Resistance to Activated Protein C and Factor V Leiden as Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

• References

• 1 Briët E, Engesser L, Brommer EJ P, Broekmans AW, Bertina RM. Thrombophilia; its causes and a rough estimate of its prevalence (abstract). Thromb Haemost 1987; 58: 39
• 2 Gladson CL, Scharrer I, Hack V, Beck KH, Griffin JH. The frequency of type I heterozygous protein S and protein C deficiency in 141 unrelated young patients with venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1988; 59: 18-22
• 3 Ben Tal O, Zivelin A, Seligsohn U. The relative frequency of hereditary thrombotic disorders among 107 patients with thrombophilia in Israel. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61: 50-54
• 4 Tabemero MD, Tomas JF, Alberca I, Orfao A, Lopez Borrasca A, Vicente V. Incidence and clinical characteristics of hereditary disorders associated with venous thrombosis. Am J Haematol 1991; 36: 249-254
• 5 Pabinger l, Briicker S, Kyrle PA, Scheider B, Kominger HC, Niessner H, Lechner K. Hereditary deficiency of antithrombin III, protein C and protein S prevalence in patients with a history of venous thrombosis and criteria for rational patient screening. Blood Coag & Fibrin 1992; 3: 547-553
• 6 Heyboer H, Brandjes DP M, Büller HR, Sturk A, Ten Cate JW. Deficiencies of coagulation-inhibiting and fibrinolytic proteins in outpatients with deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1512-1516
• 7 Dahlbäck B, Carlsson M, Svensson PJ. Familial thrombophilia due to a previous unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to activated protein Cprediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 1004-1008
• 8 Griffin JH, Evatt B, Wideman G, Fernández JA. Anticoagulant protein C pathway defective in majority of thrombophilic patients. Blood 1993; 82: 1989-1993
• 9 Koster T, Rosendaal FR, de Reside H, Briët E, Vandenbroucke JP, Bertina RM. Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C:Leiden Thrombophilia Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1503-1506
• 10 Bertina RM, Koeleman BP C, Koster T, Rosendaal FR, Dirven RJ, de Ronde H, van der Velden PA, Reitsma PH. Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature 1994; 369: 64-67
• 11 Halbmayer WM, Haushofer A, Schön R, Fischer M. The prevalence of poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC resistance) among patients suffering from stroke or venous thrombosis and among healthy subjects. Blood Coag & Fibrinol 1994; 5: 51-57
• 12 Svensson PJ, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 517-522
• 13 Jenny RJ, Pittman DD, Toole JJ, Kriz RW, Aldape RA, Hewick RM, Kaufman RJ, Mann KG. Complete c-DN A and derived amino acid sequence of human factor V. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 4846-4850
• 14 Greengard JS, Sun X, Xu X, Fernandez JA, Griffin JH, Evatt B. Activated protein C resistance caused by Arg 506 Gin mutation in factor Va. Lancet 1994; 343: 1361-1362
• 15 Voorberg J, Roelse J, Koopman R, Büller H, Berends F, Ten Cate JW, Mertens K, van Mourik JA. Association of idiopathic venous thromboemboli sm with single point mutation at Arg 506 of factor V. Lancet 1994; 343: 1535-1536
• 16 Marciniak E. Inhibitor of blood coagulation elicted by thrombin. J Lab Clin Med 1972; 79: 924-934
• 17 Walker FJ. Regulation of bovine activated protein C by protein S:the role of the cofactor protein in species specificity. Thromb Res 1981; 22: 321-327
• 18 Marlar RA, Kleiss AJ, Griffin JH. Mechanism of action of activated protein C, a thrombin dependent anticoagulant enzyme. Blood 1982; 59: 1067-1072
• 19 Bertina RM, Reinalda-Poot J, van Wijngaarden A, Poort SR, Bom VJ J. Determination of plasma protein S-the protein cofactor of activated protein C. Thromb Haemost 1985; 53: 268-272
• 20 Amer L, Kisiel W, Searles RP, Williams RC. Impairment of the protein C anticoagulant pathway in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis. Thromb Res 1990; 57: 247-258
• 21 Faioni EM, Franchi F, Asti D, Sacchi E, Bemardi F, Mannucci PM. Resistance to activated protein C in nine thrombophilic families interference in a protein S functional assay. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 1067-1071
• 22 Bokarewa M, Blombäck M. Heterogeneity of the APC-resistance phenomenon. Thromb Res 1994; 75: 395-400
• 23 Vasse M, Leduc O, Borg JY, Chrétien MH, Monconduit M. Resistance to activated protein C, evaluation of three functional assays. Thromb Res 1994; 76: 47-59
• 24 Kraus M, Wagner C. Evaluation of APC-sensitivity in normal blood donors using different reagents and instruments. Thromb Res 1994; 76: 231-236
• 25 deRonde H, Bertina RM. Laboratory diagnosis of APC-resistance:a critical evaluation of the test and the development of diagnostic criteria. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 880-886
• 26 Rosen S, Johansson K, Lindberg K, Dahlbäck B. Multicenter evaluation of a kit for activated protein C resistance on various coagulation instruments using plasmas from healthy individuals. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 225-260
