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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-940196
Responsiveness of the SF-36 and FIM in Lower Extremity Amputees Undergoing a Multidisciplinary Inpatient Rehabilitation
Änderungssensitivität von SF-36 und FIM während einer multidisziplinären stationären Rehabilitation bei Patienten nach Amputationen der unteren ExtremitätPublication History
Eingegangen: 17. August 2006
Angenommen: 18. September 2006
Publication Date:
08 November 2006 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: SF-36 und FIM sind verbreitete Instrumente zur Messung unterschiedlicher Aspekte der funktionalen Gesundheit nach Amputationen der unteren Extremität. Hoch qualitative Forschung über die Effektivität der Rehabilitation Amputierter ist aber nur möglich, wenn die verwendeten Instrumente ausreichende Fähigkeit besitzen, die Effekte der Intervention zu zeigen. Ziel der Studie war es, die kurzfristige Änderungssensitivität beider Instrumente während stationärer Rehabilitation nach Amputationen der unteren Extremität zu untersuchen. Methodik: Von 74 konsekutiven Patienten nach Amputationen der unteren Extremitäten wurden 68 für die Studie qualifiziert. SF-36 als Fragebogen zur Erfassung des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustandes und FIM als Fremdbeurteilung der funktionellen Selbstständigkeit wurden am Anfang und am Ende einer multidisziplinären stationären Rehabilitation administriert. 8 Subdimensionen und beide Summenscores von SF-36 wurden normbasiert ausgewertet. FIM wurde in 6 Subdimensionen, den beiden Domänen (motorisch und kognitiv) sowie als Index berechnet und auf eine 0 - 100 Skala transformiert. Änderungssensitivität wurde mittels SES und SRM berechnet. Zusätzlich wurden Boden- und Deckeneffekte für beide Messzeitpunkte dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich moderate bis hohe Änderungssensitivität in den Subskalen von SF-36 mit SES reichend vom 2.22 für die physische Funktion bis 0.55 für die allgemeine Gesundheitswahrnehmung. Die Summenscores zeigten, wider Erwarten, keine höhere Sensitivität als die einzelnen Skalen. Die Änderungssensitivität von FIM war hoch sowohl für alle Subdimensionen als auch für die beiden Domänen und den Gesamtindex. Es gab erhebliche Boden- und Deckeneffekte in einigen Subdimensionen beider Instrumente, nicht jedoch für die aggregierten Skalen. Diskussion: Die Datenlage zur kurzfristigen Änderungssensitivität der verwendeten Messinstrumente ist bisher nicht ausreichend. Die Effekte scheinen leicht niedriger zu sein als in einer vergleichbaren Studie, die Stichproben sind aber nicht direkt vergleichbar. Die Komorbidität spielt eine erhebliche Rolle bei der Evaluation der Rehabilitationseffekte bei amputierten Patienten. Die Boden- und Deckeneffekte limitieren die Änderungssensitivität beider Instrumente. Schlussfolgerungen: Trotz der sozialen und ökonomischen Bedeutung der Rehabilitation Amputierter gibt es unzureichende Evidenz zu der Änderungssensitivität der weit verbreiteten Messinstrumente. Sowohl SF-36 als auch FIM zeigten ausreichende Änderungssensitivität in der untersuchten Stichprobe. Bei der Verallgemeinerung der Ergebnisse ist wegen der gefundenen Boden- und Deckeneffekte sowie massiver Komorbidität Vorsicht geboten. Beide Instrumente scheinen dennoch geeignet für Forschung und Praxis, bei den Amputierten empfiehlt sich, beide gleichzeitig zu benutzen.
Abstract
Background: SF-36 and FIM are common outcome measures in in-patient amputee rehabilitation. In order to conduct high-quality research into effectiveness of rehabilitation following lower extremity amputation, researchers need to be confident that their selected outcome instruments will be sufficiently sensitive to change over time. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term responsiveness of SF-36 and FIM in lower extremity amputees undergoing in-patient rehabilitation. Methods: Sixty-eight of seventy-four consecutive lower extremity amputees underwent a multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation program. SF-36 for evaluating of the health-related quality-of-life and FIM as measure of the functional independence were administered on admission and at discharge. Eight subscales and both summary scores of SF-36 were calculated norm-based and adjusted for age and gender. Six FIM dimensions were linear transformed into a 0 - 100 scale and aggregated to two domains (motor and cognitive) as well as to a summary score. Sensitivity was measured by the standardized effect size (SES) and standardized response mean (SRM) for all dimensions. Additionally floor and ceiling effects were calculated for both measures. Results: Moderate to high responsiveness was found for all SF-36 subscales reaching SES between 2.22 for physical functioning and 0.55 for general health. SRM was, on average, lower for nearly all dimensions. The component scores were not more sensitive as the most subscales. The FIM showed high sensitivity in all dimensions, both motor and cognitive domains as well as in the total score. There were substantial floor and ceiling effects in some subscales of SF-36 and FIM, but not on SF-36 summary scores or total FIM score. Discussion: Short-term responsiveness of both measurements used in the current study have not been reported conclusively yet in amputee population. The changes in the physical scales of the SF-36 were comparable but these in the mental scales and in terms of functional independence were lower then reported elsewhere. Co-morbidity seems to have a major impact on the results. Floor and ceiling effects may have biased the calculated results limiting their generalisability. Conclusions: There is a poor evidence in terms of responsiveness of widely used outcome instruments in amputee rehabilitation, despite the importance of this problem. Both SF-36 and FIM were found sensitive enough to detect longitudinal changes in health-related quality-of-life and functional independence in the investigated sample. The results should be interpreted with caution due to possible biasing. SF-36 and FIM could be recommended in combination for further research needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the rehabilitation after lower extremity amputation.
Schlüsselwörter
Änderungssensitivität - Amputationen der unteren Extremität - Rehabilitation - Lebensqualität - funktionelle Unabhängigkeit
Key words
Responsiveness - lower extremity amputation - rehabilitation - quality-of-life - functional independence
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Dr. med. Pawel Bak
Universitätsklinikum Jena
Erlanger Allee 101
07740 Jena
Email: pbak@med.uni-jena.de