The Plant's Capacity in Regulating Resource Demand

Abstract

Regulation of resource allocation in plants is the key to integrate understanding of metabolism and resource flux across the whole plant. The challenge is to understand trade-offs as plants balance allocation between different and conflicting demands, e.g., for staying competitive with neighbours and ensuring defence against parasites. Related hypothesis evaluation can, however, produce equivocal results. Overcoming deficits in understanding underlying mechanisms is achieved through integrated experimentation and modelling the various spatio-temporal scaling levels, from genetic control and cell metabolism towards resource flux at the stand level. An integrated, interdisciplinary research concept on herbaceous and woody plants and its outcome to date are used, while drawing attention to currently available knowledge. This assessment is based on resource allocation as driven through plant-pathogen and plant-mycorrhizosphere interaction, as well as competition with neighbouring plants in stands, conceiving such biotic interactions as a “unity” in the control of allocation. Biotic interaction may diminish or foster effects of abiotic stress on allocation, as changes in allocation do not necessarily result from metabolic re-adjustment but may obey allometric rules during ontogeny. Focus is required on host-pathogen interaction under variable resource supply and disturbance, including effects of competition and mycorrhization. Cost/benefit relationships in balancing resource investments versus gains turned out to be fundamental in quantifying competitiveness when related to the space, which is subject to competitive resource exploitation. A space-related view of defence as a form of prevention of decline in competitiveness may promote conversion of resource turnover across the different kinds of biotic interaction, given their capacity in jointly controlling whole plant resource allocation.

Key words

Growth - allocation - allometry - competition - parasites - pathogens - fungi - mycorrhizae - mycorrhizosphere - soil micro-organisms - molecular mechanisms - modelling - trade-offs - trees - herbs

References

• 1 Aber J. D., Federer C. A.. A generalized, lumped parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems.  Oecologia. (1992);  92 463-474
• 2 Agerer R.. Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae. A proposal to classify ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems according to their patterns of differentiation and putative ecological importance.  Mycorrhiza. (2001);  11 107-114
• 3 Agerer R., Göttlein A.. Correlations between projection area of ectomycorrhizae and H₂O extractable nutrients in organic soil layers.  Mycological Progress. (2003);  2 45-52
• 4 Agerer R., Grote R., Raidl S.. The new method “micromapping”, a means to study species-specific associations and exclusions of ectomycorrhizae.  Mycological Progress. (2002);  1 155-166
• 5 Agerer R., Raidl S.. Distance-related semi-quantitative estimation of the extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelia of Cortinarius obtusus and Tylospora asterophora.  Mycological Progress. (2004);  3 57-64
• 6 Ahlfors R., Macioszek V., Rudd J., Brosche M., Schlichting R., Scheel D., Kangasjärvi J.. Stress hormone-independent activation and nuclear translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana during ozone exposure.  The Plant Journal. (2004);  40 512-522
• 7 Andersen C. P.. Source-sink balance and carbon allocation below ground in plants exposed to ozone.  New Phytologist. (2003);  157 213-228
• 8 Aneja M., Sharma S., Schloter M., Munch J. C.. Microbial degradation of beech and spruce litter - Influence of soil type and litter quality on the structure and function of microbial populations involved in the turnover process.  Microbial Ecology. (2004);  in press
• 9 Anten N. P. R., Hirose T.. Shoot structure, leaf physiology, and daily carbon gain of plant species in a tallgrass meadow.  Ecology. (2003);  84 955-968
• 10 Assmann E., Franz F.. Vorläufige Fichten-Ertragstafel für Bayern.  Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. (1965);  84 13-43
• 11 Badiani M., Paolacci A. R., Annibale A. D., Schenone G. C., Sermanni G. G.. An ozone fumigation experiment on peach trees enclosed in open-top chambers in central Italy (Abstract). CEC Conference on Air Pollution and Crop Responses in Europe, Tervuren, Belgium, 23 - 25 November 1992. (1992)
• 12 Baldwin I. T., Halitschke R., Kessler A., Schittko U.. Merging molecular and ecological approaches in plant-insect interactions.  Current Opinion in Plant Biology. (2001);  4 351-358
• 13 Batz O., Logemann E., Reinold S., Hahlbrock K.. Extensive reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolism by fungal elicitor or infestation in parsley.  Biological Chemistry. (1998);  379 1127-1135
• 14 Baudoin E., Benizri E., Guckert A.. Impact of growth stage on the bacterial community structure along maize roots as determined by metabolic and genetic fingerprinting.  Applied Soil Ecology. (2002);  19 135-145
• 15 Bazzaz F. A.. Allocation of resources in plants: state of the science and critical questions. Bazzaz, F. A. and Grace, J., eds. Plant Resource Allocation. San Diego, London; Academic Press (1997): 1-37
• 16 Bazzaz F. A., Grace J.. Plant Resource Allocation. San Diego, USA, London, UK; Academic Press (1997)
• 17 Berg G., Roskot N., Steide A., Eberl L., Zock A., Smalla K.. Plant dependent genotypic and phenotypic diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria isolated from different Verticillium host plants.  Applied and Environmental Microbiology. (2002);  68 3328-3338
• 18 Berg G., Krechel A., Ditz M., Faupel A., Ulrich A., Hallmann J.. Comparison of endophytic and ectocphytic potato-associated baterial communities and their antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi.  FEMS Microbial Ecology. (2005);  61 1813-1822
• 19 Berninger F., Nikinmaa E.. Implications of varying pipe model relationships on Scots pine growth in different climates.  Functional Ecology. (1997);  11 146-156
• 20 Blodgett J. T., Bonello P., Herms D. A.. Fertilization decreases resistance of red pine to the Sphaeropsis canker pathogen.  Phytopathology. (2003);  93 (Suppl.) S9
• 21 Bonanomi A., Oetiker J. H., Guggenheim R., Boller T., Wiemken A., Vögeli-Lange R.. Arbuscular mycorrhiza in mini-mycorrhizotrons: first contact of Medicago truncatula roots with Glomus intraradices induces chalcone synthase.  New Phytologist. (2001);  150 573-582
• 22 Borowicz V. A., Albrecht U., Mayer R. T.. Effects of nutrient supply on citrus resistance to root herbivory by Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). .  Environmental Entomology. (2003);  32 1242-1250
• 23 Bowen G. D., Rovira A. D.. The rhizosphere, the hidden half of the hidden half. Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., and Kafkafi, U., eds. Plant Roots: The Hidden Half. New York; Marcel Dekker (1991): 641-649
• 24 Bowen G. D., Rovira A. D.. The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth.  Advances in Agronomy. (1999);  66 1-102
• 25 Broun P.. Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis: a complex network of conserved regulators involved in multiple aspects of differentiation in Arabidopsis.  Current Opinion in Plant Biology. (2005);  8 272-279
• 26 Brunner I.. Increasing the nitrogen load reduces ectomycorrhization and alters element concentration in Norway spruce seedlings. Cripps, C. L., ed. Fungi in Forest Ecosystems: Systematics, Diversity and Ecology. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden (2004): 235-242
