Subscribe to RSS

DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771174
Pain in older adults with dementia: Brazilian validation of Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia (PIMD)
Dor em idosos com demência: validação da versão brasileira do instrumento Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia (PIMD)
Abstract
Background Although there are several ways to assess pain in dementia, there is still a need for tools with better items to assess the presence of pain intensity in these individuals.
Objective To validate to Brazilian version of the “Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia – PIMD-p.
Methods Older adults, all demented with impaired verbal communication and exposed to potentially painful situations, were selected from an outpatient clinic and long-term care facility (LTCF). The PIMD-p was applied independently by 2 researchers (E1 and E2) on the same day. Within 14 days, the instrument was reapplied by one of the 2 researchers (E3). The pain intensity reported by participants' caregivers and LTCF nurses were recorded on a verbal numeric pain scale. For the statistical analysis, Cronbach's Alpha, Spearman's Coefficient and intraclass correlation Index were calculated.
Results A total of 50 older individuals were selected (mean age 86 years), majority with musculoskeletal pain. The PIMD-p demonstrated good internal consistency according to Cronbach's α (0.838), excellent intra and interobserver reproducibility (0.927 and 0.970, respectively; p < 0.001), and convergent validity (strong significant correlations between reported pain intensities and pain indicators on the PIMD-p (except for expressive eyes; corr = 0.106 and p = 0.462). A ROC curve was plotted to determine the best cut-off for the PIMD-P, and a score of 7.5 predicted moderate-to-severe pain, with 77.8% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity (p < 0.001).
Conclusion The PIMD-p showed satisfactory psychometric properties for measuring intensity of pain in demented older adults with impaired verbal communication.
Resumo
Antecedentes Embora existam várias formas de estimar a dor na demência ainda há necessidade de ferramentas com melhores itens para avaliação da presença e intensidade da dor nesses indivíduos.
Objetivo Analisar as propriedades psicométricas de uma ferramenta de avaliação da dor em idosos dementados, a “Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia Portuguese - PIMD-p”.
Métodos Idosos expostos a situações potencialmente dolorosas, sendo esses dementados e com prejuízo na comunicação verbal, foram selecionados em uma unidade ambulatorial e uma instituição de longa permanência, em São Paulo. A PIMD-p foi aplicada por 2 pesquisadores (E1 e E2), de forma separada, num mesmo dia, e, com intervalo de no máximo 14 dias, essa foi reaplicada por apenas um deles (E3), e ainda, foi obtida a intensidade álgica inferida pelos cuidadores dos idosos participantes. Na análise estatística foram utilizados o Alfa de Cronbach, o Coeficiente de Spearman e o Índice de Correlação Intraclasses.
Resultados Selecionada uma amostra de 50 idosos com média de idade de 86 anos, a maioria portadora de demência moderada e de dor de origem musculoesquelética. Apuradas para a PIMD-p uma boa consistência interna, segundo o alfa Cronbach (0,838); excelentes reprodutibilidades intra e interobservador (0,927 e 0,970, respectivamente; p < 0,001); e uma validade convergente, essa última obtida com as fortes e significativas correlações entre as intensidades dolorosas inferidas e os indicadores de dor do instrumento em estudo (exceto para o indicador “olhar expressivo”; corr = 0,106 e p = 0,462).
Conclusão A PIMD-p se mostrou ser uma ferramenta com propriedades de medida adequadas para avaliar a presença e intensidade álgicas em idosos com demência e com prejuízo na comunicação verbal.
Palavras-chave
Idoso - Demência - Dor - Avaliação da Dor - Comprometimento Cognitivo - Medição da DorAuthors' Contributions
MF: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, writing – review & editing; AEVFS, TGF: data curation, formal analysis investigation; FCS: conceptualization, project administration, supervision, validation, visualization, review & editing.
Publication History
Received: 27 January 2023
Accepted: 30 March 2023
Article published online:
30 August 2023
© 2023. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 van Kooten J, Binnekade TT, van der Wouden JC. et al. A review of pain prevalence in Alzheimer's, vascular, frontotemporal and lewy body dementias. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016; 41 (3-4): 220-232
- 2 Corbett A, Husebo B, Malcangio M. et al. Assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8 (05) 264-274 [Internet]
- 3 Ersek M, Neradilek MB, Herr K. et al. Psychometric evaluation of a pain intensity measure for persons with dementia. Pain Med 2019; 20 (06) 1093-1104
- 4 Chow S, Chow R, Lam M. et al. Pain assessment tools for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities: a systematic review. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6 (06) 525-538
- 5 Thé KB, Gazoni FM, Cherpak GL. et al. Pain assessment in elderly with dementia: Brazilian validation of the PACSLAC scale. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2016; 14 (02) 152-157
- 6 Pinto MC, Minson FP, Lopes AC, Laselva CR, Laselva CR. Cultural adaptation and reproducibility validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD-Brazil) scale in non-verbal adult patients. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2015; 13 (01) 14-19
- 7 Saurin G, Crossetti Mda GO. Fidedignidade e validade do instrumento de avaliação da dor em idosos confusos–IADIC". Rev Gaúcha Enferm 2013; 34 (04) 68-74
- 8 Herr K, Zwakhalen S, Swafford K. Observation of Pain in Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 14 (05) 486-500
- 9 Ersek M, Herr K, Hilgeman MM. et al. Developing a pain intensity measure for persons with dementia: Initial construction and testing. Pain Med 2019; 20 (06) 1078-1092
- 10 Santos FC, Foraciepe M, Silva AEVF. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Meta instrument with 7 items to assess the pain intensity in dementia: Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementa PIMD. IOSR J Nurs Heal Sci 2023
- 11 Sapnas KG, Zeller RA. Minimizing sample size when using exploratory factor analysis for measurement. J Nurs Meas 2002; 10 (02) 135-154
- 12 Association AP. Ed. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V. 5th ed.. Washington, DC: 2019
- 13 Ferraz AS. Psicometria. Aval Psicol 2016; 15 (01) 129-131
- 14 Felton N, Lewis JS, Cockburn SJ, Hodgson M, Dawson S. Pain assessment for individuals with advanced dementia in care homes: A systematic review. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6 (04) 1-22
- 15 Lichtner V, Dowding D, Esterhuizen P. et al. Pain assessment for people with dementia: a systematic review of systematic reviews of pain assessment tools. BMC Geriatr 2014; 14 (01) 138