• 27 Schwartz K, Varadi K, Moritz B, Lang H, Bauer K, Preston E, Peake I, Rivard GE. A chromogenic assay for activated protein C (APC) resistance. Blood 1994; 84 suppl (Suppl. 01) 326 (Abstract)
• 28 Bokarewa MI, Blombäck M, Egberg N, Rosen S. A new variant of interaction between phospholipid antibodies and the protein C system. Blood Coag Fibrin 1994; 5: 37-41
• 29 Halbmayer WM, Haushofer A, Schön R, Fischer M. Influence of lupus anticoagulant on a commercially available kit to APC-resistance. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 643-651
• 30 Sun X, Evatt B, Griffin JH. Blood coagulation factor Va abnormality associated with resistance to activated protein C in venous thrombophilia. Blood 1994; 83: 3120-3125
• 31 Kalafatis M, Bertina RM, Rand MD, Mann KG. Characterization of the molecular defect in factor V R 506Q. J Biol Chem. 1995 in press
• 32 Rosendaal FR, Bertina RM, Reitsma PH. Evaluation of activated protein C resistance in stored plasma. Lancet 1994; 343: 1289-1290
• 33 Ahlenc-Gelas M, Gandrille S, Aubry ML, Emmerich J, Fiessinger J-N, Aiach M. Unexplained thrombosis and factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet 1994; 344: 556
• 34 Baker R, Thom J, van Bokxmeer F. Diagnosis of activated protein C resistance (factor V Leiden). Lancet 1994; 344: 1162
• 35 Dahlbäck B. Physiological anticoagulation. Resistance to activated protein C and venous thromboembolism J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 923-927
• 36 Beauchamp NJ, Daly ME, Hampton KK, Cooper PC, Preston FE, Peake IR. High prevalence of a mutation in the factor V gene within the U.K. population:relationship to activated protein C resistance and familial thrombosis BrJ Haematol 1994; 88: 219-222
• 37 Zöller B, Svensson PJ, Xuhua H, Dahlbäck B. Identification of the same factor V gene mutation in 47 out of 50 thrombosis-prone families with inherited resistance to activated protein C. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2521-2524
• 38 Legnani C, Palareti G, Biagi R, Coccheri S. Activated protein C resistance in deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1994; 343: 541-542
• 39 Cadroy Y, Sié P, Boneu B. Frequency of a defective response to activated protein C in patients with a history of venous thrombosis.
• 40 Cushman M, Bhushan F, Bovill E, Tracy R. Plasma resistance to activated protein C in venous and arterial thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 647
• 41 Rosendaal FR, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Reitsma PH. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden. Blood. 1995 in press
• 42 Reitsma PH, Poort SR, Allaart CF, Briët E, Bertina RM. The spectrum of genetic defects in a panel of 40 dutch families with symptomatic protein C deficiency type I heterogeneity and founder effects. Blood 1991; 78: 890-894
• 43 Miletich JP, Prescott SM, White R, Majerus PW, Bovill EG. Inherited predisposition to thrombosis. Cell 1993; 72: 477-480
• 44 Koster T, Rosendaal FR, Briët E, van der Meer FJ M, Colly LP, Trienekens PH, Poort SR, Vandenbroucke JP. Protein C deficiency in a controlled series of unselected out-patients:an infrequent but clear risk factor for venous thrombosis Leiden thrombophilia Study (LETS). Blood. 1995 in press
• 45 Broekmans AW, Veltkamp JJ, Bertina RM. Congenital protein C deficiency and venous thromboembolism :a study of three dutch families. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 340-344
• 46 Allaart RC F, Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM, Briët E. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in carriers of hereditary protein C deficiency defect. Lancet 1993; 341: 134-138
• 47 Bovill EG, Bauer KA, Dickermann JD, CaUas P, West B. The clinical spectrum of heterozygous protein C deficiency in a large New England kindred. Blood 1989; 73: 712-717
• 48 Miletich J, Sherman L, Broze G. Absence of thrombosis in subjects with heterozygous protein C deficiency. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 991-996
• 49 Tail RC, Walker ID, Reitsma PH, Islam SI A M, McCall F, Poort SR, Conkie J A, Bertina RM. Prevalence of protein C deficiency in the healthy population. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 87-93
• 50 Koeleman BP C, Reitsma PH, Allaart CF, Bertina RM. Activated protein C resistance as an additional risk factor for thrombosis in protein C-deficient families. Blood 1994; 84: 1031-1035
• 51 Simioni P, Prandoni P, Girolami A. Patients with A Till, protein C or protein S defects shown no associated hereditary APC-resistance. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 481
• 52 Vandenbroucke JP, Koster T, Briët E, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM, Rosendaal FR. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet 1994; 344: 1453-1457
• 53 Østerud B, Robertsen R, Asvang GB, Thyssen F. Resistance to activated protein C is reduced in women using oral contraceptives. Blood Coag & Fibrin 1994; 5: 853-854