroxysmal atrioventricular block in a healthy patient receiving spinal anesthesia: a case report. AANA J 1993; 61: 605-609
-
5 Subakuter Husten - 1 Irwin RS, French CT, Lewis SZ. et al. Overview of the management of cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2014; 146: 885-889
- 2 Kohno S, Ishida T. et al. Committee for the Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines for Management of C. The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for management of cough. Respirology 2006; 11 (Suppl. 04) S135-S186
- 3 Morice AH, McGarvey L, Pavord I. British Thoracic Society Cough Guideline Group. Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. Thorax 2006; 61: i1-i24
- 4 Weinberger R, Riffelmann M, Kennerknecht N. et al. Long-lasting cough in an adult German population: incidence, symptoms, and related pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37: 665-672
- 5 Grant CC. Postinfectious cough and pertussis in primary care. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 2-3
- 6 Baxter R, Bartlett J, Rowhani-Rahbar A. et al. Effectiveness of pertussis vaccines for adolescents and adults: case-control study. BMJ 2013; 347: f4249
- 7 Moore A, Ashdown HF, Shinkins B. et al. Clinical Characteristics of Pertussis-Associated Cough in Adults and Children: A Diagnostic Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest 2017; 152: 353-367
- 8 Birkebaek NH, Kristiansen M, Seefeldt T. et al. Bordetella pertussis and chronic cough in adults. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1239-1242
- 9 Miyashita N, Kawai Y, Yamaguchi T. et al. Evaluation of serological tests for diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection in adolescents and adults. Respirology 2011; 16: 1189-1195
- 10 Vincent JM, Cherry JD, Nauschuetz WF. et al. Prolonged afebrile nonproductive cough illnesses in American soldiers in Korea: a serological search for causation. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 534-539
- 11 Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ. et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; CD003257.pub5: CD003257
- 12 Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J. et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2012; 50: 1-12
- 13 Braman SS. Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: 95S-103S
- 14 Lin L, Yang ZF, Zhan YQ. et al. The duration of cough in patients with H1N1 influenza. Clin Respir J 2017; 11: 733-738
- 15 Gillissen A, Richter A, Oster H. Clinical efficacy of short-term treatment with extra-fine HFA beclomethasone dipropionate in patients with post-infectious persistent cough. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 58 (Suppl. 05) 223-232
- 16 Lai K, Lin L, Liu B. et al. Eosinophilic airway inflammation is common in subacute cough following acute upper respiratory tract infection. Respirology 2016; 21: 683-688
- 17 Irwin RS, Curley FJ, French CL. Chronic cough. The spectrum and frequency of causes, key components of the diagnostic evaluation, and outcome of specific therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 640-647
- 18 Wang K, Birring SS, Taylor K. et al. Montelukast for postinfectious cough in adults: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2014; 2: 35-43
-
6 Chronischer Husten - 1 Morice AH, McGarvey L, Pavord I. British Thoracic Society Cough Guideline Group. Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. Thorax 2006; 61: i1-i24
- 2 Hilton E, Marsden P, Thurston A. et al. Clinical features of the urge-to-cough in patients with chronic cough. Respiratory Medicine 109: 701-707
- 3 Morice AH. Chronic cough hypersensitivity syndrome. Cough 2013; 9: 14
- 4 Escamilla R, Roche N. Cough hypersensitivity syndrome: towards a new approach to chronic cough. European Respiratory Journal 2014; 44: 1103-1106
- 5 Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L. et al. Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016; 149: 27-44
- 6 Yu L, Xu X, Lv H. et al. Advances in upper airway cough syndrome. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015; 31: 223-228
- 7 Morice AH. The cough hypersensitivity syndrome: a novel paradigm for understanding cough. Lung 2010; 188 (Suppl. 01) S87-S90
- 8 Irwin RS, Curley FJ, French CL. Chronic cough. The spectrum and frequency of causes, key components of the diagnostic evaluation, and outcome of specific therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 640-647
