PDF herunterladen
Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2018; 13(S 02): S144-S165
DOI: 10.1055/a-0598-0475
DDG-Praxisempfehlung
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes

Rüdiger Landgraf
1   Deutsche Diabetes Stiftung, München
,
Monika Kellerer
2   Zentrum für Innere Medizin I, Marienhospital Stuttgart
,
Jens Aberle
3   Sektion Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitäres Adipositas Zentrum Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
,
Eva-Maria Fach
4   Studienzentrum Stephanskirchen
,
Baptist Gallwitz
5   Medizinische Klinik IV, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
,
Andreas Hamann
6   Medizinische Klinik IV, Hochtaunuskliniken gGmbH, Bad Homburg v. d. H.
,
Hans-Georg Joost
7   Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal
,
Harald Klein
8   Medizinische Klinik I, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Bochum
,
Dirk Müller-Wieland
9   Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen
,
Michael A. Nauck
10   Diabeteszentrum Bochum-Hattingen, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum
,
Hans-Martin Reuter
11   Innere Medizin/Diabetologie, GP Ambulantes Medizinisches Zentrum, Jena
,
Stephan Schreiber
12   Diabeteszentrum Schreiber, Quickborn
,
Erhard Siegel
13   Abteilung für Innere Medizin – Gastroenterologie, Diabetologie/Endokrinologie und Ernährungsmedizin, St. Josefskrankenhaus Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
31. Oktober 2018 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Die Praxisempfehlungen der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) zusammen mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM) lehnen sich eng an die Inhalte der Nationalen VersorgungsLeitlinie (NVL) „Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes“ an. Umfangreiche Details einschließlich der wissenschaftlichen Belege finden Sie in der Langfassung der NVL [1]. Die in diesen Praxisempfehlungen abgebildeten Inhalte sind zum Teil die konsentierten Abschnitte der ganzen Arbeitsgruppe, die für die Erarbeitung der Nationalen VersorgungsLeitlinie verantwortlich war. Der aktuelle Therapiealgorithmus und dessen Begründungen wurden auf der Basis neuer Studien und Metaanalysen aktualisiert und von der DDG und der DGIM konsentiert.

Die Aktualisierung der im Jahr 2014 publizierten NVL hat 2017 begonnen. In der Neufassung wird es auch weitgehende Umstrukturierungen und Erweiterungen um die wichtigsten diabetesspezifischen und -assoziierten Komplikationen dieser NVL geben, um die Akzeptanz und die Praktikabilität der NVL wesentlich zu verbessern. Die Neuerscheinung dieser NVL ist für 2019 geplant.

 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Nationale Versorgungsleitlinien. www.versorgungsleitlinien.de
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM. et al. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640-1645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Heinemann L, Kaiser P, Freckmann G. et al. HbA1c-Messung in Deutschland: Ist die Qualität ausreichend für Verlaufskontrolle und Diagnose?. Diabetologie 2018; 13: 46-53
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Nauck M, Petermann A, Müller-Wieland D. et al. Definition, Klassifikation und Diagnostik des Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetologie 2018; 13 (Suppl. 02) S90-S96
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Landgraf R, Nauck M, Freckmann G. et al. Fallstricke bei der Diabetesdiagnostik: Wird zu lax mit Laborwerten umgegangen? Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2018 , im Druck
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie (NVL) Diabetes – Strukturierte Schulungsprogramme. 2018 www.leitlinien.de/nvl/diabetes/schulungsprogramme
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Wang R, Song Y, Yan Y. et al. Elevated serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in people with suspected or definite coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 254: 193-199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Lawall H, Huppert P, Rümenapf G. et al. Periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK), Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge. AWMF Register Nr. 065 – 003; 2015
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Neuropathie bei Diabetes im Erwachsenenalter. 2016 www.leitlinien.de/mdb/downloads/nvl/diabetes-mellitus/dm-neuropathie
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Prävention und Therapie von Netzhautkomplikationen bei Diabetes. 2016 www.leitlinien.de/nvl/html/netzhautkomplikationen
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie (NVL) Typ-2-Diabetes Präventions- und Behandlungsstrategien für Fußkomplikationen. 2018 www.leitlinien.de/nvl/diabetes/fusskomplikationen
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Roeb E, Steffen HM, Bantel H. et al. S2k Leitlinie: Nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankungen. AWMF Register Nr. 021-025; 2015
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Nierenerkrankungen bei Diabetes im Erwachsenenalter. 2018 www.leitlinien.de/nvl/diabetes/nierenerkrankungen
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Chronische Herzinsuffizienz. 2018 https://www.leitlinien.de/nvl/html/nvl-chronische-herzinsuffizienz
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Nationale Versorgungs-Leitlinie Chronische Koronare Herzerkrankung (KHK). 2016 https://www.leitlinien.de/mdb/downloads/nvl/khk/ , www.leitlinien.de/nvl/html/nvl-chronische-khk
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Kempf K, Altpeter B, Berger J. et al. Efficacy of the telemedical lifestyle intervention program TeLiPro in advanced stages of type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (07) 863-871
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC. et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2018; 391: 541-551
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Adipositas – Prävention und Therapie. AWMF Register Nr. 050 – 001
    Google Scholar
