Hemostasis in the Mouse (Mus musculus): A Review

• References

• 1 Majzoub JA, Muglia LJ. Knockout mice. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 904-5.
• 2 Catalfamo JL, Dodds WJ. Isolation of platelets from laboratory animals. Methods Enzymol 1989; 169: 27-34.
• 3 Ueda I. The effects of volatile general anesthetics on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. Anesthesiology 1971; 34: 405-8.
• 4 Dwyer SD, Meyers KM. Anesthetics and anticoagulants used in the preparation of rat platelet-rich-plasma alter rat platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1986; 42: 139-51.
• 5 Levin J, Ebbe S. Why are recently published platelet counts in normal mice so low?. Blood 1994; 83: 3829-31.
• 6 Corash L. The relationship between megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet volume. Blood Cells 1989; 15: 81-107.
• 7 Lewis JH. Rodents. In: Comparative Hemostasis in Vertebrates. Lewis JH. eds. New York: 1996: pp 194-207.
• 8 Ault KA, Knowles C. In vivo biotinylation demonstrates that reticulated platelets are the youngest platelets in circulation. Exp Hematol 1995; 23: 996-1001.
• 9 Layendecker SJ, McDonald TP. The relative roles of the spleen and bone marrow in platelet production in mice. Exp Hematol 1982; 10: 332-42.
• 10 Ishida Y, Kawai S. Effects of bone-seeking hormones on DNA synthesis, cyclic AMP level, and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured cells from human posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: 1291-300.
• 11 Gurney AL, Carver-Moore K, de Sauvage FJ, Moore MW. Thrombocytopenia in c-mpl-deficient mice. Science 1994; 265: 1445-7.
• 12 de Sauvage FJ, Carver-Moore K, Luoh SM, Ryan A, Dowd M, Eaton DL, Moore MW. Physiological regulation of early and late stages of mega-karyocytopoiesis by thrombopoietin. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 651-6.
• 13 Carver-Moore K, Broxmeyer HE, Luch SM, Cooper S, Peng J, Burstein SA, Moore MW, de Sauvage FJ. Low levels of erythroid and myeloid progenitors in thrombopoietin- and c-mpl-deficient mice. Blood 1996; 88: 803-8.
• 14 Shivdasani RA, Rosenblatt MF, Zucker-Franklin D, Jackson CW, Hunt P, Saris CJ, Orkin SH. Transcription factor NF-E2 is required for platelet formation independent of the actions of thrombopoietin/MGDF in megakaryocyte development. Cell 1995; 81: 695-704.
• 15 Sweeney JD, Novak EK, Reddington M, Takeuchi KH, Swank RT. The RIIIS/J inbred mouse strain as a model for von Willebrand disease. Blood 1990; 76: 2258-65.
• 16 Gailani D, Lasky NM, Broze GJ. A murine model of factor XI deficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1997; 8: 134-44.
• 17 Bi L, Lawler AM, Antonarakis SE, High KA, Gearhart JD, Kazazian Jr. HH. Targeted disruption of the mouse factor VIII gene produces a model of haemophilia A. Nat Genet 1995; 10: 119-21.
• 18 Bi L, Sarkar R, Naas T, Lawler AM, Pain J, Shumaker SL, Bedian V, Kazazian HHJ. Further characterization of factor VIII-deficient mice created by gene targeting: RNA and protein studies. Blood 1996; 88: 3446-50.
• 19 Lin HF, Maeda N, Smithies O, Straight DL, Stafford DW. A coagulation factor IX-deficient mouse model for human hemophilia B. Blood 1997; 90: 3962-6.
• 20 Eyster ME, Gordon RA, Ballard JO. The bleeding time is longer than normal in hemophilia. Blood 1981; 58: 719-23.
• 21 Dejana E, Quintana A, Callioni A, de Gaetano G. Bleeding time in laboratory animals. III – Do tail bleeding times in rats only measure a platelet defect? (the aspirin puzzle). Thromb Res 1979; 15: 199-207.
• 22 Bernat A, Hoffmann P, Herbert JM. Antagonism of SR 90107A/Org 31540-induced bleeding by protamine sulfate in rats and mice. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 715-9.
• 23 Heiden D, Mielke CHJ, Rodvien R. Impairment by heparin of primary haemostasis and platelet [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine release. Br J Haematol 1977; 36: 427-36.
• 24 Beviglia L, Poggi A, Rossi C, McLane MA, Calabrese R, Scanziani E, Cook JJ, Niewiarowski S. Mouse antithrombotic assay. Inhibition of platelet thromboembolism by disintegrins. Thromb Res 1993; 71: 301-15.
• 25 Hodivala-Dilke KM, McHugh K, Tsakiris DA, Rayburn H, Ross FP, Coller BS, Teitelbaum S, Hynes RO. β₃ integrin knockout mice display a Glanzmann thrombasthenia phenotype. Blood 1997; 90: 573a.