• 27 Bryant J., Chapin III. F., Klein D.. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory.  Oikos. (1983);  40 357-368
• 28 Castells E., Roumet C., Peñuelas J., Roy J.. Intraspecific variability of phenolic concentrations and their responses to elevated CO₂ in two mediterranean perennial grasses.  Environmental and Experimental Botany. (2002);  47 205-216
• 29 Charvet-Candela V., Hitchin S., Ernst D., Sandermann H., Marmeisse R., Gay G.. Characterization of an Aux/IAA cDNA upregulated in Pinus pinaster roots in response to colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum.  New Phytologist. (2002);  154 769-777
• 30 Chiarini L., Giovanelli V., Tabacchioni S.. Different portions of the maize root system host Burkholderia cepacia populations with different degree of genetic polymorphism.  Environmental Microbiology. (2000);  2 11-118
• 31 Cipollini M. L., Paulk E., Cipollini D. F.. Effect of nitrogen and water treatment on leaf chemistry in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense), and relationship to herbivory by flea beetles (Epitrix spp.) and tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). .  Journal of Chemical Ecology. (2002);  28 2377-2398
• 32 Clutter J. L.. Compatible growth and yield models for loblolly pine.  Forest Science. (1963);  9 354-371
• 33 Coleman J. S., Jones C. G., Smith W. H.. The effect on cottonwood-leaf rust interactions: independence of abiotic, stress genotype, and leaf ontogeny.  Canadian Journal of Botany. (1987);  65 949-953
• 34 Coley P. D., Massa M., Lovelock C. E., Winter K.. Effects of elevated CO₂ on foliar chemistry of saplings of nine species of tropical tree.  Oecologia. (2002);  133 62-69
• 35 Connolly J., Wayne P., Bazzaz F. A.. Interspecific competition in plants: how well do current methods answer fundamental questions?.  American Naturalist. (2001);  157 107-125
• 36 Cooley D. R., Manning W. J.. The impact of ozone on assimilate partitioning in plants: a review.  Environmental Pollution. (1987);  47 95-113
• 37 Covelo F., Gallardo A.. Temporal variation in total leaf phenolics concentration of Quercus robur in forested and harvested stands in northwestern Spain.  Canadian Journal of Botany. (2001);  79 262-269
• 38 Craigon D. J., James N., Okyere J., Higgins J., Jotham J., May S.. NASCArrays: a respository for microarray data generated by NASC's transcriptomics service.  Nulceic Acids Research. (2004);  32 D575-D577
• 39 Davey M. P., Bryant D. N., Cummins I., Ashenden T. W., Gates P., Baxter R., Edwards R.. Effects of elevated CO₂ on the vasculature and phenolic secondary metabolism of Plantago maritima.  Phytochemistry. (2004);  65 2197-2204
• 40 de Kroon H., Hutchings M. J.. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: the foraging concept reconsidered.  Journal of Ecology. (1995);  83 143-152
• 41 Dickson R. E., Isebrands J. G.. Leaves as regulators of stress response. Mooney, H. A., Winner, W. E., and Pell, E. J., eds. Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses. San Diego; Academic Press (1991): 4-34
• 42 Dickson R. E., Coleman M. D., Pechter P., Karnosky D.. Growth and crown architecture of two aspen genotypes exposed to interacting ozone and carbon dioxide.  Environmental Pollution. (2001);  115 319-334
• 43 Dietrich R., Ploß K., Heil M.. Constitutive and induced resistance to pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana depends on nitrogen supply.  Plant, Cell and Environment. (2004);  27 896-906
• 44 Dohmen G. P.. Secondary effects of air pollution: ozone decreases brown rust disease potential in wheat.  Environmental Pollution. (1987);  43 189-194
• 45 Dyckmans J., Flessa H., Polle A., Beese F.. The effect of elevated [CO₂] on uptake and allocation of C‐13 and N‐15 in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) during leafing.  Plant Biology. (2000);  2 113-120
• 46 Eckey-Kaltenbach H., Ernst D., Heller W., Sandermann H.. Biochemical plant responses to ozone. IV. Cross-induction of defensive pathways in parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) plants.  Plant Physiology. (1994);  104 67-74
• 47 Egli P., Maurer S., Günthardt-Goerg M. S., Körner C.. Effects of elevated CO₂ and soil quality on leaf gas exchange and above-ground growth in beech-spruce model ecosystems.  New Phytologist. (1998);  140 185-196
• 48 Ek H.. The influence of nitrogen fertilization on the carbon economy of Paxillus inolutus in ectomycorrhizal association with Betula pendula.  New Phytologist. (1997);  135 133-142
• 49 Ellenberg H.. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen, 5. Auflage. Stuttgart; Ulmer Verlag (1996)
• 50 Enquist B. J., Niklas K. J.. Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities.  Nature. (2001);  410 655-660
• 51 Erland S., Taylor A. F. S.. Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in relation to the abiotic environment. van der Heijden, M. G. A. and Sanders, I., eds. Mycorrhizal Ecology , Ecological Studies 157,. Berlin, Heidelberg; Springer (2002): 163-200
• 52 Ernst D., Aarts M.. cis elements and transcription factors regulating gene promoters in response to environmental stress. Sandermann, H., ed. Molecular Ecotoxicology of Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; Springer-Verlag (2004): 151-176
• 53 Eulgem T., Rushton P. J., Robatzek S., Somssich I. E.. The WRKY superfamily of plant transcription factors.  Trends in Plant Science. (2000);  5 199-206
• 54 Falster D. S., Westoby M.. Plant height and evolutionary games.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution. (2003);  18 337-343
• 55 Felton G. W., Korth K. L.. Trade-offs between pathogen and herbivore resistance.  Current Opinion in Plant Biology. (2000);  3 309-314
• 56 Feucht W., Treutter D.. The role of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins in plant defence. Inderjit, Dakshini, K. M. M., and Foy, C. L., eds. Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology. Boca Raton; CRC Press (1999): 307-338
• 57 Fleischmann F., Matyssek R., Oßwald W. F.. Impact of CO₂ and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Infection of Beech with Phytophthora citricola. Freiburg; Botanikertagung (2002): 313
• 58 Franken P., Requena N.. Analysis of gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizas: new approaches and challenges.  New Phytologist. (2001);  150 517-523
• 59 Fransson P. M. A., Taylor A. F. S., Finlay R. D.. Mycelial production, spread and root colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Paxillus involutus under elevated atmospheric CO₂.  Mycorrhiza. (2005);  15 25-31
• 60 Fravel D. R.. Role of antibiosis in the biocontrol of plant diseases.  Annual Review of Phytopathology. (1988);  26 75-91
• 61 Frey-Klett P., Chavatte M., Clausse M. L., Courrier S., Le Roux C., Raaijmakers J., Martinotti M. G., Pierat J. C., Garbaye J.. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis affects functional diversity of rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads.  New Phytologist. (2005);  165 317-328
• 62 Fritz R. S., Simms E. L.. Plant Resistance to Herbicides and Pathogens. Chicago; The University of Chicago Press (1992): 565
• 63 Fuhrer J., Ashmore M. R., Mills G., Hayes F., Davison A. W.. Critical levels for semi-natural vegetations. In Semi-Natural Vegetation. Göteborg; University of Göteborg (2003): 3-16
• 64 Garbeva P., van Veen J. A., van Elsas J. D.. Microbial diversity in soil: selection of microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease supressiveness.  Annual Review of Phytopathology. (2004);  42 243-270
• 65 Gassner G., Straib W.. Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit des Infektionsverhaltens der Getreiderostpilze vom Kohlensäuregehalt der Luft.  Journal of Phytopathology. (1930);  1 1-30