  • 19 The Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 145-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Unick JL, Gaussoin SA, Hill JO. et al. Objectively assessed physical activity and weight loss maintenance among individuals enrolled in a lifestyle intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25 (11) 1903-1909
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Gregg EW, Lin J, Bardenheier B. et al. Impact of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Disability-Free Life Expectancy: The LookAHEAD Study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 1040-1048
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 www.bfarm.de/SharedDocs/Risikoinformationen/Pharmakovigilanz/DE/RV_STP/m-r/metformin.html
  • 23 Lazarus B, Wu A, Shin JI. et al. Association of metformin use with risk of lactic acidosis across the range of kidney function. A community-based cohort tudy. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 ; published online June 4
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Griffin SJ, Leaver JK, Irving GJ. et al. Impact of metformin on cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised trails among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 1620-1629
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Nicolucci A. et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis. JAMA 2016; 316 (03) 313-324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Mallik R, Chowdhury TA. Metformin in cancer. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018 May 26. pii: S0168-8227(17)31410-9
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Rados DV, Pinto LC, Remonti LR. et al. The association between sulfonylurea use and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS Med 2016; 13 (06) e1002091
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Azoulay L, Suissa S. Sulfonylureas and the risks of cardiovascular events and death: A methodological meta-regression analysis of the observational studies. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 706-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Bain S, Druyts E, Balijepalli C. et al. Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality associated with sulphonylureas compared with other antihyperglycaemic drugs: A Bayesian meta-analysis of survival data. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 (03) 329-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Zhuang XD, He X, Yang DY. et al. Comparative cardiovascular outcomes in the era of novel anti-diabetic agents: a comprehensive network meta-analysis of 166371 participants from 170 randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17 (01) 79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Powell WR, Christiansen CL, Miller DR. Meta-analysis of sulfonylurea therapy on long-term risk of mortality and cardiovascular events compared to other oral glucose-lowering treatments. Diabetes Ther. 2018 , published online May 28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Chen K, Kang D, Yu M. et al. Direct head-to-head comparison of glycaemic durability of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of long-term randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1029-1033
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Simpson SH, Lee J, Choi S. et al. Mortality risk among sulfonylureas: ansystematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3 (01) 43-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Fadini GP, Bottigliengo D, D’Angelo F. et al. Comparative Effectiveness of DPP4 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylurea for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Routine Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Multicenter Real-World Study. Diabetes Ther. 2018 , published online June 1
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Wang F, He Y, Zhang R. et al. Combination therapy of metformin plus dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor versus metformin plus sulfonylurea and their association with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2017; 96 (36) e7638
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Hemmingsen B, Schroll JB, Lund SS. et al. Sulphonylurea monotherapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; Apr 30; (4): CD009008
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Hemmingsen B, Schroll JB, Jorn Wetterslev J. et al. Sulfonylurea versus metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and trial sequential analysis. CMAJ Open 2014; 2 (03) E162-E175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Sharma M, Beckley N, Nazareth I. et al. Effectiveness of sitagliptin compared to sulfonylureas for type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e017260
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Chen K, Kang D, Yu M. et al. Direct head-to-head comparison of glycaemic durability of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of long-term randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1029-1033
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Monami M, Ahrén B, Dicembrini I. et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15: 112-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Xu S, Zhang X, Tang L. et al. Cardiovascular effects of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor in diabetic patients with and without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Postgrad Med 2017; 129: 205-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R. et al. Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2018; 319 (15) 1580-1591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Li L, Li S, Deng K. et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. BMJ 2016; 352: i610