• 26 Suh TT, Holmback K, Jensen NJ, Daugherty CC, Small K, Simon DI, Potter S, Degen JL. Resolution of spontaneous bleeding events but failure of pregnancy in fibrinogen-deficient mice. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 2020-33.
• 27 Subramaniam M, Frenette PS, Saffaripour S, Johnson RC, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Defects in hemostasis in P-selectin-deficient mice. Blood 1996; 87: 1238-42.
• 28 Nunn B. Some characteristics of mouse platelet aggregation and a comparison of the activity of a range of compounds in mouse and human platelet-rich plasma in vitro. Thromb Haemost 1981; 45: 1-5.
• 29 Rosenblum WI, Nelson GH, Cockrell CS, Ellis EF. Some properties of mouse platelets. Thromb Res 1983; 30: 347-55.
• 30 Meyers KM. Species differences. In: Platelet responses and metabolism. Holmsen H. eds Boca Raton 1986; pp 209-34.
• 31 Pratt HL, Carroll RC, Jones JB, Lothrop Jr. CD. Platelet aggregation, storage pool deficiency, and protein phosphorylation in mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52: 945-50.
• 32 Lawler J, Sunday M, Thibert V, Duquette M, George EL, Rayburn H, Hynes RO. Thrombospondin-1 is required for normal murine pulmonary homeostasis and its absence causes pneumonia. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 982-92.
• 33 Torres Duarte AP, Ramwell P, Myers A. Sex differences in mouse platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1986; 43: 33-9.
• 34 Connolly AJ, Ishihara H, Kahn ML, Farese Jr RV, Coughlin SR. Role of the thrombin receptor in development and evidence for a second receptor. Nature 1996; 381: 516-9.
• 35 Ishihara H, Connolly AJ, Zeng D, Kahn ML, Zheng YW, Timmons C, Tram T, Coughlin SR. Protease-activated receptor 3 is a second thrombin receptor in humans. Nature 1997; 386: 502-6.
• 36 Ishihara H, Zeng D, Connolly AJ, Tam C, Coughlin SR. Antibodies to protease-activated receptor 3 inhibit activation of mouse platelets by thrombin. Blood 1998; 91: 4152-7.
• 37 Kahn ML, Zheng YW, Huang W, Bigornia V, Zeng D, Moff S, Farese Jr RV, Tam C, Coughlin SR. A dual thrombin receptor system for platelet activation. Nature 1998; 394: 690-4.
• 38 Novak EK, Hui SW, Swank RT. Platelet storage pool deficiency in mouse pigment mutations associated with seven distinct genetic loci. Blood 1984; 63: 536-44.
• 39 Swank RT, Jiang SY, Reddington M, Conway J, Stephenson D, McGarry MP, Novak EK. Inherited abnormalities in platelet organelles and platelet formation and associated altered expression of low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins in the mouse pigment mutant gunmetal. Blood 1993; 81: 2626-35.
• 40 Reddington M, Novak EK, Hurley E, Medda C, McGarry MP, Swank RT. Immature dense granules in platelets from mice with platelet storage pool disease. Blood 1987; 69: 1300-6.
• 41 Leveen P, Pekny M, Gebre-Medhin S, Swolin B, Larsson E, Betsholtz C. Mice deficient for PDGF B show renal, cardiovascular, and hematological abnormalities. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 1875-87.
• 42 Soriano P. Abnormal kidney development and hematological disorders in PDGF beta-receptor mutant mice. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 1888-96.
• 43 Chen XS, Sheller JR, Johnson EN, Funk CD. Role of leukotrienes revealed by targeted disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase gene. Nature 1994; 372: 179-82.
• 44 Langenbach R, Morham SG, Tiano HF, Loftin CD, Ghanayem BI, Chulada PC, Mahler JE, Lee CA, Goulding EH, Kluckman KD. Prostaglandin synthase 1 gene disruption in mice reduces arachidonic acid-induced inflammation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration. Cell 1995; 83: 483-92.
• 45 Morham SG, Langenbach R, Loftin CD, Tiano HF, Vouloumanos N, Jennette JC, Mahler JF, Kluckman KD, Ledford A, Lee CA. Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse. Cell 1995; 83: 473-82.
• 46 Rezaul K, Yanagi S, Sada K, Taniguchi T, Yamamura H. Protein-tyrosine kinase p72syk is activated by platelet activating factor in platelets. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 937-41.
• 47 Poole A, Gibbins JM, Turner M, van Vugt MJ, van de Winkel JG, Saito T, Tybulewicz VL, Watson SP. The Fc receptor gamma-chain and the tyrosine kinase Syk are essential for activation of mouse platelets by collagen. EMBO J 1997; 16: 2333-41.
• 48 Clark EA, Shattil SJ, Ginsberg MH, Bolen J, Brugge JS. Regulation of the protein tyrosine kinase pp72syk by platelet agonists and the integrin alpha IIb beta 3. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 28859-64.
