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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1258527
Protecting-Group-Free Route to Hydroxylated Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Derivatives through Cu(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Alkenes
Publication History
Publication Date:
28 July 2010 (online)
Abstract
An efficient approach to hydroxylated pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives through the intramolecular hydroamination catalyzed by a Cu(I)-Xantphos system is described. The transformation allows for the short synthesis of N-alkylated aza-sugars without a protection-deprotection event of the hydroxy groups.
Key words
pyrrolidines - piperidines - protecting-group-free synthesis - hydroamination - copper
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1a
Iminosugars
as Glycosidase Inhibitors - Nojirimycin and Beyond
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1b
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Pearson MSM.Mathe-Allainmat M.Fargeas V.Lebreton J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 2159 - For reviews on the hydroamination of alkenes and alkynes, see:
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2a
Müller TE.Beller M. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98: 675 -
2b
Müller TE.Hultzsch KC.Yus M.Foubelo F.Tada M. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108: 3795 - For late transition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular hydroaminations of amino alkenes bearing a protecting-group-free hydroxy group, see: Rh:
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3a
Liu Z.Hartwig JF. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130: 1570 - Pt:
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3b
Han X.Widenhoefer RA. Angew. Chem Int. Ed. 2006, 45: 1747 - Pd:
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Michael FE.Cochran BM. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128: 4246 - For intramolecular amidomercurations of amidoalkenes bearing a protecting-group-free free hydroxy group, see:
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4a
Singh S.Chikkanna D.Singh OV.Han H. Synlett 2003, 1279 -
4b
Chikkanna D.Han H. Synlett 2004, 2311 ; see also ref. 2 - 5
Ohmiya H.Moriya T.Sawamura M. Org. Lett. 2009, 11: 2145 - For reviews on the protecting-group-free synthesis, see:
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Hoffmann RW. Synthesis 2006, 3531 -
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Young IS.Baran PS. Nature Chem. 2009, 1: 193 - 7 For a synthesis of hydroxypyrrolidines
without protecting groups, see:
Dangerfield EM.Timmer MSM.Stocker BL. Org. Lett. 2009, 11: 535 - 9 The relative stereochemistry of 2bb was assigned according to the literature.
See:
Andrés JM.Pedrosa R.Pérez-Encabo A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 1803 - 10 The ee of (2R,3S)-4 (95% ee)
was determined by chiral HPLC analysis of the p-nitrobenzoate
derivative. See:
Jäger V.Hümmer W.Stahl U.Gracza T. Synthesis 1991, 769 - 11 The ee value of (2S,3R)-6 (99% ee)
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References and Notes
General Procedure
for the Cu(I)-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Amino Alkene [Procedure
A with CuO
t
-Bu-Xantphos
(Scheme 1, Tables 1 and 2)]
In a glove box,
CuOt-Bu (0.06 mmol, 8.2 mg or 0.08 mmol, 10.9
mg) and Xantphos (0.06 mmol, 34.7 mg or 0.08 mmol, 46.3 mg) were
placed in a screw vial. Anhydrous, degassed mixed solvent, MeOH-p-xylene (1:1, 0.4 mL) was added and
stirred at r.t. for 10 min to give a pale yellow solution.
A
solution of a hydroxylated amino alkene (0.4 mmol) in MeOH-p-xylene (1:1, 0.4 mL) was added. The
vial was sealed with a screw cap and was removed from the glove box.
The mixture was stirred and heated at 140 ˚C for
72 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to r.t. and concentrated.
An internal standard (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane) was added to the
residue. The yield of the product was determined by ¹H NMR.
Purification by Kugelrohr distillation or preparative TLC (silica
gel, MeOH) gave the desired product in a practically pure form.
General Procedure for the Cu(I)-Catalyzed Hydroamination
of Amino Alkene [Procedure B with CuOAc-KO
t
-Bu-Xantphos
(Tables 1 and 2)]
In a glove box, CuOAc (0.06
mmol, 7.4 mg or 0.08 mmol, 9.8 mg), Xantphos (0.06 mmol, 34.7 mg
or 0.08 mmol, 46.3 mg), and KOt-Bu (0.09
mmol, 12.3 mg or 0.12 mmol, 16.4 mg) were placed in a screw vial.
Anhydrous, degassed mixed solvent, MeOH-p-xylene
(1:1, 0.4 mL) was added and stirred at r.t. for 10 min to give a
pale yellow solution. The following procedure is identical to that
described above.
The isolated 2e was contaminated with unidentified materials. See experimental procedure in note 17.