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Guo WQ, Li L, Su Q. et al. Effect of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors on heart failure: A Network Meta-Analysis. Value Health 2017; 20: 1427-1430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Filion KB, Azoulay L, Platt RW. et al. A Multicenter Observational Study of Incretin-based Drugs and Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 1145-1154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Liu J, Li L, Deng K. et al. Incretin based treatments and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2017; 357: j2499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Nyström T, Bodegard J, Nathanson D. et al. Second line initiation of insulin compared with DPP4 inhibitors after metformin monotherapy is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 123: 199-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Tkáč I, Raz I. Combined analysis of three large interventional trials with gliptins indicates increased incidence of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 284-286
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Abrahami D, Douros A, Yin H. et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: population based cohort study. BMJ 2018; 360: k872
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Storgaard H, Gluud LL, Bennett C. et al. Benefits and Harms of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11 (11) e0166125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Müller-Wieland D, Kellerer M, Cypryk K. et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin or dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin versus glimepiride as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 ; publ. online Jun 27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Aronson R, Frias J, Goldman A. et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin monotherapy in patients with inadequately controlled T2DM despite diet and exercise: VERTIS MONO extension study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1453-1460
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Pratley RE, Eldor R, Raji A. et al. Ertugliflozin plus sitagliptin versus either individual agent over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin: The VERTIS FACTORIAL randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1111-1120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Fadini GP, Bonora BM, Avogaro A. SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis: data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 1385-1389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Fralick M, Schneeweiss S, Patorno E. Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis after initiation of an SGLT2 inhibitor. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 2300-2303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Monami M, Nreu B, Zannoni S. et al. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on diabetic ketoacidosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 130: 53-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM. et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2117-2128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Kosiborod M, Cavender MA, Fu AZ. et al. Lower risk of heart failure and death in patients initiated on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs. CVD-REAL study. Circulation 2017; 136: 249-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Zinman B. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 323-334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Cherney DZI, Zinman B, Inzucchi SE. et al. Effects of empagliflozin on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease: an exploratory analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5: 610-621
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Sattar N, McLaren J, Kristensen SL. et al. SGLT2 Inhibition and cardiovascular events: why did EMPA-REG Outcomes surprise and what were the likely mechanisms?. Diabetologia 2016; 59: 1333-1339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Ferrannini E, Mark M, Mayoux E. et al. CV Protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial: A “Thrifty Substrate” Hypothesis. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 1108-1114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 https://www.gba.de/downloads/40-268-4342/2017-04-20_DMP-A-RL_Aenderung-Anlage-1_DMP-Diabetes-mellitus_TrG.pdf
  • 64 Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW. et al. CANVAS Program Collaborative Group Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 644-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ryan PB, Buse JB, Schuemie MJ. et al. Comparative effectiveness of canagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors and non-SGLT2 inhibitors on the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world meta-analysis of 4 observational databases (OBSERVE-4D). Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 1-13
    Google Scholar
  • 66 Sonesson C, Johansson PA, Johnsson E. et al. Cardiovascular effects of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and different risk categories: a meta‑analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15: 37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Toulis KA, Willis BH, Marshall T. et al. All-cause mortality in patients with diabetes under treatment with dapagliflozin: A Population-based, open-cohort study in the health improvement network database. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102: 1719-1725
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Persson F, Nystrom T, Jorgensen ME. et al. Dapagliflozin is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes (CVD-REAL Nordic) when compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy: A multinational observational study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 344-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Nystrom T, Bodegard J, Nathanson D. et al. Novel oral glucose lowering drugs are associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and severe hypoglycaemia compared with insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19: 831-841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Wu JH, Foote C, Blomster J. et al. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4: 411-419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E. et al. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on mortality and cardiovascular events: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54: 19-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/SGLT2_inhibitors_(previously_Canagliflozin)/human_referral_prac_000059.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c5