• 49 Keely PJ, Parise LV. The alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is a necessary co-receptor for collagen-induced activation of Syk and the subsequent phosphorylation of phospholipase gamma2 in platelets. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 26668-76.
• 50 Turner M, Mee PJ, Costello PS, Williams O, Price AA, Duddy LP, Furlong MT, Geahlen RL, Tybulewicz VL. Perinatal lethality and blocked B-cell development in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Syk. Nature 1995; 378: 298-302.
• 51 Cheng AM, Rowley B, Pao W, Hayday A, Bolen JB, Pawson T. Syk tyrosine kinase required for mouse viability and B-cell development. Nature 1995; 378: 303-6.
• 52 Witke W, Sharpe AH, Hartwig JH, Azuma T, Stossel TP, Kwiatkowski DJ. Hemostatic, inflammatory, and fibroblast responses are blunted in mice lacking gelsolin. Cell 1995; 81: 41-51.
• 53 Cieutat AM, Rosa JP, Letourneur F, Poncz M, Rifat S. A comparative analysis of cDNA-derived sequences for rat and mouse beta 3 integrins (GPIIIa) with their human counterpart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 193: 771-8.
• 54 Hodivala-Dilke KM, McHugh KP, Tsakiris DA, Rayburn H, Crowley D, Ullman-Cullere M, Ross P, Coller BS, Teitelbaum S, and Hynes RO. β3-integrin-deficient mice: A model for Glanzmann thrombasthenia showing placental defects and reduced survival. 1998
• 55 Denarier E, Martin F, Martineau S, Marguerie G. PCR cloning and sequence of the murine GPIIb gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 195: 1360-4.
• 56 Poncz M, Newman PJ. Analysis of rodent platelet glycoprotein IIb: evidence for evolutionarily conserved domains and alternative proteolytic processing. Blood 1990; 75: 1282-9.
• 57 Ware J, Russell S, Ruggeri ZM. Cloning of the murine platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha gene highlighting specieS-specific platelet adhesion. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1997; 23: 292-301.
• 58 Kitaguchi T, Murata M, Anbo H, Moriki T, Ikeda Y. Characterization of the gene encoding mouse platelet glycoprotein Ib beta. Thromb Res 1997; 87: 235-44.
• 59 Ravanat C, Morales M, Azorsa DO, Moog S, Schuhler S, Grunert P, Loew D, Van Dorsselaer A, Cazenave JP, Lanza F. Gene cloning of rat and mouse platelet glycoprotein V: identification of megakaryocyte-specific promoters and demonstration of functional thrombin cleavage. Blood 1997; 89: 3253-62.
• 60 Kitaguchi T, Murata M, Ambo H, Ikeda Y. Characterization of cDNA encoding full-length mouse platelet glycoprotein IX. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1998; 9: 381-5.
• 61 Mus musculus CD36 antigen mRNA, complete cds (mouse). The WashUHHMI Mouse EST Project. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MS; USA: 1998
• 62 Hoque R, Iribarne A, Sharma K, Febbraio M, Silverstein RL. Macrophages from CD 36 null mice are less efficient in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fail to down regulate a pro-inflammatory response. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl. 01) Suppl 20a.
• 63 Konig H, Pfisterer P, Corcoran LM, Wirth T. Identification of CD36 as the first gene dependent on the B-cell differentiation factor Oct-2. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 1598-607.
• 64 Gibbins JM, Okuma M, Farndale R, Barnes M, Watson SP. Glycoprotein VI is the collagen receptor in platelets which underlies tyrosine phosphorylation of the Fc receptor gamma-chain. FEBS Lett 1997; 413: 255-9.
• 65 Gumkowski F, Kaminska G, Kaminski M, Morrissey LW, Auerbach R. Heterogeneity of mouse vascular endothelium. In vitro studies of lymphatic, large blood vessel and microvascular endothelial cells. Blood Vessels 1987; 24: 11-23.
• 66 Chung-Welch N, Patton WF, Yen-Patton GP, Hechtman HB, Shepro D. Phenotypic comparison between mesothelial and microvascular endothelial cell lineages using conventional endothelial cell markers, cytoskeletal protein markers and in vitro assays of angiogenic potential. Differentiation 1989; 42: 44-53.
• 67 Barkalow FJ, Goodman MJ, Mayadas TN. Cultured murine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells contain von Willebrand factor-positive Weibel-Palade bodies and support rapid cytokine-induced neutrophil adhesion. Microcirculation 1996; 3: 19-28.
• 68 DuboiS-Stringfellow N, Jonczyk A, Bautch VL. Perturbations in the fibrinolytic pathway abolish cyst formation but not capillary-like organization of cultured murine endothelial cells. Blood 1994; 83: 3206-17.
• 69 Ando J, Tsuboi H, Korenaga R, Takada Y, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Miyasaka M, Kamiya A. Down-regulation of vascular adhesion molecule-1 by fluid shear stress in cultured mouse endothelial cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 748: 148-56.