- 9 Vertigan AE, Kapela SL, Ryan NM. et al. Pregabalin and speech pathology combination therapy for refractory chronic cough: A randomized controlled trial. Chest 2016; 149: 639-648
- 10 Vertigan A, Bone S, Gibson P. Development and validation of the Newcastle laryngeal hypersensitivity questionnaire. Cough 2014; 10: 1
- 11 Gibson PG, Vertigan AE. Speech pathology for chronic cough: a new approach. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22: 159-162
- 12 Krouse JH, Altman KW. Rhinogenic laryngitis, cough, and the unified airway. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010; 43: 111-121, ix-x
- 13 Oelschlager BK, Eubanks TR, Maronian N. et al. Laryngoscopy and pharyngeal pH are complementary in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal-laryngeal reflux. J Gastrointest Surg 2002; 6: 189-194
- 14 Fuchs HF, Muller DT, Berlth F. et al. Simultaneous laryngopharyngeal pH monitoring (Restech) and conventional esophageal pH monitoring-correlation using a large patient cohort of more than 100 patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dis Esophagus 2018;
- 15 Ummarino D, Vandermeulen L, Roosens B. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux evaluation in patients affected by chronic cough: Restech versus multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH metry. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 980-984
- 16 Chung KF. Approach to chronic cough: the neuropathic basis for cough hypersensitivity syndrome. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6: S699-S707
- 17 Birring SS. The search for the hypersensitivity in chronic cough. European Respiratory Journal 2017; 49
- 18 Birring SS, Passant C, Patel RB. et al. Chronic tonsillar enlargement and cough: preliminary evidence of a novel and treatable cause of chronic cough. European Respiratory Journal 2004; 23: 199-201
- 19 Gurgel RK, Brookes JT, Weinberger MM. et al. Chronic cough and tonsillar hypertrophy: a case series. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43: 1147-1149
- 20 Dicpinigaitis PV, Kantar A, Enilari O. et al. Prevalence of Arnold Nerve Reflex in Adults and Children With Chronic Cough. Chest 2018; 153: 675-679
- 21 Dunn NM, Katial RK, Hoyte FCL. Vocal cord dysfunction: a review. Asthma Res Pract 2015; 1: 9
- 22 Vertigan AE, Theodoros DG, Gibson PG. et al. The relationship between chronic cough and paradoxical vocal fold movement: a review of the literature. J Voice 2006; 20: 466-480
- 23 Vertigan AE, Bone SL, Gibson PG. Laryngeal sensory dysfunction in laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome. Respirology 2013; 18: 948-956
- 24 Abouzgheib W, Pratter MR, Bartter T. Cough and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007; 13: 44-48
- 25 Buhl R, Bals R, Baur X. et al. [Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma - Guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Atemwegsliga in Cooperation with the Paediatric Respiratory Society and the Austrian Society of Pneumology]. Pneumologie 2017; 71: e2
- 26 Irwin RS, Curley FJ, French CL. Chronic cough. The spectrum and frequency of causes, key components of the diagnostic evaluation, and outcome of specific therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 640-647
- 27 Berg P, Wehrli R, Medici TC. Asthmahusten. Das monosymptomatische Bronchialasthma in Form von chronischem Husten. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1986; 111: 1730-1731
- 28 Kardos P, Gebhardt T. Chronisch persistierender Husten (CPH) in der Praxis: Diagnostik und Therapie bei 329 Patienten in 2 Jahren. Pneumologie 1996; 50: 437-441
- 29 McGarvey LP HL, Lawson JT, Johnston BT. et al. Evaluation and outcome of patients with chronic non-productive cough using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol [see comments]. Thorax 1998; 53: 738-743
- 30 Connell EJ, Rojas AR, Sachs MI. Cough-type asthma: a review. Ann Allergy 1991; 66: 278-282 285
- 31 Corrao WM, Braman SS, Irwin RS. Chronic cough as the sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 633-637
- 32 Frans A, Van Den Eeckhaut J. Cough As The Sole Manifestation Of airway hyperreactivity. J Laryngol Otol 1989; 103: 680-682
- 33 Johnson D, Osborn LM. Cough Variant Asthma: A Review of the Clinical Literature. J Asthma 1991; 28: 85-90
- 34 Poe RH, Harder RV, Israel RH. et al. Chronic Persistent Cough. Experience in Diagnosis and outcome using an anatomic diagnostic protocol. Chest 1989; 95: 723-728