• 66 Gayler S., Priesack E.. PLATHO - a simulation model for resource allocation in the plant-soil system. Technical report. http://http//:www.sfb607.de/English/projects/c2/platho.pdf (2003)
• 67 Gayler S., Leser C., Priesack E., Treutter D.. Modelling the effect of environmental factors on the “trade-off” between growth and defensive compounds in young apple trees.  Trees. (2004);  18 363-371
• 68 Gayler S., Wang E., Priesack E., Schaaf T., Maidl F. X.. Modelling biomass growth, N-uptake, and phenological development of potato crop.  Geoderma. (2002);  105 367-383
• 69 Gedroc J. J., McConnaughay K. D. M., Coleman J. S.. Plasticity in root shoot partitioning: optimal, ontogenetic, or both?.  Functional Ecology. (1996);  10 44-50
• 70 Glombitza S., Dubuis P.-H., Thulke O., Welzl G., Bovet L., Götz M., Affenzeller M., Geist B., Hehn A., Asnaghi C., Ernst D., Seidlitz H. K., Gundlach H., Mayer K. F., Martinoia E., Werck-Reichhart D., Mauch F., Schäffner A. R.. Crosstalk and differential response to abiotic and biotic stressors reflected at the transcriptional level of effector genes from secondary metabolism.  Plant Molecular Biology. (2004);  54 817-835
• 71 Glynn C., Herms D. A., Egawa M., Hansen R., Mattson W. J.. Effects of nutrient availability on biomass allocation as well as constitutive and rapid induced herbivore resistance in poplar.  Oikos. (2003);  101 385-397
• 72 Godbold D. L., Berntson G. M.. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration changes ectomycorrhizal morphotype assemblages in Betula papyrifera.  Tree Physiology. (1997);  17 347-350
• 73 Gorissen A., Kuyper T. W.. Fungal species-specific responses of ectomycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) to elevated CO₂.  New Phytologist. (2000);  146 163-168
• 74 Grabherr G.. Farbatlas Ökosysteme der Erde. Natürliche, naturnahe und künstliche Land-Ökosysteme aus geobotanischer Sicht. Stuttgart; Verlag Eugen Ulmer (1997)
• 75 Grace J. B., Tilman D.. Perspectives on Plants Competition. San Diego; Academic Press (1990)
• 76 Grams T. E. E., Matyssek R.. Elevated CO₂ counteracts the limitation by chronic ozone exposure on photosynthesis in Fagus sylvatica L.: comparison between chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf gas exchange.  Phyton (Austria). (1999);  39 31-39
• 77 Grams T. E. E., Kozovits A. R., Reiter I. M., Winkler J. B., Sommerkorn M., Blaschke H., Häberle K. H., Matyssek R.. Quantifying competitiveness in woody plants.  Plant Biology. (2002);  4 153-158
• 78 Grantz D. A., Yang S.. Ozone impacts on allometry and root hydraulic conductance are not mediated by source limitation nor developmental age.  Journal of Experimental Botany. (2000);  51 919-927
• 79 Grossman Y. L., DeJong T. M.. PEACH: a simulation model of reproductive and vegetative growth in peach trees.  Tree Physiology. (1994);  14 329-345
• 80 Grote R., Pretzsch H.. A model for individual tree development based on physiological processes.  Plant Biology. (2002);  4 167-180
• 81 Grote R., Reiter I. M.. Competition - dependent modelling of foliage and branch biomass in forest stands.  Trees. (2004);  18 596-607
• 82 Grunwald U., Nyamsuren O., Tamasloukht M'B., Lapopin L., Becker A., Mann P., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Krajinska F., Franken P.. Identification of mycorrhiza-regulated genes with arbuscule development-related expression profile.  Plant Molecular Biology. (2004);  55 553-566
• 83 Hackl E., Bachmann G., Zechmeister-Bolternstern S.. Soil microbial biomass and rhizosphere effects in natural forest stands.  Ecology and Management. (2000);  1888 101-112
• 84 Hagn A., Pritsch K., Schloter M., Munch J. C.. Fungal diversity in agricultural soil under different farming management systems, with special reference to biocontrol strains of Trichoderma spp.  Biology and Fertility of Soils. (2003);  38 236-244
• 85 Hahlbrock K., Bednarek P., Ciolkowski I., Hamberger B., Heise A., Liedgens H., Logemann E., Nürnberger T., Schmelzer E., Somssich I. E., Tan J.. Non-self recognition, transcriptional reprogramming, and secondary metabolite accumulation during plant/pathogen interaction.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (2003);  100 14569-14576
• 86 Hamilton J. G., Zangerl A. R., DeLucia E. H., Berenbaum M. R.. The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis: its rise and fall.  Ecology Letters. (2001);  4 86-95
• 87 Harborne J. B.. Plant polyphenols and their role in plant defence mechanisms. Brouillard, R., Jay, M., and Scalbert, A., eds. Polyphenols 94. Paris; INRA edition (1994): 19-26
• 88 Harper J. L.. Population Biology of Plants. London; Academic Press (1977): 892
• 89 Hartmann A., Gantner S., Schuegger R., Steidle A., Dürr C., Schmid M., Eberl L., Dazzo F. B., Langebartels C.. N-acyl homoserinlactones of rhizosphere bacteria trigger systemic resistance in tomato plants. Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Tikhonovich, I. A., and Pronorov, N. A., eds. Biology of Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 4 , St. Paul,. MN, USA; MpMi-Press (2004): 541-545
• 90 Hasenauer H.. Ein Einzelbaumwachstumssimulator für ungleichaltrige Kiefern- und Buchen-Fichtenmischbestände. Wien; Forstliche Schriftenreihe Universität für Bodenkultur (1994): 152
• 91 Heil M., Baldwin I. T.. Fitness costs of induced resistance: emerging experimental support for a slippery concept.  Trends in Plant Science. (2002);  7 61-67
• 92 Heil M., Hilpert A., Kaiser W., Linsenmair E.. Reduced growth and seed set following chemical induction of pathogen defence: does systemic acquired resistance (SAR) incur allocation costs?.  Journal of Ecology. (2000);  88 645-654
• 93 Herms D. A.. Effects of fertilization on insect resistance of woody ornamental plants: reassessing an entrenched paradigm.  Environmental Entomology. (2002);  31 923-933
• 94 Herms D. A., Mattson W. J.. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend.  Quarterly Review of Biology. (1992);  67 283-335
• 95 Hikosaka K., Sudoh S., Hirose T.. Light acquisition and use by individuals competing in a dense stand of an annual herb, Xanthium canadense.  Oecologia. (1999);  118 388-396
• 96 Hiol Hiol F., Dixon R. K., Curl E. A.. The feeding preference of mycophagous Collembola varies with the ectomycorrhizal symbiont.  Mycorrhiza. (1994);  5 99-103
• 97 Hoffland E., Jeger M. J., van Beusichem M. L.. Effect of nitrogen supply rate on disease resistance in tomato depends on the pathogen.  Plant and Soil. (2000);  218 239-247
• 98 Hoffland E., van Beusichem M. L., Jeger M. J.. Nitrogen availability and susceptibility of tomato leaves to Botrytis cinerea.  Plant and Soil. (1999);  210 263-272
• 99 Högberg M. N., Högberg P.. Extramatrical ectomcorrhizal mycelium contributes one-third of microbial biomass and produces, together with associated roots, half the disolved organic carbon in a forest soil.  New Phytologist. (2002);  154 791-795
• 100 Holton K., Lindroth R. L., Nordheim E. V.. Foliar quality influences tree-herbivore-parasitoid interactions: effect of elevated CO₂, O₃, and plant genotype.  Oecologia. (2003);  137 233-244
• 101 Huber S. C., Huber J. L. A.. Role of sucrose-phosphate synthase in sucrose metabolism in leaves.  Plant Physiology. (1992);  99 1275-1278
• 102 Ineichen K., Wiemken V., Wiemken A.. Shoots, roots and ectomycorrhiza formation of pine seedlings at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide.  Plant, Cell and Environment. (1995);  18 703-707
• 103 Jach M. E., Ceulemans R.. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on phenology, growth and crown structure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings after two years of exposure in the field.  Tree Physiology. (1999);  19 289-300