• 70 Dong QG, Bernasconi S, Lostaglio S, De Calmanovici RW, Martin-Padura I, Breviaro F, Garlanda C, Ramponi S, Mantovani A, Vecchi A. A general strategy for isolation of endothelial cells from murine tissues. Characterization of two endothelial cell lines from the murine lung and subcutaneous sponge implants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1599-604.
• 71 Gerritsen ME, Shen CP, Atkinson WJ, Padgett RC, Gimbrone MAJ, Milstone DS. Microvascular endothelial cells from E-selectin-deficient mice form tubes in vitro. Lab Invest 1996; 75: 175-84.
• 72 Hatzopoulos AK, Folkman J, Vasile E, Eiselen GK, Rosenberg RD. Isolation and characterization of endothelial progenitor cells from mouse embryos. Development 1998; 125: 1457-68.
• 73 Shima DT, Kuroki M, Deutsch U, Ng YA, Adamis AP, D’Amore PA. The mouse gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Genomic structure, definition of the transcriptional unit, and characterization of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory sequences. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 3877-83.
• 74 Townson SM, Langercrantz J, Grimmond S, Silins G, Nordenskjold M, Weger G, Hayward N. Characterization of the murine VEGF-related factor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 220: 922-8.
• 75 Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, Dowd M, Lu L, O’Shea KS, Powell-Braxton L, Hillan KJ, Moore MW. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 1996; 380: 439-42.
• 76 Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G, Pollefeyt S, Kieckens L Gertenstein, Fahrig M, Vandenhoeck A, Harpal K, Eberhardt C, Declercq C, Pawling J, Moons L, Collen D, Risau W, Nagy A. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 1996; 380: 435-9.
• 77 Mohle R, Green D, Moore MA, Nachman RL, Rafii S. Constitutive production and thrombin-induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor by human megakaryocytes and platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 663-8.
• 78 Huang PL, Huang Z, Mashimo H, Block KD, Moskowitz MA, Bevan JA, Fishman MC. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995; 377: 239-42.
• 79 Huang Z, Huang PL, Ma J, Meng W, Ayata C, Fishman MC, Moskowitz MA. Enlarged infarcts in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice are attenuated by nitro-L-arginine. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 981-7.
• 80 Dittman WA, Kumada T, Sadler JE, Majerus PW. The structure and function of mouse thrombomodulin. Phorbol myristate acetate stimulates degradation and synthesis of thrombomodulin without affecting mRNA levels in hemangioma cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 263: 15815-22.
• 81 Ford VA, Stringer C, Kennel SJ. Thrombomodulin is perferentially expressed in Balb/c lung microvessels. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 5446-50.
• 82 Barrow LL, Simin K, Mohlke K, Nichols WC, Ginsburg D, Meisler MH. Conserved linkage of neurotrophin-3 and von Willebrand factor on mouse chromosome 6. Mamm Genome 1993; 4: 343-45.
• 83 Bohme K, Li Y, Oh PS, Olsen BR. Primary structure of the long and short splice variants of mouse collagen XII and their tissue-specific expression during embryonic development. Dev Dyn 1995; 204: 432-45.
• 84 Zhang RZ, Pan TC, Timpl R, Chu ML. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding the alpha 1, alpha 2 and alpha 3 chains of mouse collagen VI. Biochem J 1993; 291: 787-92.
• 85 Elima K, Eerola I, Rosati R, Metsaranta M, Garofalo S, Perala M, De Crombrugghe B, Vuorio E. The mouse collagen X gene: complete nucleotide sequence, exon structure and expression pattern. Biochem J 1993; 289: 247-53.
• 86 Peters JH, Hynes RO. Fibronectin isoform distribution in the mouse. I. The alternatively spliced EIIIB, EIIIA, and V segments show wide-spread codistribution in the developing mouse embryo. Cell Adhes Commun 1996; 4: 103-25.
• 87 Peters JH, Chen GE, Hynes RO. Fibronectin isoform distribution in the mouse. II. Differential distribution of the alternatively spliced EIII B, EIII A, and V segments in the adult mouse. Cell Adhes Commun 1996; 4: 127-48.
• 88 George EL, GeorgeS-Labouesse EN, Patel-King RS, Rayburn H, Hynes RO. Defects in mesoderm, neural tube and vascular development in mouse embryos lacking fibronectin. Development 1993; 119: 1079-91.
• 89 Yang JT, Rayburn H, Hynes RO. Embryonic mesodermal defects in alpha 5 integrin-deficient mice. Development 1993; 119: 1093-105.
• 90 Yang JT, Hynes RO. Fibronectin receptor functions in embryonic cells deficient in alpha 5 beta 1 integrin can be replaced by alpha V integrins. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7: 1737-48.
• 91 Durkin ME, Gautam M, Loechel F, Sanes JR, Merlie Jp, Albrechtsen R, Wewer UM. Structural organization of the human and mouse laminin beta 2 chain genes, and alternative splicing at the 5’ end of the human transcript. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 13407-16.