  • 73 Scheen AJ. Does lower limb amputation concern all SGLT2 inhibitors?. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14 (06) 326-328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Fioretto P, Del Prato S, Buse JB. et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (CKD Stage 3A): The DERIVE Study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; DOI: 10.1111/dom.13413.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Inzucchi SE, Iliev H, Pfarr E. et al. Empagliflozin and assessment of lower limb amputations in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: e4-e5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kohler S, Kaspers S, Salsali A. et al. Analysis of Fractures in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Empagliflozin in Pooled Data From Placebo-Controlled Trials and a Head-to-Head Study Versus Glimepiride. Diabetes Care. 2018 ; published online June 15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Levin PA, Nguyen H, Wittbrodt ET. et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review of comparative effectiveness research. 2017; 10: 123-139
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Zinman B, Marso SP, Christiansen E. et al. Hypoglycemia, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Death: The LEADER Experience. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (08) 1783-1791
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K. et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 311-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Nauck MA, Tornøe K, Rasmussen S. et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients who experienced a myocardial infarction while treated with liraglutide versus placebo in the LEADER trial. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2018 ; published online June 1
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Verma S, Bhatt DL, Bain SC. et al. Effect of liraglutide on cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and polyvascular disease. Circulation 2018; 137 (20) 2179-2183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Marso SP, Nauck MA, Monk Fries T. et al. Myocardial infarction subtypes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the effect of liraglutide therapy (from the LEADER Trial). Am J Cardiol 2018; 121: 1467-1470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Buse JB. Liraglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 839-848
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Mahmoud AN, Saad M, Mansoor H. et al. Cardiovascular safety of incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol 2017; 230: 324-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Ferdinand KC, Botros FT, Atisso CM. et al. Cardiovascular safety for once‑weekly dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes: a pre-specified meta-analysis of prospectively adjudicated cardiovascular events. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15: 38-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Home PD, Ahrén B, Reusch JEB. et al. Three-year data from 5 HARMONY phase 3 clinical trials of albiglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Long-term efficacy with or without rescue therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131: 49-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Ahrén B, Carr MC, Murphy K. et al. Albiglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: An integrated safety analysis of the HARMONY phase 3 trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 126: 230-239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ. et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (13) 1228-1239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Bethel MA, Patel RA, Merrill P. et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 105-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I. et SUSTAIN 7 investigators. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6 (04) 275-286
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A. et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375 (19) 1834-1844
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R. et al. Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2018; 319 (15) 1580-1591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Dicembrini I, Nreu B, Scatena A. et al. Microvascular effects of glucagon‑like peptide‑1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54: 933-941
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Monami M, Nreu B, Scatena A. et al. Safety issues with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and cholelithiasis): Data from randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 (09) 1233-1241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Azoulay L, Filion KB, Platt RW. et al. Association Between Incretin-Based Drugs and the Risk of Acute Pancreatitis. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176 (10) 1464-1473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Wang T, Wang F, Gou Z. et al. Using real-world data to evaluate the association of incretin-based therapies with risk of acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of 1324515 patients from observational studies. Diabetes Obes Metabol 2015; 17: 32-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Russell-Jones D, Pouwer F, Khunti K. Identification of barriers to insulin therapy and approaches to overcoming them. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 488-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Marso SP, McGuire DK, Zinman B. et al. Efficacy and safety of degludec versus glargine in type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2017; 377 (08) 723-732