- 35 Nowak D, Heinrich J, Jorres R. et al. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy among adults: west and east Germany. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 2541-2552
- 36 Sears MR, Jones DT, Holdaway MD. et al. Prevalence of bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine in New Zealand children. Thorax 1986; 41: 283-289
- 37 Dicpinigaitis P. Zafirlukast in cough-variant Asthma. J Asthma 2002; 39: 291-297
- 38 Song WJ, Kim HJ, Shim JS. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement in predicting cough-variant asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis in adults with chronic cough: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140: 701-709
- 39 Lai K, Chen R, Peng W. et al. Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis and its relationship with asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 47: 66-71
- 40 Brightling CE. Cough due to asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Lung 2010; 188 (Suppl. 01) S13-S17
- 41 Irwin RS, Corrao WM, Pratter MR. Chronic persistent cough in the adult: the spectrum and frequency of causes and successful outcome of specific therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 413-417
- 42 Groneberg-Kloft B, Feleszko W, Dinh QT. et al. Analysis and evaluation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for chronic cough. Cough 2007; 3: 6
- 43 Nelson S, Summer WR, Mason CM. The role of the inflammatory response in chronic bronchitis: therapeutic implications. Semin Respir Infect 2000; 15: 24-31
- 44 Storms WW, Miller JE. Daily use of guaifenesin (Mucinex) in a patient with chronic bronchitis and pathologic mucus hypersecretion: A case report. Respir Med Case Rep 2018; 23: 156-157
- 45 Dicpinigaitis PV. Effect of tobacco and electronic cigarette use on cough reflex sensitivity. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 47: 45-48
- 46 Sitkauskiene B, Stravinskaite K, Sakalauskas R. et al. Changes in cough reflex sensitivity after cessation and resumption of cigarette smoking. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 20: 240-243
- 47 Krzyzanowski M, Robbins DR, Lebowitz MD. Smoking cessation and changes in respiratory symptoms in two populations followed for 13 years. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22: 666-673
- 48 Deslee G, Burgel PR, Escamilla R. et al. Impact of current cough on health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11: 2091-2097
- 49 Burgel PR, Nesme-Meyer P, Chanez P. et al. Cough and sputum production are associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD subjects. Chest 2009; 135: 975-982
- 50 Koo HK, Park SW, Park JW. et al. Chronic cough as a novel phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13: 1793-1801
- 51 Vogelmeier C, Buhl R, Burghuber O. et al. Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis und Lungenemphysem (COPD). Pneumologie 2018; 72: 253-308
- 52 Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ. et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2017; 50
- 53 Behr J, Günther A, Bonella F. et al. S2k-Leitlinie Idiopathische Lungenfibrose – Update zur medikamentösen Therapie 2017. Pneumologie 2017; 71: 460-474
- 54 Kurland G, Deterding RR, Hagood JS. et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: classification, evaluation, and management of childhood interstitial lung disease in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 376-394
- 55 Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM. et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188
- 56 Birring SS, Kavanagh JE, Irwin RS. et al. Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease associated cough: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2018;
- 57 Smith JA, Decalmer S, Kelsall A. et al. Acoustic cough-reflux associations in chronic cough: potential triggers and mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 754-762
- 58 Herregods TVK, Pauwels A, Jafari J. et al. Determinants of reflux-induced chronic cough. Gut 2017; 66: 2057-2062
- 59 Hollenz M, Stolte M, Labenz J. [Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in general practice]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2002; 127: 1007-1012
- 60 Hom C, Vaezi MF. Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013; 42: 71-91
