Venöse Thrombose in der Schwangerschaft

Zusammenfassung

Thromboembolien sind nach wie vor führende Ursache für die mütterliche Letalität in Schwangerschaft und Wochenbett. Eine rationale und risikoadaptierte Heparin-Prophylaxe setzt 1. die Identifizierung von Frauen mit erhöhtem Thromboserisiko und 2. die genaue Quantifizierung dieses Risikos voraus.

Ohne Thrombose in der Vorgeschichte ist ein heterozygoter Faktor V Leiden oder eine heterozygote G20210A-Mutation im Prothrombin-Gen lediglich mit einem Thromboserisiko in der Schwangerschaft von ca. 1 : 400 assoziiert. Aufgrund dieses niedrigen absoluten Risikos für eine Venenthrombose ist eine Heparin-Prophylaxe in der Schwangerschaft deshalb nicht generell zu empfehlen. Bei kombiniertem Vorliegen der beiden genetischen Risikofaktoren in heterozygoter Konstellation steigt das Thromboserisiko überproportional auf ca. 1 : 25 an. Frauen mit vorausgegangener Thrombose in einer vorübergehenden definierten Risikosituation (Operation oder Trauma) ohne Nachweis eines genetischen Risikofaktors dürften ein niedriges Thromboserisiko in der Schwangerschaft haben. Die Datenlage hierzu ist jedoch widersprüchlich. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Thromboserisiko bei Frauen mit vorausgegangenem thromboembolischen Ereignis und Nachweis hereditärer Risikomarker oder einer positiven Familienanamnese einer Thrombose deutlich erhöht (>10%). Eine Heparin-Prophylaxe anteund postpartal erscheint deshalb indiziert. Trotz des Fortschritts in der Risikostratifizierung schwangerschaftsassoziierter Thrombosen sind die genaue Beurteilung des absoluten Thromboserisikos und ein optimales Therapieregime noch in der Diskussion.

Summary

Thromboembolic disease remains a leading cause of maternal mortality during pregnancy and the puerperium. Rational and risk-adapted administration of heparin prophylaxis depends on 1. the identification of those women who have an increased risk of thrombosis and 2. the accurate quantification of this risk.

In women without prior thrombosis, the presence of a heterozygous factor V Leiden or heterozygous G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene is associated with a pregnancy- associated thrombotic risk of approximately 1 in 400. Thus, in pregnant carriers of either one of these mutations the risk of venous thromboembolism is low. Therefore, no heparin prophylaxis is recommended. A combination of the two genetic risk factors can increase the risk to a modest level of 1 in 25. In women with a single episode of prior thrombosis associated with a transient risk factor, e. g. surgery or trauma, and no additional genetic risk factor, the probability of a pregnancy-associated thrombosis appears also to be low. However, data are sparse and conflicting. In contrast, in women with a prior idiopathic venous thrombosis who carry an additional hereditary risk factor or who have a positive family history of thrombosis, a high risk (>10%) can be expected supporting the indication for active antepartum and postpartum heparin prophylaxis. Despite the remarkable progress in risk stratification, the absolute magnitude of risk and the optimal management in many cases is an issue of ongoing debate. Pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolic disease: prediction, prevention, and therapy

Schlüsselwörter

Schwangerschaft - venöse Thrombose - Thromboseprophylaxe

Keywords

Pregnancy - venous thrombosis - prevention

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