• 92 Galliano MF, Aberdam D, Aguzzi A, Ortonne JP, Meneguzzi G. Cloning and complete primary structure of the mouse laminin alpha 3 chain. Distinct expression pattern of the laminin alpha 3A and alpha 3B chain isoforms. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 21820-6.
• 93 Bernier SM, Utani A, Sugiyama S, Doi T, Polistina C, Yamada Y. Cloning and expression of laminin alpha 2 chain (M-chain) in the mouse. Matrix Biol 1995; 14: 447-55.
• 94 Sugiyama S, Utani A, Yamada S, Kozak CA, Yamada Y. Cloning and expression of the mouse laminin gamma 2 (B2t) chain, a subunit of epithelial cell laminin. Eur J Biochem 1995; 228: 120-8.
• 95 Hindriks G, Ijsseldijk MJ, Sonnenberg A, Sixma JJ, de Groot PG. Platelet adhesion to laminin: role of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions, shear rate, and platelet membrane glycoproteins. Blood 1992; 79: 928-35.
• 96 Willette RN, Storer BL, Clark RK, Ohlstein EH. Human laminin produces human platelet aggregation in vitro. Life Sci 1994; 55: 379-88.
• 97 Tomasini BR, Mosher DF. Vitronectin. Prog Hemost Thromb 1991; 10: 269-305.
• 98 Seiffert D, Iruela-Arispe ML, Sage EH, Loskutoff DJ. Distribution of vitronectin mRNA during murine development. Dev Dyn 1995; 203: 71-9.
• 99 Seiffert D, Poenninger J, Binder BR. Organization of the gene encoding mouse vitronectin. Gene 1993; 134: 303-4.
• 100 Zheng X, Saunders TL, Camper SA, Samuelson LC, Ginsburg D. Vitronectin is not essential for normal mammalian development and fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 12426-30.
• 101 Bader BL, Rayburn H, Crowley D, Hynes RO. Extensive vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and organogenesis precede lethality in mice lacking all alphav integrins. Cell 1998; 95: 507-19.
• 102 Hynes RO, Bader BL. Targeted mutations in integrins and their ligands: their implications for vascular biology. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 83-7.
• 103 Zhang RZ, Pan TC, Zang ZY, Mattei MG, Timpl R, Chu ML. Fibulin-2 (FBLN 2): human cDNA sequence, mRNA expression, and mapping of the gene on human and mouse chromosomes. Genomics 1994; 22: 425-30.
• 104 Pfaff M, Sasaki T, Tangemann K, Chu ML, Timpl R. Integrin-binding and cell-adhesion studies of fibulins reveal a particular affinity for alpha IIb beta 3. Exp Cell Res 1995; 219: 87-92.
• 105 Nichols WC, Cooney KA, Mohlke KL, Ballew JD, Yang A, Bruck ME, Reddington M, Novak EK, Swank RT, Ginsburg D. von Willebrand disease in the RIIIS/J mouse is caused by a defect outside of the von Willebrand factor gene. Blood 1994; 83: 3225-31.
• 106 Mohlke KL, Nichols WC, Westrick RJ, Novak EK, Cooney KA, Swank RT, Ginsburg D. A novel modifier gene for plasma von Willebrand factor level maps to distal mouse chromosome 11. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 15352-7.
• 107 Denis CC, Methia N, Frenette PS, Rayburn H, Ullman-Cullere M, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. A mouse model of severe von Willebrand disease: Defects in hemostasis and thrombosis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 9524-9.
• 108 Gearing AJ, Newman W. Circulating adhesion molecules in disease. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 506-12.
• 109 Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM. Selectins. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 379-87.
• 110 Newman PJ. The biology of PECAM-1. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: S25-9.
• 111 Dong ZM, Wagner DD. Leukocyte-endothelium adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis. J Lab Clin Med 1998; 132: 369-75.
• 112 Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Genetic manipulation of vascular adhesion molecules in mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2193-5.
• 113 Ward PA. Adhesion molecule knockouts: one step forward and one step backward. J Clin Invest 195 (95) 1425-5.
• 114 Frenette PS, Wagner DD. Insights into selectin function from knockout mice. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 60-64.
• 115 McEver RP. Selectins. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 75-84.
• 116 Furie B, Furie BC. The molecular basis of platelet and endothelial cell interaction with neutrophils and monocytes: role of P-selectin and the P-selectin ligand, PSGL-1. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 224-27.
• 117 Johnson RC, Mayadas TN, Frenette PS, Mebius RE, Subramaniam M, Lacasce A, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Blood cell dynamics in P-selectin-deficient mice. Blood 1995; 86: 1106-14.
• 118 Mayadas TN, Johnson RC, Rayburn H, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Leukocyte rolling and extravasation are severely compromised in P selec-tin-deficient mice. Cell 1993; 74: 541-4.