- 61 Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB. et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016; 150: 1341-1360
- 62 Koop H, Fuchs KH, Labenz J. et al. S2k Leitlinie: Gastroesophageale Refluxkrankheit unter der Federführung der DGVS. AWMF register no. 021-013. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 1299-1346
- 63 Kahrilas PJ, Smith JA, Dicpinigaitis PV. A Causal Relationship Between Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) has been Established: A Pro/Con Debate. Lung 2014; 192: 39-46
- 64 Dent J, Vakil N, Jones R. et al. Accuracy of the diagnosis of GORD by questionnaire, physicians and a trial of proton pump inhibitor treatment: the Diamond Study. Gut 2010; 59: 714-721
- 65 Ing AJ, Ngu MC, Breslin AB. Chronic Persistent Cough And Gastro-oesophageal Reflux. Thorax 1991; 46: 479-483
- 66 Irwin RS, Zawacki JK, Curley FJ. et al. Chronic cough as the sole presenting manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1294-1300
- 67 Muller-Lissner S, Fibbe C, Frieling T. et al. [Topic complex II: Diagnosis]. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 168-175
- 68 Kahrilas P, Yadlapati R, Roman S. Emerging dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. F1000Res 2017; 6: 1748
- 69 Ummarino D, Vandermeulen L, Roosens B. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux evaluation in patients affected by chronic cough: Restech versus multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH metry. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 980-984
- 70 Kavitt RT, Higginbotham T, Slaughter JC. et al. Symptom reports are not reliable during ambulatory reflux monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 1826-1832
- 71 Triggs JR, Kahrilas PJ. Editorial: symptom association probability during reflux testing – what is the gain?. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2018; 47: 1317-1318
- 72 Slaughter JC, Goutte M, Rymer JA. et al. Caution about overinterpretation of symptom indexes in reflux monitoring for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 868-874
- 73 Ayazi S, Lipham JC, Hagen JA. et al. A New Technique for Measurement of Pharyngeal pH: Normal Values and Discriminating pH Threshold. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2009; 13: 1422-1429
- 74 Irwin RS, Madison JM. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease and postnasal drip syndrome. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002; 15: 261-266
- 75 Novitsky YW, Zawacki JK, Irwin RS. et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy of antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 567-571
- 76 Fathi H, Moon T, Donaldson J. et al. Cough in adult cystic fibrosis: diagnosis and response to fundoplication. Cough 2009; 5: 1
- 77 Irwin RS, Zawacki JK, Wilson MM. et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease: failure to resolve despite total/near-total elimination of esophageal acid. Chest 2002; 121: 1132-1140
- 78 Anvari M. Endoscopic treatments for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet 2008; 371: 965-966
- 79 Catania RA, Kavic SM, Roth JS. et al. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication effectively relieves symptoms in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 1579-1587
- 80 Kaufman JA, Houghland JE, Quiroga E. et al. Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic antireflux surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-related airway disorder. Surg Endosc 2006; 20: 1824-1830
- 81 Brouwer R, Kiroff GK. Improvement of respiratory symptoms following laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. ANZ J Surg 2003; 73: 189-193
- 82 FARUQI S, Sedman P, Jackson W. et al. Fundoplication in chronic intractable cough. Cough 2012; 8: 3
- 83 Fuchs KH, Babic B, Breithaupt W. et al. EAES recommendations for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc 2014; 28: 1753-1773
- 84 Fuchs KH, Musial F, Ulbricht F. et al. Foregut symptoms, somatoform tendencies, and the selection of patients for antireflux surgery. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30: 1-10
- 85 Brown SR, Gyawali CP, Melman L. et al. Clinical outcomes of atypical extra-esophageal reflux symptoms following laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 3852-3858
- 86 Ratnasingam D, Irvine T, Thompson SK. et al. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery in patients with throat symptoms: a word of caution. World J Surg 2011; 35: 342-348