• 104 Jentschke G., Bonkowski M., Godbold D. M., Scheu S.. Effects of protozoa on mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal spruce seedlings. Azcon-Aguilar, C. and Barea, J. M., eds. Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems from Genes to Plant Development. Brussels, Luxembourg; European Commission (1996): 642-645
• 105 Jones J. W., Hoogenboom G., Porter C. H., Boote K. J., Batchelor W. D., Hunt L. A., Wilkens P. W., Singh U., Gijsman A. J., Ritchie J. T.. The DSSAT cropping system model.  European Journal of Agronomy. (2003);  18 235-265
• 106 Jones M. E., Paine T. D., Fenn M. E., Poth M. A.. Influence of ozone and nitrogen deposition on bark beetle activity under drought conditions.  Forest Ecology and Management. (2004);  200 67-76
• 107 Karnosky D. F., Zak D. R., Pregitzer K. S., Awmack C. S., Bockheim J. G., Dickson R. E., Hendrey G. R., Host G. E., King J. S., Kopper B. J., Kruger E. L., Kubiske M. E., Lindroth R. L., Mattson W. J., McDonald E. P., Noormets A., Oksanen E., Parsons W. F. J., Percy K. E., Podila G. K., Riemenschneider D. E., Sharma P., Thakur R., Sober A., Sober J., Jones W. S., Anttonen S., Vapaavuori E., Mankovska B., Heilman W., Isebrands J. G.. Tropospheric O₃ moderates responses of temperate hardwood forests to elevated CO₂: a synthesis of molecular to ecosystem results from the Aspen FACE project.  Functional Ecology. (2003);  17 289-304
• 108 Kasurinen A., Helmisaari H. S., Holopainen T.. The influence of elevated CO₂ and O₃ on fine roots and mycorrhizas of naturally growing young Scots pine trees during three exposure years.  Global Change Biology. (1999);  5 771-780
• 109 Keen N. T., Taylor O. C.. Ozone injury in soybeans: isoflavonoid accumulation is related to necrosis.  Plant Physiology. (1975);  55 731-733
• 110 Keski-Saari S., Julkunen-Tiitto R.. Resource allocation in different parts of juvenile mountain birch plants: effect of nitrogen supply on seedling phenolics and growth.  Physiologia Plantarum. (2003);  118 114-126
• 111 King D. A.. Linking tree form, allocation and growth with an allometrically explicit model.  Ecological Modelling. (2005);  185 77-91
• 112 Klumpp K.. Kohlenstoffhaushalt von Einzelpflanzen eines Sonnenblumenbestandes in Abhängigkeit von der hierarchischen Position und der N-Versorgung - Untersuchungen mit ¹³C/¹⁵ N-Markierung. Dissertation, Technische Universität München, Germany. Aachen; Shaker-Verlag (2003)
• 113 Knudsen G. R., Waler M. W., Porteus L. A., Prince V. J., Amstrong J. L., Seidler R. J.. Predictive model of conjugated plasmid transfer in the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere.  Applied and Environmental Microbiology. (1988);  54 343-347
• 114 Koch K. E.. Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants.  Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. (1996);  4 509-540
• 115 Koide R. T., Xu B., Sharda J., Lekberg Y., Ostiguy N.. Evidence of species interactions within an ectomycorrhizal fungal community.  New Phytologist. (2005);  165 305-316
• 116 Kolb T. E., Matyssek R.. Limitations and perspectives about scaling ozone impacts in trees.  Environmental Pollution. (2001);  115 373-392
• 117 Koricheva J.. Meta-analysis of sources of variation in fitness costs of plant antiherbivore defenses.  Ecology. (2002);  83 176-190
• 118 Körner C.. Carbon limitation in trees.  Journal of Ecology. (2003);  91 4-17
• 119 Körner C.. An introduction to the functional diversity of temporate forest trees,. Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Körner, C., and Schulze, E.-D., eds. Forest Diversity and Function , Ecological Studies 176,. Berlin; Springer Verlag (2005): 13-37
• 120 Kowalchuk G. A., Buma D. S., De Boer W., Klinkhammer P. L., van Veen H.. Effects of above-ground plant species composition and diversity on the diversity of soil-borne microorganisms.  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. (2002);  81 509-520
• 121 Kozlowski J., Konarzewski M.. Is West, Brown and Enquist's model of allometric scaling mathematically correct and biologically relevant?.  Functional Ecology. (2004);  18 283-289
• 122 Kozovits A. R., Matyssek R., Winkler J. B., Göttlein A., Blaschke H., Grams T. E. E.. Above-ground space sequestration determines competitive success in juvenile beech and spruce trees.  New Phytologist. (2005 a);  167 181-196
• 123 Kozovits A. R., Matyssek R., Blaschke H., Göttlein A., Grams T. E. E.. Competition increasingly dominates the responsiveness of juvenile beech and spruce to elevated CO₂ and O₃ levels throughout three subsequent growing seasons.  Global Change Biology. (2005 b);  11 1387-1401
• 124 Kuokkanen K., Julkunen-Tiitto R., Keinänen M., Niemelä P., Tahvanainen J.. The effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature on the secondary chemistry of Betula pendula seedlings.  Trees. (2001);  15 378-384
• 125 Küppers M.. Carbon relations and competition between woody species in a central European hedgerow. II. Stomatal responses, water-use, and hydraulic conductivity in the root leaf pathway.  Oecologia. (1984);  64 344-354
• 126 Küppers M.. Canopy gaps: competitive light interception and economic space filling - a matter of whole-plant allocation. Caldwell, M. M. and Pearcy, R. W., eds. Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants. San Diego, NY; Academic Press (1994): 111-144
• 127 Kurth W.. Die Simulation der Baumarchitektur mit Wachstumsgrammatiken. Berlin; Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin (1999): 327
• 128 Lacointe A.. Carbon allocation among tree organs: a review of basic processes and representation in functional-structural tree models.  Annals of Forest Science. (2000);  57 521-533
• 129 Langebartels C., Schraudner M., Heller W., Ernst D., Sandermann H.. Oxidative stress and defense reactions in plants exposed to air pollutants and UV‐B radiation. Inzé, D. and Van Montagu, M., eds. Oxidative Stress in Plants. London; Taylor and Francis (2002): 105-135
• 130 Larcher W.. Ökophysiologie der Planzen. Stuttgart; Ulmer Verlag (2001): 408
• 131 Lattanzi F. A., Schnyder H., Thornton B.. The sources of carbon and nitrogen supplying leaf growth. Assessment of the role of stores with compartmental models.  Plant Physiology. (2005);  137 383-395
• 132 Le Dizès S., Cruiziat P., Lacointe A., Le Roux X., Balandier P., Jaquet P.. A model for simulating structure-function relationships in walnut tree growth processes.  Silva Fennica. (1997);  31 313-328
• 133 Le Roux X., Lacointe A., Escobar-Gutierrez A., Le Dizes S.. Carbon-based models of individual tree growth: a critical appraisal.  Annals of Forest Science. (2001);  58 469-506
• 134 Leake J., Johnson D., Donelly D., Muckle G., Boddy L., Read D.. Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystems.  Canadian Journal of Botany. (2004);  82 1016-1045
• 135 Lerdau M., Gershenzon J.. Allocation theory and chemical defense. Bazzaz, F. A. and Grace, J., eds. Plant Resource Allocation. San Diego, USA, London, UK; Academic Press (1997): 265-277
• 136 Leser C., Treutter D.. Effects of nitrogen supply on growth, contents of phenolic compounds and pathogen (scab) resistance of apple trees.  Physiologia Plantarum. (2005);  123 49-56
• 137 Leuschner C.. Mechanismen der Konkurrenzüberlegenheit der Rotbuche.  Berichte der Deutschen Reinhart Tüxen-Gesellschaft. (1998);  10 5-18
• 138 Lide (ed.) D. R.. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84. edn. Cleveland; CRC Press (2003)
• 139 Lin G., Rygiewicz P. T., Ehleringer J. R., Johnson M. G., Tingley D. T.. Time-dependent responses of soil CO₂ efflux components to elevated atmospheric [CO₂] and temperature in experimental forest mesocosms.  Plant and Soil. (2001);  229 259-270
