Botulinum A Exotoxin for Rejuvenation of the Upper Third of the Face

John A. Carucci; Stuart M. Zweibel

doi:10.1055/s-2001-16362

Facial Plastic Surgery, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Facial Plast Surg 2001; 17(1): 011-020
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-16362

Botulinum A Exotoxin for Rejuvenation of the Upper Third of the Face

John A. Carucci¹ , Stuart M. Zweibel²

¹Mohs' Micrographic and Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
²Ronald O. Perleman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Botulinum A exotoxin, derived from the gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, has proven to be safe and effective in the temporary treatment of facial rhytides. In order to obtain reproducible results and avoid complications, it is necessary to understand the relevant physiology and anatomic relationships. Technical considerations including injection technique, dilution, storage, and potential complications will be discussed.

KEYWORD

Anatomy - botox - botulinum toxin - rhytides

Volltext

Referenzen

REFERENCES

1 Markey A C. Botulinum A exotoxin in cosmetic dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol . 2000; 25 173-175
2 Foster J A, Wulc A E, Holck D E. Cosmetic indications for botulinum A toxin. Semin Ophthalmol . 1998; 13 142-148
3 Benedetto A V. The cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol . 1999; 38 641-655
4 Lowe N J. Botulinum toxin type A for facial rejuvenation. United States and United Kingdom perspectives. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1216-1218
5 Edelstein C, Schorr N, Jacobs J. Oculoplastic experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1208-1212
6 Carruthers A, Carruthers J. History of the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1168-1170
7 Huang W, Foster J A, Rogachefsky A S. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2000; 43 249-259
8 Gonnering R S. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. Int Ophthalmol Clin . 1993; 33 203-226
9 Valtorta F, Arslan G. The pharmacology of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol Res . 1993; 27 33-44
10 Hambleton P. Botulinum toxin: structure and pharmacology. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1994; S200-S202
11 Wieder J M, Moy R L. Understanding botulinum toxin. Surgical anatomy of the frown, forehead, and periocular region. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1172-1174
12 Binder W J, Blitzer A, Brin M F. Treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1198-1205
13 Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1189-1194
14 Pribitkin E A, Greco T M, Goode R C. Patient selection in the treatment of glabellar wrinkles with botulinum toxin type A injection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1997; 123 321-326
15 Manaloto R M, Alster T S. Periorbital rejuvenation: a review of dermatologic treatments. Dermatol Surg . 1999; 25 1-9
16 Klein A W. Dilution and storage of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1179-1180
17 Hankins C L, Strimling R, Rogers G S. Botulinum A toxin for glabellar wrinkles. Dose and response. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1181-1183
18 Guerrissi J, Sarkissian P. Local injection into mimetic muscles of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of facial lines. Ann Plast Surg . 1997; 39 447-453
19 Frankel A S, Kamer F M. Chemical browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1998; 124 321-323
20 Huilgol S C, Carruthers A, Carruthers J D. Raising eyebrows with botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg . 1999; 25 373-375 discussion 376
21 Matarasso S L. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines. Dermatol Surg . 1998; 24 1249-1254