Epigenetik – neue Erkenntnisse zum Verständnis neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Epigenetik bezeichnet die verschiedenen, über die DNA-Sequenz hinausgehenden Strukturen und Funktionen der DNA-Protein-Matrix (Chromatin), die die Genexpression regulieren. Dieses Epigenom bestimmt die unterschiedliche Entwicklung, die genetisch identische Zellen und Individuen (eineiige Zwillinge) nehmen. Epigenetische Merkmale wie z. B. die direkte biochemische Modifikationen der DNA durch Methylierung können durch Umwelteinflüsse verändert und in veränderter Form vererbt werden, ohne dass die Sequenz der DNA verändert wird. Die Analyse epigenetischer Prozesse, insbesondere der DNA-Methylierung, der Modifikationen der DNA-bindenden Histon-Proteine und der Funktionen der nicht kodierenden microRNA, eröffnet ein unerwartet komplexes Feld von Umwelt-Gen-Interaktionen, die die individuellen Ausprägungen von Krankheitsmerkmalen ebenso beeinflussen wie Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen vieler Medikamente.

Die Erforschung des Epigenoms wird auch für die beiden häufigsten neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen, die Alzheimer’sche und Parkinson’sche Krankheit, neue diagnostische und möglicherweise auch therapeutische Perspektiven aufzeigen.

Abstract

Epigenetics describes the various structures and functions of the DNA-protein matrix (chromatin), which regulate gene expression beyond the DNA sequence. The epigenome determines the differences in the development of genetically identical cells and individuals (mono-zygotic twins). Epigenetic features such as direct biochemical modifications of DNA (methylation) are affected by environmental conditions (famine, early life stress) and are inherited in a modified form, without alteration of the DNA sequence. The analysis of epigenetic processes, in particular DNA methylation, modifications of the DNA-binding proteins, and the functions of the non-coding microRNA, opens an unexpectedly complex field of environment-gene interactions that affect the individual patterns of disease symptoms as well as effects and side effects of many drugs.

The study of the epigenome hold the promise of new diagnostic and possibly therapeutic perspectives also for the two most common neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimerʼs and Parkinsonʼs disease.

Schlüsselwörter

Epigenetik - DNA-Methylierung - microRNA - Parkinson - Alzheimer

Keywords

epigenetics - DNS-methylation - micro RNA - Parkinson - Alzheimer

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