- 87 Silva AP, Tercioti-Junior V, Lopes LR. et al. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery in patients with extra esophageal symptoms related to asthma. Arq Bras Cir Dig 2014; 27: 92-95
- 88 Drews G, Rudolph F, Martinenko O. et al. Einfluss der laparoskopischen Fundoplikation auf den mit gastroösophagealem Reflux assoziierten Husten. Zentralbl Chir 2016; 141: 545-551
- 89 Mainie I, Tutuian R, Shay S. et al. Acid and non-acid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy: a multicentre study using combined ambulatory impedance-pH monitoring. Gut 2006; 55: 1398-1402
- 90 Agrawal A, Roberts J, Sharma N. et al. Symptoms with acid and nonacid reflux may be produced by different mechanisms. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22: 467-470
- 91 Israili ZH, Hall WD. Cough And Angioneurotic Edema Associated With angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 234-242
- 92 Vukadinovic D, Vukadinovic AN, Lavall D. et al. Rate of Cough During Treatment With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018;
- 93 Rashdan S, Minna JD, Gerber DE. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary toxicity associated with cancer immunotherapy. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2018; 6: 472-478
- 94 Baraniuk JN, Jamieson MJ. Rhinorrhea, cough and fatigue in patients taking sitagliptin. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010; 6: 8
- 95 Dicpinigaitis PV. Chronic cough due to asthma: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: 75S-79S
- 96 El Baissari MC, Taha SK, Siddik-Sayyid SM. Fentanyl-induced cough – pathophysiology and prevention. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2014; 22: 449-456
- 97 Elli A, Aroldi A, Montagnino GIUS. et al. Mycophenolate mofetil and cough. Transplantation 1998; 66: 409-409
- 98 Field SK, Escalante P, Fisher DA. et al. Cough Due to TB and Other Chronic Infections: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2018; 153: 467-497
- 99 Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Rosales-Klintz S. et al. ERS/ECDC Statement: European Union standards for tuberculosis care, 2017 update. European Respiratory Journal 2018;
- 100 Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC. et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: 1S-23S
- 101 Vertigan AE, Murad MH, Pringsheim T. et al. Somatic cough syndrome (previously referred to as psychogenic cough) and tic cough (previously referred to as habit cough) in adults and children: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2015; 148: 24-31
-
7 Chronischer idiopathischer Husten (CIC) (chronic idiopathic cough) und chronischer refraktärer Husten (CRC) - 1 Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L. et al. Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016; 149: 27-44
- 2 Kardos P, Berck H, Fuchs KH. et al. Guidelines of the German Respiratory Society for diagnosis and treatment of adults suffering from acute or chronic cough. Pneumologie 2010; 64: 701-711
- 3 Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB. et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016;
- 4 Vaezi MF, Sifrim D. Assessing Old and New Diagnostic Tests for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 289-301
- 5 Kardos P. [Chronic Idiopathic Cough]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2017; 142: 197-200
- 6 Hilton E, Marsden P, Thurston A. et al. Clinical features of the urge-to-cough in patients with chronic cough. Respiratory Medicine 2015; 109: 701-707
- 7 Haque RA, Usmani OS, Barnes PJ. Chronic Idiopathic Cough: A Discrete Clinical Entity?. Chest 2005; 127: 1710-1713
- 8 Macedo P, Zhang Q, Saito J. et al. Analysis of bronchial biopsies in chronic cough. Respir Med 2017; 127: 40-44
- 9 Chung KF, McGarvey L, Mazzone SB. Chronic cough as a neuropathic disorder. The Lancet 2013; 1: 414-422
- 10 Chung KF. Approach to chronic cough: the neuropathic basis for cough hypersensitivity syndrome. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6: S699-707
- 11 Vertigan AE, Bone SL, Gibson PG. Laryngeal sensory dysfunction in laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome. Respirology 2013; 18: 948-956
- 12 Escamilla R, Roche N. Cough hypersensitivity syndrome: towards a new approach to chronic cough. European Respiratory Journal 2014; 44: 1103-1106
