Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000018.xml
Facial Plast Surg 2001; 17(1): 011-020
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-16362
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-16362
Botulinum A Exotoxin for Rejuvenation of the Upper Third of the Face
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
ABSTRACT
Botulinum A exotoxin, derived from the gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, has proven to be safe and effective in the temporary treatment of facial rhytides. In order to obtain reproducible results and avoid complications, it is necessary to understand the relevant physiology and anatomic relationships. Technical considerations including injection technique, dilution, storage, and potential complications will be discussed.
KEYWORD
Anatomy - botox - botulinum toxin - rhytides
REFERENCES
- 1 Markey A C. Botulinum A exotoxin in cosmetic dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol . 2000; 25 173-175
- 2 Foster J A, Wulc A E, Holck D E. Cosmetic indications for botulinum A toxin. Semin Ophthalmol . 1998; 13 142-148
- 3 Benedetto A V. The cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol . 1999; 38 641-655
- 4 Lowe N J. Botulinum toxin type A for facial rejuvenation. United States and United Kingdom perspectives. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1216-1218
- 5 Edelstein C, Schorr N, Jacobs J. Oculoplastic experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1208-1212
- 6 Carruthers A, Carruthers J. History of the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1168-1170
- 7 Huang W, Foster J A, Rogachefsky A S. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2000; 43 249-259
- 8 Gonnering R S. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. Int Ophthalmol Clin . 1993; 33 203-226
- 9 Valtorta F, Arslan G. The pharmacology of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol Res . 1993; 27 33-44
- 10 Hambleton P. Botulinum toxin: structure and pharmacology. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1994; S200-S202
- 11 Wieder J M, Moy R L. Understanding botulinum toxin. Surgical anatomy of the frown, forehead, and periocular region. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1172-1174
- 12 Binder W J, Blitzer A, Brin M F. Treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1198-1205
- 13 Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1189-1194
- 14 Pribitkin E A, Greco T M, Goode R C. Patient selection in the treatment of glabellar wrinkles with botulinum toxin type A injection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1997; 123 321-326
- 15 Manaloto R M, Alster T S. Periorbital rejuvenation: a review of dermatologic treatments. Dermatol Surg . 1999; 25 1-9
- 16 Klein A W. Dilution and storage of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1179-1180
- 17 Hankins C L, Strimling R, Rogers G S. Botulinum A toxin for glabellar wrinkles. Dose and response. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1181-1183
- 18 Guerrissi J, Sarkissian P. Local injection into mimetic muscles of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of facial lines. Ann Plast Surg . 1997; 39 447-453
- 19 Frankel A S, Kamer F M. Chemical browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1998; 124 321-323
- 20 Huilgol S C, Carruthers A, Carruthers J D. Raising eyebrows with botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg . 1999; 25 373-375 discussion 376
- 21 Matarasso S L. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1249-1254