141-Benzyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyrrolidine (2ac, 69:31 mixture of diastereomers) Viscous oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ (major isomer) = 1.22 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H), 1.66 (m, 1 H), 1.97-2.16 (m, 2 H), 2.30 (m, 1 H), 2.93 (ddd, J = 11.1, 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.10 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.02 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.03 (m, 1 H), 7.23-7.35 (m, 5 H); δ (minor isomer) = 1.18 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H), 1.53 (m, 1 H), 1.97-2.16 (m, 2 H), 2.41 (m, 1 H), 2.79 (ddd, J = 11.4, 8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.29 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.89 (m, 1 H), 3.94 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.23-7.35 (m, 5 H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 12.84 16.25, 32.22, 32.84, 50.89, 51.24, 57.51, 57.77, 63.85, 67.26, 74.31, 78.22, 126.98, 127.01, 128.27 (2×), 128.98, 129.03, 138.99, 139.04. ESI-HRMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C12H18ON: 192.1382; found: 192.1381.
15(3 S ,4 R )-3,4-Dihydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyrrolidine (2ca, >20:1 mixture of diastereomers) Viscous oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.15 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 2.26 (s, 3 H), 2.31 (m, 1 H), 2.42 (dd, J = 11.0, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.97 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.00 (dd, J = 6.3, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.22 (ddd, J = 6.9, 6.3, 2.7 Hz, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 12.27, 39.84, 63.42, 65.02, 69.53, 73.37. HRMS-FAB: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C6H13O2N: 131.0946; found: 132.1032. [α]D ²7 +37.0 (c 0.6, MeOH).
16(4 R ,5 S )-4,5-Dihydroxy-1,2-dimethylpiperidine (2d, 62:38 mixture of diastereomers) Viscous oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD): δ (major isomer) = 1.10 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H), 1.54-1.67 (m, 2 H), 2.18-2.41 (m, 2 H), 2.19 (s, 3 H), 2.91 (dd, J = 12.6, 3.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.55 (m, 1 H), 3.77 (m, 1 H); δ (minor isomer) = 1.04 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H), 1.44 (ddd, J = 14.7, 11.8, 2.7 Hz, 1 H), 1.77 (dt, J = 14.7, 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.18-2.41 (m, 2 H), 2.27 (s, 3 H), 2.62 (dd, J = 10.8, 4.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.65 (m, 1 H), 3.90 (m, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD): δ = 19.38, 20.25, 37.71, 40.50, 42.57, 43.15, 53.45, 57.39, 58.89, 61.80, 68.61, 69.61, 69.70, 70.95. ESI-HRMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C7H15O2N: 145.1103; found: 146.1179. [α]D ²7 +19.8 (c 1.0, MeOH).
17
Procedure for
the Synthesis of Trihydroxylated Piperidine 2e (Procedure C, Scheme
5)
In a glove box, CuOAc (0.04 mmol, 4.9 mg), Xantphos
(0.04 mmol, 23.1 mg), and KOt-Bu (0.06
mmol, 8.2 mg) were placed in a screw vial. Anhydrous, degassed mixed
solvent, MeOH-p-xylene (1:1,
0.2 mL) was added and stirred at r.t. for 10 min to give a pale
yellow solution. A solution of 1e (0.2
mmol) in MeOH-p-xylene (1:1,
0.2 mL) was added. The vial was sealed with a screw cap, and was
removed from the glove box. The mixture was stirred and heated at
140 ˚C for 72 h. The reaction mixture was cooled
to r.t. and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (5
mL) and H2O (5 mL). The mixture was extracted with H2O
(3 × 5 mL). The combined aqueous layers were evaporated
under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow oil (25.5 mg). ¹H NMR
analysis of the material using t-BuOH
as an internal standard indicated that the yield and purity of 2e were 53% (17.7 mg) and 67%,
respectively.
(3 R ,4 S ,5 S )-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-1,2-dimethylpiperidine (2e, 61:39 mixture of diastereomers) Oil. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D2O): δ (major isomer) = 1.14 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 2.25 (m, 1 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H), 2.41 (m, 1 H), 2.66 (dd, J = 11.4, 4.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.26 (m, 1 H), 3.72 (m, 1 H), 4.02 (m, 1 H); δ (minor isomer) = 1.17 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 2.19 (s, 3 H), 2.25 (m, 1 H), 2.35 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.41 (m, 1 H), 2.96 (m, 1 H), 3.72 (m, 1 H), 3.97 (m, 1 H). ESI-HRMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C7H16O3N: 162.11247; found: 162.11242.