- 13 Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L. et al. Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2015; 27-44
- 14 Ryan NM, Birring SS, Gibson PG. Gabapentin for refractory chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 2012; 380: 1583-1589
- 15 Vertigan AE, Kapela SL, Ryan NM. et al. Pregabalin and speech pathology combination therapy for refractory chronic cough: A randomized controlled trial. Chest 2016; 149: 639-648
- 16 Vertigan AE, Theodoros DG, Gibson PG. et al. Efficacy of speech pathology management for chronic cough: a randomised, single blind, placebo controlled trial of treatment efficacy. Thorax 2006;
- 17 Gibson PG, Vertigan AE. Speech pathology for chronic cough: a new approach. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22: 159-162
-
8 Diagnostik des Hustens - 1 Irwin RS, French CL, Chang AB. et al. Classification of Cough as a Symptom in Adults and Management Algorithms: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2018; 153: 196-209
- 2 Rosen MJ, Ireland B, Narasimhan M. et al. Cough in Ambulatory Immunocompromised Adults: CHEST Expert Panel Report. Chest 2017; 152: 1038-1042
- 3 Zanasi A, Morselli-Labate AM, Mazzolini M. et al. XII AIST 2018 Conference: “The thousand faces of cough: clinical and therapeutic updates”. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2018; 13: 17
- 4 Arroll B, Kenealy T. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. BMJ 2001; 322: 939-940
- 5 Butler CC, Hood K, Verheij T. et al. Variation in antibiotic prescribing and its impact on recovery in patients with acute cough in primary care: prospective study in 13 countries. BMJ 2009; 338: b2242
- 6 Boulet LP, Coeytaux RR, McCrory DC. et al. Tools for assessing outcomes in studies of chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2015; 147: 804-814
- 7 Lee KK, Matos S, Evans DH. et al. A Longitudinal Assessment of Acute Cough. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013; 187: 991-997
- 8 Baraniuk JN, Jamieson MJ. Rhinorrhea, cough and fatigue in patients taking sitagliptin. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010; 6: 8
- 9 Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB. et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: Chest guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016; 150: 1341-1360
- 10 Kardos P, Gebhardt T. Chronisch persistierender Husten (CPH) in der Praxis: Diagnostik und Therapie bei 329 Patienten in 2 Jahren. Pneumologie 1996; 50: 437-441
-
9 Symptomatische Therapie - 1 Lee AL, Burge AT, Holland AE. Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; CD008351.pub3: CD008351
- 2 Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Jones AP. et al. Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; CD008328.pub2: CD008328
- 3 Vogelmeier C, Buhl R, Burghuber O. et al. Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis und Lungenemphysem (COPD). Pneumologie 2018; 72: 253-308
- 4 Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ. et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2017;
- 5 Bott J, Blumenthal S, Buxton M. et al. Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient. Thorax 2009; 64 (Suppl. 01) i1-i51
- 6 Weise S, Kardos P, Pfeiffer-Kascha D. et al. Empfehlungen zur physiotherapeutischen Atemtherapie. Empfehlungen der Deutschen Atemwegsliga. 2. Aufl. München, Orlando: Dustri Verlag Dr. Karl Fesitle; 2008
- 7 Morice AH, Widdicombe J, Dicpinigaitis P. et al. Understanding cough. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 6-7
- 8 Morice A, Kardos P. Comprehensive evidence-based review on European antitussives. BMJ Open Respiratory Research 2016; 3: 1-8
- 9 Shim C, King M, Williams MH. Lack of effect of hydration on sputum production in chronic bronchitis. Chest 1987; 92: 679-682
- 10 Birring SS, Brew J, Kilbourn A. et al. Rococo study: a real-world evaluation of an over-the-counter medicine in acute cough (a multicentre, randomised, controlled study). BMJ Open 2017; 7: e014112
- 11 Matthys H, de Mey C, Carls C. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol. Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50: 700-711
- 12 Kardos P, Beeh KM, Sent U. et al. Characterization of differential patient profiles and therapeutic responses of pharmacy customers for four ambroxol formulations. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19: 40
- 13 Poole P, Chong J, Cates CJ. Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; CD001287.pub5: CD001287