• 140 Lincoln D. E., Fajer E. D., Johnson R. H.. Plant-insect herbivore interactions in elevated CO₂.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution. (1993);  8 64-68
• 141 Lindahl B., Stenlid J., Finlay R.. Effects of resource availability on mycelial interactions and ³²P transfer between a saprotrophic and an ectomycorrhizal fungus in soil microcosms.  FEMS Microbiology Ecology. (2001);  38 43-52
• 142 Liu J., Blaylock L. A., Endre G., Cho J., Town C. D., VandenBosch K. A., Harrison M. J.. Transcript profiling coupled with spatial expression analyses reveals genes involved in distinct developmental stages of an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.  Plant Cell. (2003);  15 2106-2123
• 143 Liu X., Kozovits A. R., Grams T. E. E., Blaschke H., Rennenberg H., Matyssek R.. Competition modifies effects of enhanced ozone/carbon dioxide concentrations on carbohydrate and biomass accumulation in juvenile Norway spruce and European beech.  Tree Physiology. (2004);  24 1045-1055
• 144 Logemann E., Hahlbrock K.. Crosstalk among stress responses in plants: pathogen defense overrides UV protection through an inversely regulated ACE/ACE type of light-responsive gene promoter unit.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (2002);  99 2428-2432
• 145 Logemann E., Tavernaro A., Schulz W., Somssich I. E., Hahlbrock K.. UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (2000);  97 1903-1907
• 146 Loomis W. E.. Growth and differentiation - and introduction and summary. Loomis, W. E., ed. Growth and Differentiation in Plants. Ames; Iowa State College Press (1953): 1-17
• 147 Lorio Jr. P. L.. Growth and differentiation balance relationships in pines affect their resistance to bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scoloytidae). . Mattson, W. J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C., eds. Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects: Search for Pattern. New York; Springer-Verlag (1988): 73-92
• 148 Lötscher M., Klumpp K., Schnyder H.. Growth and maintenance respiration for individual plants in hierarchically structured canopies of Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus: the contribution of current and old assimilates.  New Phytologist. (2004);  164 305-316
• 149 Lou Y., Baldwin I. T.. Nitrogen supply influences herbivore-induced direct and indirect defenses and transcriptional responses in Nicotiana attanuata. .  Plant Physiology. (2004);  135 496-506
• 150 Luan J., Muetzelfeldt R. I., Grace J.. Hierarchical approach to forest ecosystem simulation.  Ecological Modelling. (1996);  86 37-50
• 151 Lüpke B., Spellmann H.. Aspects of stability, growth and natural regeneration in mixed Norway spruce-beech stands as a basis of silvicultural decisions. Olsthoorn, A. F. M., Bartelink, H. H., Gardiner, J. J., Pretzsch, H., Hekhuis. H. J., and Franc, A., eds. Management of Mixed-Species Forest: Silviculture and Economics, IBN Scientific Contributions. (1999): 245-267
• 152 Lynch J. M.. Introduction: some consequences of microbial rhizosphere competence for plant and soil. Lynch, J. M., ed. The Rhizosphere. Chichester, England; Wiley and Sons (1990): 1-10
• 153 Lynch J. M., Whipps J. M.. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere. Kleister, D. L. and Cregan, P. B., eds. The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth. Dordrecht, NL; Kluwer Academic Publishers (1991): 15-25
• 154 Mahalingam R., Federoff N.. Stress response, cell death and signalling: the many faces of reactive oxygen species.  Physiologia Plantarum. (2003);  119 56-68
• 155 Mahalingam R., Gomez-Buitrago A., Eckardt N., Shah N., Guevara-Garcia A., Day P., Raina R., Fedoroff N. V.. Characterizing the stress/defense transcriptome of Arabidopsis.  Genome Biology. (2003);  4 R20
• 156 Mäkelä A.. A carbon balance model of growth and self-pruning in trees based on structural relationships.  Forest Science. (1997);  43 7-23
• 157 Mäkelä A., Vanninen P., Ikonen V.-P.. An application of process-based modelling to the development of branchiness in Scots pine.  Silva Fennica. (1997);  31 369-380
• 158 Maleck K., Dietrich R. A.. Defense on multiple fronts: how do plants cope with diverse enemies?.  Trends in Plant Science. (1999);  4 215-219
• 159 Maleck K., Levine A., Eulgem T., Morgan A., Schmid J., Lawton K. A., Dangl J. L., Dietrich R. A.. The transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana during systemic acquired resistance.  Nature Genetics. (2000);  26 403-410
• 160 Manning W. J., v. Tiedemann A.. Climate change: potential effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, ozone and ultraviolet-b radiation on plant disease.  Environmental Pollution. (1995);  88 219-241
• 161 Marilley L., Aragno M.. Phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities differing in degree of proximity of Lolium perene and Trifolium repens roots.  Applied Soil Ecology. (1999);  13 127-136
• 162 Martin F.. Frontiers in molecular mycorrhizal research - genes, loci, dots and spins.  New Phytologist. (2001);  150 499-505
• 163 Mattson W. J., Kuokkanen K., Niemelä P., Julkunen-Tiitto R., Kellomäki S., Tahvanainen J.. Elevated CO₂ alters birch resistance to Lagomorpha herbivores.  Global Change Biology. (2004);  10 1402-1413
• 164 Matyssek R., Schulze E.-D.. Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua × leptolepis). II: Growth characteristics.  Trees. (1987);  1 225-231
• 165 Matyssek R.. Carbon, water and nitrogen relations in evergreen and deciduous conifers.  Tree Physiology. (1986);  2 177-187
• 166 Matyssek R.. Trends in forest tree physiological research. Huttunen, S., Heikkilä, H., Bucher, J. B., Sundberg, B., Jarvis, P. G., and Matyssek, R., eds. Trends in European Forest Tree Physiology Research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands; Kluwer Academic Publishers (2001): 241-246
• 167 Matyssek R., Sandermann H.. Impact of Ozone on Trees: An Ecophysiological Perspective. Progress in Botany 64. Heidelberg; Springer Verlag (2003): 349-404
• 168 Matyssek R., Schulze E.-D.. Carbon uptake and respiration in above-ground parts of a Larix decidua × leptolepis tree.  Trees. (1988);  2 233-241
• 169 Matyssek R., Günthardt-Goerg M. S., Saurer M., Keller T.. Seasonal growth, δ¹³C in leaves and stem, and phloem structure of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations.  Trees. (1992);  6 69-76
• 170 Matyssek R., Schnyder H., Elstner E. F., Munch J. C., Pretzsch H., Sandermann H.. Growth and parasite defence in plants; the balance between resource sequestration and retention: in lieu of a guest editorial.  Plant Biology. (2002);  4 133-136
• 171 McConnaughay K. D. M., Bazzaz F. A.. Is physical space a soil resource?.  Ecology. (1991);  72 94-103
• 172 Milling A., Smalla K., Maild F. X., Schloter M., Munch J. C.. Effect of transgenic potatoes with an altered stark composition on the diversity of soil and rhizosphere bacteria and fungi.  Plant and Soil. (2004);  266 23-39
• 173 Miyazaki S., Fredricksen M., Hollis K. C., Poroyko V., Shepley D., Galbraith D. W., Long S. P., Bonert H. J.. Transcript expression profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under controlled conditions and open-air elevated concentrations of CO₂ and O₃.  Field Crops Research. (2004);  90 47-59
• 174 Mohr U., Lange J., Boller T., Wiemke A., Vögeli-Lange R.. Plant defence genes are induced in the pathogenic interaction between bean roots and Fusarium solani, but not induced in the symbiotic interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae.  New Phytologist. (1998);  138 589-598