• 119 Bullard DC, Qin L, Lorenzo I, Quinlin WM, Doyle NA, Bosse R, Vestweber D, Doerschuk CM, Beaudet AL. P-selectin/ICAM-1 double mutant mice: acute emigration of neutrophils into the peritoneum is completely absent but is normal into pulmonary alveoli. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1782-8.
• 120 Johnson RC, Chapman SM, Dong ZM, Ordovas JM, Mayadas TN, Herz J, Hynes RO, Schaefer EJ, Wagner DD. Absence of P-selectin delays fatty streak formation in mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1037-43.
• 121 Shih DM, Welch C, Lusis AJ. New insights into atherosclerosis from studies with mouse models. Mol Med Today 1995; 1: 364-72.
• 122 Dong ZM, Chapman SM, Brown AA, Frenette PS, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. The combined role of P- and E-selectins in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 145-52.
• 123 Nageh MF, Sandberg ER, Marotti KE, Lin AH, Melchior EP, Bullard DC, Beaudet AL. Deficiency of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules protects against atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1517-20.
• 124 Labow MA, Norton CR, Rumberger JM, Lombard-Gillooly KM, Shuster DJ, Hubbard J, Bertko R, Knaack PA, Terry RW, Harbison ML. Characterization of E-selectin-deficient mice: demonstration of overlapping function of the endothelial selectins. Immunity 1994; 1: 709-20.
• 125 Muller WA. The role of PECAM-1 (CD31) in leukocyte emigration: studies in vitro and in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 1995; 57: 523-8.
• 126 Xie Y, Muller WA. Molecular cloning and adhesive properties of murine platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 5569-73.
• 127 Rosenblum I W, Murata S, Nelson GH, Werner PK, Ranken R, Harmon RC. Anti-CD31 delays platelet adhesion/aggregation at sites of endothelial injury in mouse cerebral arterioles. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 33-6.
• 128 Rosenblum I W, Nelson GH, Wormley B, Werner P, Wang J, Shih CC. Role of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) in platelet adhesion/aggregation over injured but not denuded endothelium in vivo and ex vivo. Stroke 1996; 27: 709-11.
• 129 Tsang VC, Wyatt CR, Damian RT. Comparative thermometric coagulation studies of plasmas from normal outbred Swiss Webster mice and persons. Am J Vet Rest 1979; 40: 857-62.
• 130 Soulban G, Labrecque G. Circadian rhythms of blood clotting time and coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X in rats. Life Sci 1989; 45: 2485-9.
• 131 Degen SJ, Schaefer LA, Jamison CS, Grant SG, Fitzgibbon JJ, Pai JA, Chapman VM, Elliott RW. Characterization of the cDNA coding for mouse prothrombin and localization of the gene on mouse chromosome 2. DNA Cell Biol 1990; 9: 487-98.
• 132 Cui J, O’Shea KS, Purkayastha A, Saunders TL, Ginsburg D. Fatal haemorrhage and incomplete block to embryogenesis in mice lacking coagulation factor V. Nature 1996; 384: 66-8.
• 133 Idusogie E, Rosen ED, Carmeliet P, Collen D, Castellino FJ. Nucleotide structure and characterization of the murine blood coagulation factor VII gene. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 957-64.
• 134 Elder B, Lakich D, Gitschier J. Sequence of the murine factor VIII cDNA. Genomics 1993; 16: 374-9.
• 135 Sarkar G, Koeberl DD, Sommer SS. Direct sequencing of the activation peptide and the catalytic domain of the factor IX gene in six species. Genomics 1990; 6: 133-43.
• 136 Xue J, Wu Q, Westfield LA, Tuley EA, Lu D, Zang Q, Zheng X, Sadler JE. Partial embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the prothrombin gene in mice. Thromb Haemost 1997; 174.
• 137 Rosen ED, Chan JC, Idusogie E, Clotman F, Vlasuk G, Luther T, Jalbert LR, Albrecht S, Zhong L, Lissens A, Schoonjans L, Moons L, Collen D, Castellino FJ, Carmeliet P. Mice lacking factor VII develop normally but suffer fatal perinatal bleeding. Nature 1997; 390: 290-4.
• 138 Davies N, Austen DE, Wilde MD, Darlington GJ, Brownlee GG. Clotting factor IX levels in C/EBP alpha knockout mice. Br J Haematol 1997; 99: 578-9.
• 139 Edgington TS, Mackman N, Brand K, Ruf W. The structural biology of expression and function of tissue factor. Thromb Haemost 1991; 66: 67-79.
• 140 Kirchhofer D, Nemerson Y. Initiation of blood coagulation: the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1996; 7: 386-91.
• 141 Andrews BS, Rehemtulla A, Fowler BJ, Edgington TS, Mackman N. Conservation of tissue factor primary sequence among three mammalian species. Gene 1991; 98: 265-9.
