Cardiovascular Effects of 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and Andrographis paniculata Extracts

Abstract

Andrographis paniculata has been widely used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of common cold, diarrhea and hypertension. The three major active diterpenoids are andrographolide (AP₁), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP₃) and neoandrographolide (AP₄). It has been reported that AP₃ has hypotensive and vasorelaxation effects. However, there is only limited information on the cardiovascular effects of the other diterpenoids and crude extracts containing different levels of AP₃. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of these diterpenoids, AP₁, AP₃, and AP₄, isolated from A. paniculata, and different aqueous plant extracts on blood pressure, vascular and chronotropic responses by using conscious rats and their isolated aortas and right atria as the test models. Among the three major diterpenoids, AP₃ was the most potent compound for inducing vasorelaxation and decreasing heart rate. In addition, Extract B (high level of AP₃) had greater hypotensive effect in conscious rats than Extract A (low level of AP₃). Verapamil, a Ca²⁺ channel blocker, also had a hypotensive effect less than that of Extract C containing a high level of AP₃. At the doses and durations of Extract A and B which produced hypotension, the responses of the Extract A-treated aorta to norepinephrine, and the vascular muscarinic responses to acetylcholine of both extracts were decreased. However, repeated doses of both extracts did not alter cardiac β-adrenoceptor and muscarinic responses of extract-treated rats to NE and ACh, respectively. The results of this study suggest that vascular smooth muscle is the major site of these hypotensive effects of both AP₃ and A. paniculata extracts. Furthermore, the consumption of A. paniculata products containing high levels of AP₃ may be responsible for causing hypotension in some patients taking this herbal drug.

Andrographis paniculata - Acanthaceae - 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide - vasorelaxation - chronotropic effects - hypotension

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