• 175 Mohren G. M. J., van de Veen J. R.. Forest growth in relation to site conditions. Application of the model FORGRO to the Solling spruce site.  Ecological Modelling. (1995);  83 173-183
• 176 Monserud R. A.. Methodology for simulating Wisconsin northern hardwood stand dynamics. Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, Dissertation Abstracts. (1975): 156
• 177 Mooney H. A., Winner W. E.. Partitioning response of plants to stress. Mooney, H. A., Winner, W. E., and Pell, E. J., eds. Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses. San Diego; NY; Academic Press, Inc. (1991): 129-141
• 178 Mooney H. A., Winner W. E., Pell E. J.. Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses. San Diego, NY; Academic Press, Inc. (1991): 129-141
• 179 Morse C. C., Yedokimov I. V., DeLuca T. H.. In situ extraction of rhizosphere organic compounds from contrasting plant communities.  Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. (2000);  31 725-742
• 180 Müller I., Schmid B., Weiner J.. The effect of nutrient availability on biomass allocation patterns in 27 species of herbaceous plants.  Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. (2000);  3/2 115-127
• 181 Nagel J.. Wachstumsmodell für Bergahorn in Schleswig-Holstein. Diss., Univ. Göttingen. (1985): 124
• 182 Narusaka Y., Narusaka M., Seki M., Umezawa T., Ishida J., Nakajima M., Enju A., Shinozaki K.. Crosstalk in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses in Arabidopsis: analysis of gene expression in cytochrome P450 gene superfamily by cDNA microarray.  Plant Molecular Biology. (2004);  55 327-342
• 183 Nehls U., Wiese J., Guttenberger M., Hampp R.. Carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizas: identification and expression analysis of an Amanita muscaria monosaccharide transporter.  Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. (1998);  11 167-176
• 184 Nehls U., Bock A., Ecke M., Hampp R.. Differential expression of the hexose-regulated fungal genes AmPAL and AmMst1 within Amanita/Populus ectomycorrhizas.  New Phytologist. (2001);  150 583-589
• 185 Neumann G., Römheld V.. The release of root exudates as affected by the plant physiological status. Pinton, R., Varanini, Z., and Nannipieri, P., eds. The Rhizosphere. New York, NY; Marcel Dekker, Inc. (2001): 41-93
• 186 Niklas K. J.. Plant Allometry. Chicago; Univ. Chicago Press (1994): 395
• 187 Nørbæk R., Aaboer D. B. F., Bleeg I. S., Christensen B. T., Kondo T., Brandt K.. Flavone C-glycoside, phenolic acid, and nitrogen contents in leaves of barley subject to organic fertilization treatments.  Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. (2003);  51 809-813
• 188 Norby R., Ledford J., Reilly C. D., Miller N. E., O'Neill E. G.. Fine-root production dominates response of a deciduous forest to atmospheric CO₂ enrichmant.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (2004);  101 9689-9693
• 189 Nunn A. J., Reiter I. M., Häberle K. H., Werner H., Langebartels C., Sandermann H., Heerdt C., Fabian P., Matyssek R.. “Free-air” ozone canopy fumigation in an old-growth mixed forest: concept and observations in beech.  Phyton. (2002);  42 105-119
• 190 Okori P., Rubaihayo P. R., Adipala E., Dixelius C.. Interactive effects of host, pathogen and mineral nutrition on grey leaf spot epidemics in Uganda.  European Journal of Plant Pathology. (2004);  110 119-128
• 191 Oßwald W., Koehl J., Heiser I., Nechwatal J., Fleischmann F.. New insights in the genus Phytophthora and current diseases these pathogens cause in their ecosystems. Esser, K., Lüttge, U., Beyschlag, W., and Murata, J., eds. Progress in Botany. Berlin, Heidelberg; Springer Verlag (2004): 436-466
• 192 Overmyer K., Brosché M., Kangasjärvi J.. Reactive oxygen species and hormonal control of cell death.  Trends in Plant Science. (2003);  8 335-342
• 193 Passioura J. B.. Simulation models: science, snake oil, education, or engineering?.  Agronomy Journal. (1996);  88 690-694
• 194 Payer H. D., Blodow P., Köfferlein M., Lippert M., Schmolke W., Seckmeyer G., Seidlitz H. K., Strube D., Thiel S.. Controlled environment chambers for experimental studies on plant responses to CO₂ and interactions with pollutants. Schulze, E. D. and Mooney, H. A., eds. Ecosystems Research Report Nr. 6: Design and Execution of Experiments on CO₂ Enrichment. Brussels; Commision European Communities (1993): 127-145
• 195 Perez-Soba M., Dueck T. A., Pippi G., Kuiper P. J. C.. Interaction of elevated CO₂, NH₃ and O₃ on mycorrhizal infection, gas exchange and N metabolization in saplings of Scots pine.  Plant and Soil. (1995);  176 107-116
• 196 Perttunen J., Sievänen R., Nikinmaa E.. LIGNUM: a model combining the structure and the functioning of trees.  Ecological Modelling. (1998);  108 189-198
• 197 Poole E. J., Bending G. D., Whipps J. M., Read D. J.. Bacteria associated with Pinus sylvestris - Lactarius rufus etomycorrhizas and their effects on mycorrhiza formation in vitro.  New Phytologist. (2001);  151 743-751
• 198 Poorter H., Navas M. L.. Plant growth and competition at elevated CO₂: on winners, losers and functional groups.  New Phytologist. (2003);  157 175-198
• 199 Pretzsch H.. Models for Pure and Mixed Forests. The Forests Handbook, Vol. 1. Oxford; Blackwell Science (2000): 210-228
• 200 Pretzsch H.. Modellierung des Waldwachstums. Berlin; Parey Verlag (2001): 320
• 201 Pretzsch H.. Grundlagen der Waldwachstumsforschung. Berlin; Blackwell Verlag (2002): 414
• 202 Pretzsch H.. Diversity and productivity in forests. Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Körner, C., and Schulze, E.-D., eds. Forest Diversity and Function , Ecological Studies 176,. Berlin; Springer Verlag (2004): 41-64
• 203 Pretzsch H.. Species-specific allometric scaling under self-thinning. Evidence from long-term plots in forest stands.  Oecologia. (2005);  in press
• 204 Pretzsch H., Schütze G.. Crown allometry and efficiency of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in pure and mixed stands.  Plant Biology. (2005);  7 628-639
• 205 Pretzsch H., Biber P., und Dursky J.. The single tree based stand simulator SILVA. Construction, application and evaluation.  Forest Ecology and Management. (2002);  162 3-21
• 206 Pretzsch H., Kahn M., Grote R.. The mixed spruce-beech forest stands of the “Sonderforschungsbereich” “Growth or Parasite Defence?” in the forest district Kranzberger Forst.  Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. (1998);  117 241-257
• 207 Pritchard S. G., Rogers H. H., Prior S. A., Peterson C. M.. Elevated CO₂ and plant structure: a review.  Global Change Biology. (1999);  5 807-837
• 208 Raaijmakers J. M., Vlami M., de Souza J. T.. Antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents.  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. (2002);  81 537-547
• 209 Rachmilevitch S., Cousins A. S., Bloom A. J.. Nitrate assimilation in plant shoots depends on photorespiration.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (2004);  101 11506-11510
• 210 Radi M., Mahrouz M., Jaouad A., Amiot M. J.. Influence of mineral fertilization (NPK) on the quality of apricot fruit (cv. Canino). The effect of the mode of nitrogen supply.  Agronomie. (2003);  23 737-745
• 211 Raidl S., Bonfigli R., Agerer R.. Calibration of quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR by correlation of hyphal biomass and ITS copies in mycelia of Piloderma croceum. .  Plant Biology. (2005);  7 713-717
• 212 Rastetter E. B., Ryan M. G., Shaver G. R., Melillo J. M., Nadelhoffer K. J., Hobbie J. E., Aber J. D.. A general biogeochemical model describing responses of the C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to changes in CO₂, climate, and N deposition.  Tree Physiology. (1991);  9 101-126