• 142 Luther T, Flossel C, Mackman N, Bierhaus A, Kasper M, Albrecht S, Sage EH, Iruela-Arispe L, Grossmann H, Strohlein A, Zhang Y, Nawroth PP, Carmeliet P, Loskutoff DJ, Muller M. Tissue factor expression during human and mouse development. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 101-13.
• 143 Toomey JR, Kratzer KE, Lasky NM, Stanton JJ, Broze Jr. GJ. Targeted disruption of the murine tissue factor gene results in embryonic lethality. Blood 1996; 88: 1583-7.
• 144 Bugge TH, Yiao Q, Kombrinck KW, Flick MJ, Holmback K, Danton MJ, Colbert MC, Witte DP, Fujikawa K, Davie EW, Degen JL. Fatal embryonic bleeding events in mice lacking tissue factor, the cell-associated initiator of blood coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 6258-63.
• 145 Farrell DH, Thiagarajan P. Binding of recombinant fibrinogen mutant to platelets. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 226-31.
• 146 Murakawa M, Okamura T, Kamura T, Shibuya T, Harada M, Niho Y. Diversity of primary structures of the carboxy-terminal regions of mammalian fibrinogen A alpha-chains. Characterization of the partial nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences in five mammalian species; rhesus monkey, pig, dog, mouse and Syrian hamster. Thromb Haemost 1993; 69: 351-60.
• 147 Holmback K, Danton MJ, Suh TT, Daugherty CC, Degen JL. Impaired platelet aggregation and sustained bleeding in mice lacking the fibrinogen motif bound by integrin alpha IIb beta 3. EMBO J 1996; 15: 5760-71.
• 148 Xiao Q, Danton MJ, Witte DP, Kowala MC, Valentine MT, Degen JL. Fibrinogen deficiency is compatible with the development of atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1184-94.
• 149 Degen SJ, Bell SM, Schaefer LA, Elliott RW. Characterization of the cDNA coding for mouse plasminogen and localization of the gene to mouse chromsome 17. Genomics 1990; 8: 49-61.
• 150 Bugge TH, Flick MJ, Daugherty CC, Degen JL. Plasminogen deficiency causes severe thrombosis but is compatible with development and reproduction. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 794-807.
• 151 Carmeliet P, Schoonjans L, Kieckens L, Ream B, Degen J, Bronson R, De Vos R, Van den Oord JJ, Collen D, Mulligan RC. Physiological consequences of loss of plasminogen activator gene function in mice. Nature 1994; 368: 419-24.
• 152 Rickles RJ, Darrow AL, Strickland S. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to mouse tissue plasminogen activator mRNA and its expression during F9 teratocarcinoma cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 1563-9.
• 153 Belin D, Vassalli JD, Combepine C, Godeau F, Nagamine Y, Reich E, Kocher HP, Duvoisin RM. Cloning, nucleotide sequencing and expression of cDNAs encoding mouse urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Eur J Biochem 1985; 148: 225-32.
• 154 Ploplis VA, Carmeliet P, Vazirzadeh S, Van Vlaenderen I, Moons L, Plow EF, Collen D. Effects of disruption of the plasminogen gene on thrombosis, growth, and health in mice. Circulation 1995; 92: 2585-93.
• 155 Bugge TH, Flick MJ, Danton MJ, Daugherty CC, Romer J, Dano K, Carmeliet P, Collen D, Degen JL. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is effective in fibrin clearance in the absence of its receptor or tissue-type plasminogen activator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 5899-904.
• 156 Bugge TH, Suh TT, Flick MJ, Daugherty CC, Romer J, Solberg H, Ellis V, Dano K, Degen JL. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is not essential for mouse development or fertility. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 16886-94.
• 157 Dewerchin M, Nuffelen AV, Wallays G, Bouche A, Moons L, Carmeliet P, Mulligan RC, Collen D. Generation and characterization of urokinase receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 870-8.
• 158 Carmeliet P, Kieckens L, Schoonjans L, Ream B, van Nuffelen A, Prendergast G, Cole M, Bronson R, Collen D, Mulligan RC. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. I. Generation by homologous recombination and characterization. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2746-55.
• 159 Carmeliet P, Stassen JM, Schoonjans L, Ream B, Van den Oord JJ, De Mol M, Mulligan RC, Collen D. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. II. Effects on hemostasis, thrombosis, and thrombolysis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2756-60.
• 160 Declerck PJ, Verstreken M, Collen D. Immunoassay of murine t-PA, u-PA and PAI-1 using monoclonal antibodies raised in gene-inactivated mice. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 1305-9.
• 161 Carmeliet P, Moons L, Ploplis V, Plow E, Collen D. Impaired arterial neointima formation in mice with disruption of the plasminogen gene. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 200-8.
• 162 Bugge TH, Kombrinck KW, Flick MJ, Daugherty CC, Danton MJ, Degen JL. Loss of fibrinogen rescues mice from the pleiotropic effects of plasminogen deficiency. Cell 1996; 87: 709-19.