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Pieber TR, Marso SP, McGuire DK. et al. DEVOTE 3: temporal relationships between severe hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Diabetologia 2018; 61: 58-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Lau IT, Lee KF, So WY. et al. Insulin glargine 300 U/mL for basal insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10: 273-284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Ritzel R, Roussel R, Giaccari A. et al. Better glycaemic control and less hypoglycaemia with insulin glargine 300 U/mL vs glargine 100 U/mL: 1-year patient-level meta-analysis of the EDITION clinical studies in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 541-548
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Bonadonna RC, Renard E, Cheng A. et al. Switching to insulin glargine 300 U/mL: Is duration of prior basal insulin therapy important?. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 142: 19-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Linnebjerg H, Lam EC, Seger ME. et al. Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of LY2963 016 Insulin Glargine and EU- and US-Approved Versions of Lantus Insulin Glargine in Healthy Subjects: Three Randomized Euglycemic Clamp Studies. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 2226-2233
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Rosenstock J, Hollander P, Bhargava A. et al. Similar efficacy and safety of LY2963 016 insulin glargine and insulin glargine (Lantus®) in patients with type 2 diabetes who were insulin-naïve or previously treated with insulin glargine: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial (ELEMENT 2 study). Diabetes Obes Metabol 2015; 17: 734-741
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Yamada T, Kamata R, Ishinohachi K. et al. Biosimilar vs originator insulins: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1787-1792
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 But A, De Bruin ML, Bazelier MT. et al. Cancer risk among insulin users: comparing analogues with human insulin in the CARING five-country cohort study. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 1691-1703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Gentile S, Fusco A, Colarusso S. et al. A randomized, open-label, comparative, crossover trial on preference, efficacy, and safety profiles of lispro insulin U-100 versus concentrated lispro insulin U-200 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a possible contribution to greater treatment adherence. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17 (05) 445-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Heise T, Hövelmann U, Brøndsted L. et al. Faster-acting insulin aspart: earlier onset of appearance and greater early pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects than insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metabol 2015; 17: 682-688
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Bowering K, Case C, Harvey J. et al. Faster Aspart Versus Insulin Aspart as Part of a Basal-Bolus Regimen in Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: The onset 2 Trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (07) 951-957
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Maiorino MI, Chiodini P, Bellastella G. et al. Insulin and Glucagon-Like Peptide1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 614-624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Guja C, Frías JP, Somogyi A. et al. Effect of exenatide QW or placebo, both added to titrated insulin glargine, in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: The DURATION-7 randomized study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1602-1614
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Rodbard HW, Lingvay I, Reed J. et al. Semaglutide added to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): A randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103 (06) 2291-2301
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 The SPRINT Research Group. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2103-2116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Düsing R. Therapieziele bei der Hypertoniebehandlung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2017; 142: 1420-1429
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Banegas JR, Ruilope LM, de la Sierra A. et al. Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood-pressure measurements and mortality. N Engl J Med 2018; 378: 1509-1520
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Khunti K, Gomes MB, Pocock S. et al. Therapeutic inertia in the treatment of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 427-437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Gough SC, Bode B, Woo V. et al. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26- week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol 2014; 2 (11) 885-893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Diamant M, Nauck MA, Shaginian R. et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist or Bolus Insulin With Optimized Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (10) 2763-2773
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Ahmann A, Rodbard HW, Rosenstock J. et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide versus placebo added to basal insulin analogues (with or without metformin) in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17: 1056-1064
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Montvida O, Klein K, Kumar S. et al. Addition of or switch to insulin therapy in people treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A real-world study in 66 583 patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 (01) 108-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Billings LK, Doshi A, Gouet D. et al. Efficacy and Safety of IDegLira Versus Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled on Metformin and Basal Insulin: The DUAL VII Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (05) 1009-1016
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G. et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J 2016; 37 (39) 2999-3058
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 www.dgk.org
  • 124 www.hochdruckliga.de
  • 125 Landgraf R, Klauss V, Middeke M. et al. Perioperatives Management von Menschen mit Diabetes bei elektiven Eingriffen. Review. Teil 1. Diabetologe 2017;13:203–218; Teil 2. Diabetologe 2017;13:277–290
    Google Scholar