• 213 Read D. J.. The ecophysiology of mycorrhizal symbioses with special reference to impacts upon plant fitness. Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Barker, M. G., eds. Physiological Plant Ecology. Oxford; Blackwell Science (1999): 133-152
• 214 Read D. J., Leake J. R., Perez-Moreno J.. Mycorrhizal fungi as drivers of ecosystem processes in heathland and boreal forest biomes.  Canadian Journal of Botany. (2004);  82 1243-1263
• 215 Reiter I. M., Häberle K.-H., Nunn A. J., Heerdt C., Reitmayer H., Grote R., Matyssek R.. Competitive strategies in adult beech and spruce: space-related foliar carbon investment vs. carbon gain.  Oecologia. (2005);  146 337-349
• 216 Remmert H.. The Mosaic-Cycle Concept of Ecosystems. Berlin; Springer Verlag (1991)
• 217 Rillig C. M., Treseder K. K., Allen M. F.. Global change and mycorrhizal fungi. Van der Heijden, M. G. A. and Sanders, I. R., eds. Mycorrhizal Ecology , Ecological Studies 157,. Berlin; Springer (2002): 135-160
• 218 Roloff A.. Morphologie der Kronenentwicklung von Fagus sylvatica L. (Rotbuche) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung möglicherweise neuartiger Veränderungen.  Berichte des Forschungszentrums Waldökosysteme. (1986);  18 1-177
• 219 Roloff A.. Baumkronen - Verständnis und praktische Bedeutung eines komplexen Naturphänomens. Stuttgart; Ulmer (2001): 162
• 220 Rosemann D., Heller W., Sandermann  Jr. H.. Biochemical plant responses to ozone. II. Induction of stilbene biosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings.  Plant Physiology. (1991);  97 1280-1286
• 221 Rousseau J. V. D., Sylvia D. M., Fox A. J.. Contribution of ectomycorrhiza to the potential nutrient-absorbing surface of pine.  New Phytologist. (1994);  128 639-644
• 222 Rühmann S., Leser C., Bannert M., Treutter D.. Relationship between growth, secondary metabolism, and resistance of apple.  Plant Biology. (2002);  4 137-193
• 223 Salminen J.-P., Roslin T., Karonen M., Sinkkonen J., Pihlaja K., Pulkkinen P.. Seasonal variation in the content of hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and proanthocyanidins in oak leaves.  Journal of Chemical Ecology. (2004);  30 1693-1711
• 224 Sandermann H.. Ozone and plant health.  Annual Review of Phytopathology. (1996);  34 347-366
• 225 Sandermann H.. Active oxygen species as mediators of plant immunity: three case studies.  Biological Chemistry. (2000);  381 649-653
• 226 Sandermann H., Matyssek R.. Scaling up from molecular to ecological processes. Sandermann, H., ed. Molecular Ecotoxicology of Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; Springer-Verlag (2004): 207-226
• 227 Sandermann H., Ernst D., Heller W., Langebartels C.. Ozone: an abiotic elicitor of plant defence reactions.  Trends in Plant Science. (1998);  3 47-50
• 228 Saralabai V. C., Vivekandan M., Babu R. S.. Plant responses to high CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere.  Photosynthetica. (1997);  33 7-37
• 229 Saxon M. E., Davis M. A., Pritchard S. G., Runion G. B., Prior S. A., Stelzer H. E., Rogers H. H., Dute R. R.. Influence of elevated CO₂, nitrogen, and Pinus elliotti genotypes on performance of the redheaded pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research. (2004);  34 1007-1017
• 230 Schenk P. M., Kazan K., Wilson I., Anderson J. P., Richmond T., Sommerville S. C., Manners J. M.. Coordinated plant defense responses in Arabidopsis revealed by microarray analysis.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (2000);  97 11655-11660
• 231 Schilling G., Gransee A., Deubel A., Lezovic G., Ruppel S.. Phosphorous availability, root exudates, and microbial activity in the rhizosphere.  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde. (1998);  161 465-478
• 232 Schnyder H., Schaufele R., Lötscher M., Gebbing T.. Disentangling CO₂ fluxes: direct measurements of mesocosm-scale natural abundance (CO₂)-¹³C/(CO₂)-¹²C gas exchange, ¹³C discrimination, and labelling of CO₂ exchange flux components in controlled environments.  Plant, Cell and Environment. (2003);  26 1863-1874
• 233 Schober R.. Buchen-Ertragstafel für mäßige und starke Durchforstung. In Die Rotbuche 1971, J. D. Sauerländer's Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1972, Schriften aus der Forstlichen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen und der Niedersächsischen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt 43/44. (1967): 333
• 234 Schubert R., Raidl S., Funk R., Bahnweg G., Müller-Starck G., Agerer R.. Quantitative detection of agar-cultivated and rhizotron-grown Piloderma croceum Erikss. and Hjortst. by ITS-based fluorescent PCR.  Mycorrhiza. (2003);  13 159-165
• 235 Schulze E.-D., Fuchs M. I., Fuchs M.. Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of northern Germany. III. The significance of the evergreen habit.  Oecologia. (1977);  30 239-248
• 236 Schulze E.-D., Beck E., Steudie E., Stitt M., Zwölfer H.. Flux control in biological systems: a comparative view. Schulze, E.-D., ed. Flux Control in Biological Systems. San Diego, NY; Academic Press (1994): 471-485
• 237 Schulze E.-D., Küppers M., Matyssek R.. The roles of carbon balance and branching pattern in the growth of woody species. Givnish, T. J., ed. On the Economy of Plant Form and Function. Cambridge, London; Cambridge University Press (1986): 585-602
• 238 Schwappach A.. Wachstum und Ertrag normaler Fichtenbestände. Berlin; Verlag Julius Springer (1890): 100
• 239 Schwinning S.. Decomposition analysis of competitive symmetry and size structure dynamics.  Annals of Botany. (1996);  77 47-57
• 240 Seifert T.. Integration von Holzqualität und Holzsortierung in behandlungssensitive Waldwachstumsmodelle. Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität München, Freising. (2003): 332
• 241 Sekimura T., Roose T., Li B., Maini P. K., Suzuki J. I., Hara T.. The effect of population density on shoot morphology of herbs in relation to light capture by leaves.  Ecological Modelling. (2000);  128 51-62
• 242 Seldin L., Rosado A. S., da Cruz D. W., Nobrega A., van Elsas J. D., Paiva E.. Comparison of Paenibacillus azotofixans strains isolated from rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and non-asssociated soil from maize planted in two differents brazilian soils.  Applied Environmental Microbiology. (1998);  64 3860-3868
• 243 Siemens D. H., Garner S. H., Mitchell-Olds T., Callaway R. M.. Costs of defense in the context of plant competition: Brassica rapa may grow and defend.  Ecology. (2002);  83 505-517
• 244 Siemens D. H., Lischke H., Maggiulli N., Schürch S., Roy B. A.. Cost of resistance and tolerance under competition: the defense-stress benefit hypothesis.  Applied and Environmental Microbiology. (2003);  17 247-263
• 245 Simard S. W., Durall D. M.. Mycorrhizal networks: a review of their extent, function, and importance.  Canadian Journal of Botany. (2004);  82 1140-1165
• 246 Simon M. R., Cordo C. A., Perelló A. E., Struik P. C.. Influence of nitrogen supply on the susceptibility of wheat to Septoria tritici.  Journal of Phytopathology. (2003);  151 283-289
• 247 Smalla K., Wieland G., Buchner A., Zock A., Parzy J., Roskot N., Heuer H., Berg G.. Bulk soil and rhizosphere communities studied by denaturing gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes - plant dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed.  Applied Environmental Microbiology. (2001);  67 4742-4751
• 248 Smith S. E., Read D. J.. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nd ed. San Diego, London; Academic Press (1997)
• 249 Smith C. M., Rodriguez-Buey M., Karlsson J., Campbell M. M.. The response of the poplar transcriptome to wounding and subsequent infection by viral pathogen.  New Phytologist. (2004);  164 123-136