- 14 Rubin BK. Mucolytics, expectorants, and mucokinetic medications. Respir Care 2007; 52: 859-865
- 15 Schaefer A, Kehr MS, Giannetti BM. et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, multi-center trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a liquid containing ivy leaves dry extract (EA 575®) vs. placebo in the treatment of adults with acute cough. Pharmazie 2016; 71: 504-509
- 16 Fischer J, Dethlefsen U. Efficacy of cineole in patients suffering from acute bronchitis: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Cough 2013; 9: 25
- 17 Gillissen A, Wittig T, Ehmen M. et al. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy and tolerability of GeloMyrtol(R) forte in acute bronchitis. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2013; 63: 19-27
- 18 Timmer A, Gunther J, Motschall E. et al. Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections 5. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10: CD006323
- 19 Matthys H, Lizogub VG, Malek FA. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of EPs 7630 tablets in patients with acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study with a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1413-1422
- 20 Kemmerich B, Eberhardt R, Stammer H. Efficacy and tolerability of a fluid extract combination of thyme herb and ivy leaves and matched placebo in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2006; 56: 652-660
- 21 Kemmerich B. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of dry extracts of thyme herb and primrose root in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2007; 57: 607-615
- 22 Kohler D, Vastag E. [Bronchial clearance]. Pneumologie 1991; 45: 314-332
- 23 Mortensen J, Lange P, Nyboe J. et al. Lung mucociliary clearance. Eur J Nucl Med 1994; 21: 953-961
- 24 Becker LA, Hom J, Villasis-Keever M. et al. Beta2-agonists for acute cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 9: CD001726
- 25 Pratter MR. Chronic upper airway cough syndrome secondary to rhinosinus diseases (previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome): ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: 63S-71S
- 26 Bolser DC. Older-generation antihistamines and cough due to upper airway cough syndrome (UACS): efficacy and mechanism. Lung 2008; 186: S74-S77
- 27 Bolser DC. Older-generation antihistamines and cough due to upper airway cough syndrome (UACS): Efficacy and mechanism. Lung 2008; 186 (Suppl. 01) S74-S77
- 28 Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A. Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAppropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults. Annals of Internal Medicine 2016; 164: 425-434
- 29 Smith SM, Fahey T, Smucny J. et al. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 3: CD000245
- 30 Antoniades N, Worsnop C. Topical lidocaine through the bronchoscope reduces cough rate during bronchoscopy. Respirology 2009; 14: 873-876
- 31 Slaton RM, Thomas RH, Mbathi JW. Evidence for therapeutic uses of nebulized lidocaine in the treatment of intractable cough and asthma. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47: 578-585
- 32 Truesdale K, Jurdi A. Nebulized lidocaine in the treatment of intractable cough. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2013; 30: 587-589
- 33 Lim KG, Rank MA, Hahn PY. et al. Long-term safety of nebulized lidocaine for adults with difficult-to-control chronic cough: a case series. Chest 2013; 143: 1060-1065
- 34 Lingerfelt BM, Swainey CW, Smith TJ. et al. Nebulized lidocaine for intractable cough near the end of life. J Support Oncol 2007; 5: 301-302
- 35 Eccles R, Morris S, Jawad M. Lack of effect of codeine in the treatment of cough associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. J Clin Pharm Ther 1992; 17: 175-180
- 36 Eccles R. The powerful placebo in cough studies?. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002; 15: 251-252
- 37 Dicpinigaitis PV, Morice AH, Birring SS. et al. Antitussive drugs – past, present, and future 6. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66: 468-512
- 38 Xu X, Chen Q, Liang S. et al. Successful resolution of refractory chronic cough induced by gastroesophageal reflux with treatment of baclofen. Cough 2012; 8: 8
- 39 Dicpinigaitis PV, Rauf K. Treatment of chronic, refractory cough with baclofen. Respiration 1998; 65: 86-88