• 163 Wu JK, Sheffield WP, Blajchman MA. Molecular cloning and cell-free expression of mouse antithrombin III. Thromb Haemost 1992; 68: 291-6.
• 164 Kimura M, Kurosawa-Ohsawa K, Takahashi M, Koyama M, Tanaka S, Matsuishi T. Purification of rabbit, rat and mouse protein C with the use of monoclonal antibody to human protein C, PC01. Thromb Res 1992; 67: 687-96.
• 165 Murakawa M, Okamura T, Kamura T, Kuroiwa M, Harada M, Niho Y. A comparative study of partial primary structures of the catalytic region of mammalian protein C. Br J Haematol 1994; 86: 590-600.
• 166 Tada N, Sato M, Tsujimura A, Iwase R, Hashimoto-Gotoh T. Isolation and characterization of a mouse protein C cDNA. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1992; 111: 491-5.
• 167 Lu D, Schmidel DK, Long GL. Stucture of mouse protein S as determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of cDNA. Thromb Res 1994; 74: 135-42.
• 168 Zhang GS, Mehringer JH, Van Deerlin VM, Kozak CA, Tollefsen DM. Murine heparin cofactor II: purification, cDNA sequence, expression, and gene structure. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 3632-42.
• 169 Healy AM, Rayburn HB, Rosenberg RD, Weiler H. Absence of the blood-clotting regulator thrombomodulin causes embryonic lethality in mice before development of a functional cardiovascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 850-4.
• 170 Rosenberg RD. Thrombomodulin gene disruption and mutation in mice. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 705-9.
• 171 Weiler-Guettler H, Christie PD, Beeler DL, Healy AM, Hancock WW, Rayburn H, Edelberg JM, Rosenberg RD. A targeted point mutation in thrombomodulin generates viable mice with a prethrombotic state. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1983-91.
• 172 Nagase H, Kitazato KT, Sasaki E, Hattori M, Kitazato K, Saito H. Antithrombin III-independent effect of depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG) on acute thromboembolism in mice. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 399-402.
• 173 Kurosawa-Ohsawa K, Kimura M, Kume-Iwaki A, Tanaka T, Tanaka S. Anti-protein C monoclonal antibody induces thrombus in mice. Blood 190 (75) 2156-63.
• 174 Kumada T, Dittman WA, Majerus PW. A role for thrombomodulin in the pathogenesis of thrombin-induced thromboembolism in mice. Blood 1988; 71: 728-33.
• 175 Jalbert LR, Rosen ED, Carmeliet P, Moons L, Chan JC, Collen D, Castellino FJ. Inactivation of the gene for anticoagulant protein C causes lethal perinatal consumptive coagulopathy in mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1481-8.
• 176 Gresele P, Momi S, Berrettini M, Nenci GG, Schwarz HP, Semeraro N, Colucci M. Activated human protein C prevents thrombin-induced thromboembolism in mice. Evidence that activated protein C reduces intravascular fibrin accumulation through the inhibition of additional thrombin generation. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 667-76.
• 177 Chang JY, Monroe DM, Oliver JA, Liles DK, Roberts HR. Cloning, expression, and characterization of mouse tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 306-9.
• 178 Huang ZF, Broze Jr. G. Consequences of tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene-disruption in mice. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 699-704.
• 179 Ravanat C, Freund M, Dol F, Cadroy Y, Roussi J, Incardona F, Maffrand JP, Boneu B, Drouet L, Legrand C. Cro-reactivity of human molecular markers for detection of prethrombotic states in various animal species. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995; 6: 446-55.
• 180 Rosenberg R. Personal communication. 1998
• 181 George EL, Baldwin HS, Hynes RO. Fibronectins are essential for heart and blood vessel morphogenesis but are dispensable for initial specification of precursor cells. Blood 1997; 90: 3073-81.
• 182 Erickson RP. Mouse models of human genetic disease: which mouse is more like a man?. Bioessays 1996; 18: 993-8.
• 183 Ware J, Russell S, Ruggeri ZM. Generation of the Bernard-Soulier syndrome phenotype by genetic disruption of the murine glycoprotein Ibα gene. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl. 01) Suppl 703a.
• 184 Rosen ED, Liang Z, Cooper A, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P, Collen D, Castellino FJ. Generation and characterization of factor X deficient mice. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl. 01) Suppl. 473 a.
• 185 Payne L, Westrick RJ, Dougherty K, Ginsburg D. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) deficiency promotes tumor growth in murine models of malignancy. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl. 01) Suppl. 474a.
• 186 Zhu A, Raymond R, Zheng X, Westrick R, Furie BC, Furie B, Kaufman RJ, Ginsburg D. Abnormalities of development and hemostasis in γ-carboxylase deficient mice. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl. 01) Suppl. 152a.
• 187 Hirata T, Yang J Merrill-Skoloff, Croce K, Tchernychev B, Flaumenhaft R, Furie BC, Furie B. Targeted disruption of the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 gene. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl. 01) Suppl. 498a.