• 250 Sørensen J.. The rhizosphere as a habitat for soil microorganisms. Van Elsas, J. D., Trevors, J. T., and Wellington, E. M. H., eds. Modern Soil Microbiology. New York, NY; Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1997): 21-45
• 251 Sowerby A., Herbert B., Gray R. G., Ball A. S.. The decomposition of Lolium perenne in soils exposed to elevated CO₂: comparisons of mass loss of litter with soil respiration and soil microbial biomass.  Soil Biology and Biochemistry. (1999);  32 1359-1366
• 252 Spinnler D., Egh P., Körner C.. Four-year growth dynamics of beech-spruce model ecosystems under CO₂ enrichment on two different forest soils.  Trees. (2002);  16 423-436
• 253 Sprugel D. G., Hinckley T. M., Schaap W.. The theory and practice of branch autonomy.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. (1991);  22 309-334
• 254 Stamp N.. Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses.  Quarterly Review of Biology. (2003 a);  78 23-55
• 255 Stamp N.. Theory of plant defensive level: example of process and pitfalls in development of ecological theory.  Oikos. (2003 b);  102 672-678
• 256 Sterba H.. Single stem models from inventory data with temporary plots.  Mitteilungen der Forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt Wien. (1983);  147 87-101
• 257 Stiling P., Moon D. C., Hunter M. D., Colson J., Rossi A. M., Hymus G. J., Drake B. G.. Elevated CO₂ lowers relative and absolute herbivore density across all species of a scrub-oak forest.  Oecologia. (2003);  134 82-87
• 258 Stitt M., Schulze E.-D.. Plant growth, storage, and resource allocation: from flux control in a metabolic chain to the whole-plant level. Schulze, E.-D., ed. Flux Control in Biological Systems. San Diego; Academic Press (1994): 57-118
• 259 Tamaoki M., Matsuyama T., Nakajima N., Aono M., Kubo A., Saji H.. A method for diagnosis of plant environmental stresses by gene expression profiling using a cDNA macroarray.  Environmental Pollution. (2004);  131 137-145
• 260 Taylor L. P., Grotewold E.. Flavonoids as developmental regulators.  Current Opinion in Plant Biology. (2005);  8 317-323
• 261 Thornley J. H. M.. A transport-resistance model of forest growth and partitioning.  Annals of Botany. (1991);  68 211-226
• 262 Thornley J. H. M.. Modelling allocation with transport/conversion processes.  Silva Fennica. (1997);  31 341-355
• 263 Thornley J. H. M., Johnson I. R.. Plant and Crop Modelling. A Mathematical Approach to Plant and Crop Physiology. Oxford, UK; Clarendon Press (1990)
• 264 Tiktak A., van Grinsven H. J. M.. Review of sixteen forest-soil-atmosphere models.  Ecological Modelling. (1995);  83 35-53
• 265 Toal M. E., Yeomans C., Killham K., Meharg A. A.. A review of rhizosphere carbon flow modelling.  Plant and Soil. (2000);  222 263-281
• 266 Valentine H. T.. Estimation of the net primary productivity of even-aged stands with carbon-allocation model.  Ecological Modelling. (1999);  122 139-149
• 267 van Ittersum M. K., Leffelaar P. A., van Keulen H., Kropff M. J., Bastiaans L., Goudriaan J.. On approaches and applications of the Wageningen crop models.  European Journal of Agronomy. (2003);  18 201-234
• 268 von Gadow K.. Untersuchungen zur Konstruktion von Wuchsmodellen für schnellwüchsige Plantagenbaumarten.  Forstliche Forschungsberichte München. (1987);  77 147
• 269 Volin J. C., Reich P. B., Givnish T. J.. Elevated carbon dioxide ameliorates the effects of ozone on photosynthesis and growth: species respond similarly regardless of photosynthetic pathway or plant functional group.  New Phytologist. (1998);  138 315-325
• 270 Wallander H., Nilsson L. O., Hagerberg D., Baath E.. Estimation of the biomass and seasonal growth of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field.  New Phytologist. (2001);  151 753-760
• 271 Wallenda T., Kottke I.. Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas.  New Phytologist. (1998);  139 169-187
• 272 Weaver L. M., Herrmann K. M.. Dynamics of the shikimate pathway in plants.  Trends in Plant Science. (1997);  2 346-351
• 273 Weiner J.. Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants.  Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. (2004);  6 207-215
• 274 Weiner J., Fishman L.. Competition and allometry in Kochia scoparia.  Annals of Botany. (1994);  73 263-271
• 275 Weinstein D. A., Yanai R. D.. Integrating effects of simultaneous multiple stresses on plants using the simulation model TREGRO.  Journal of Environmental Quality. (1994);  23 418-428
• 276 Weller D. E.. A reevaluation of the - 3/2 power rule of plant self-thinning.  Ecological Monographs. (1987);  57 23-43
• 277 Weller D. M., Raaijmakers J. M., Gardener B. B., Thomashow L. S.. Microbial populations responsible for soil suppressiveness to plant pathogens.  Annual Review of Phytopathology. (2002);  40 309-348
• 278 West G. B., Brown J. H., Enquist B. J.. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology.  Science. (1997);  276 122-126
• 279 West G. B., Brown J. H., Enquist B. J.. A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems.  Nature. (1999);  400 664-667
• 280 White T. C. R.. The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogen in stressed food plants.  Oecologia. (1984);  63 90-105
• 281 White J.. The allometric interpretation of the self-thinning rule.  Journal of Theoretical Biology. (1981);  89 475-500
• 282 Whipps J. M.. Carbon loss from roots of tomato and pea seedlings grown in soil.  Plant and Soil. (1987);  103 95-100
• 283 Whipps J. M.. Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere.  Journal of Experimental Botany. (2001);  52 487-511
• 284 Wiedemann E.. Die Fichte 1936. Hannover; Verlag M. and H. Schaper (1937): 248
• 285 Witowski J.. Gas exchange of the lowest branches of young Scots pine: a cost-benefit analysis of seasonal branch carbon budget.  Tree Physiology. (1997);  17 757-765
• 286 Witzell J., Shevtsova A.. Nitrogen-induced changes in phenolics of Vaccinium myrtillus - implications for interaction with a parasitic fungus.  Journal of Chemical Ecology. (2004);  30 1937-1956
• 287 Yang C. H., Crowley D. E.. Rhizosphere microbial community structure in relation to root location and plant iron nutritional status.  Applied Environmental Microbiology. (2000);  66 345-351
• 288 Yang Z., Midmore D. J.. Modelling plant resource allocation and growth partitioning in response to environmental heterogeneity.  Ecological Modelling. (2005);  181 59-77
• 289 Yoda K. T., Kira T., Ogawa H., Hozumi K.. Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions.  Journal Institute Polytech, University of Osaka. (1963);  D14 107-129
• 290 Zak D. R., Pregitzer K. S., King J. S., Holmes W. E.. Elevated atmospheric CO₂, fine roots and the response of soil microorganisms: a review and hypothesis.  New Phytologist. (2000);  147 201-222
• 291 Zangerl A. B., Bazzaz F. A.. Theory and pattern in plant defense allocation. Fritz, R. S. and Simms, E. L., eds. Plant Resistance to Herbicides and Pathogens. Chicago; The University of Chicago Press (1992): 363-391
• 292 Zeide B.. Tolerance and self-tolerance of trees.  Forest Ecology and Management. (1985);  13 149-166
• 293 Zeide B.. Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning.  Forest Science. (1987);  33 517-537
• 294 Zhang S., Klessig D. F.. MAPK cascades in plant defense signaling.  Trends in Plant Science. (2001);  6 520-527
• 295 Zinser C., Jungblut T., Heller W., Seidlitz H. K., Schnitzler J. P., Ernst D., Sandermann  Jr. H.. The effect of ozone in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.): gene expression, biochemical changes and interactions with UV‐B radiation.  Plant, Cell and Environment. (2000);  23 975-982

Editor: H. Rennenberg