Therapie des akuten viralen Katzenschnupfens

Zusammenfassung

Die Haupterreger des Katzenschnupfens, das feline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) und das feline Calicivirus (FCV), sind in Katzenpopulationen weit verbreitet, vor allem in Haushalten mit vielen Katzen auf engem Raum. Katzen mit schweren klinischen Symptomen müssen meist stationär behandelt werden. Eine intensive symptomatische Therapie wirkt sich positiv auf den Heilungsverlauf aus. Der Einsatz antiviraler Medikamente bei Katzen ist limitiert, da viele der Substanzen unwirksam oder bei systemischer Gabe toxisch sind. Antivirale Medikamente werden daher vor allem lokal zur Therapie FHV-1-assoziierter Augenveränderungen eingesetzt. Famciclovir ist jedoch als wirksames Virostatikum zur systemischen Therapie bei Katzen mit FHV-1-bedingten Symptomen geeignet. Gegen FCV sind nur wenige antivirale Medikamente verfügbar. Der Einsatz von Immunglobulinen führte in einer kontrollierten Studie bei Katzen mit FHV-1- und/oder FCV-Infektion zu einer signifikant schnelleren Besserung der Symptome eines akuten Katzenschnupfens.

Abstract

The main causative agents of feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD) are feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV). These viral infections are common, especially in multiple cat households. Severely affected cats often need to be hospitalized. Intensive symptomatic therapy is important in the management of cats with FURTD. The use of antiviral drugs is limited in cats, as they are often ineffective or toxic when given systemically. Antiviral drugs are, therefore, mainly used locally for the treatment of FHV-1-associated eye changes. Famciclovir, however, is an effective drug for systemic therapy in cats with FHV-1-related clinical signs. For FCV, only few antiviral drugs are available. In a controlled study, the use of immunoglobulins in cats with FHV-1 and/or FCV infection reduced clinical signs of FURTD significantly faster.

Schlüsselwörter

FHV-1 - FCV - felines Herpesvirus-1 - felines Calicivirus - FURTD - Behandlung - antivirale Therapie

Key words

FHV-1 - FCV - feline herpesvirus-1 - feline calicivirus - FURTD - treatment - antiviral therapy

• Literatur

• 1 Binns SH, Dawson S, Speakman AJ. et al. A study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. J Feline Med Surg 2000; 2: 123-133 doi:10.1053/jfms.2000.0084
• 2 Binns SH, Dawson S, Speakman AJ. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Vet Rec 1999; 144: 575-580
• 3 Sykes JE, Anderson GA, Studdert VP. et al. Prevalence of feline Chlamydia psittaci and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with upper respiratory tract disease. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13: 153-162
• 4 Holst BS, Hanas S, Berndtsson LT. et al. Infectious causes for feline upper respiratory tract disease – a case-control study. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12: 783-789 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.06.002
• 5 Rota PA, Maes RK, Ruyechan WT. Physical characterization of the genome of feline herpesvirus-1. Virology 1986; 154: 168-179
• 6 Scott FW. Virucidal disinfectants and feline viruses. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41: 410-414
• 7 Donaldson A, Ferris N. The survival of some air-borne animal viruses in relation to relative humidity. Vet Microbiol 1976; 1: 413-420
• 8 Gaskell RM, Povey RC. Transmission of feline viral rhinotracheitis. Vet Rec 1982; 111: 359-362
• 9 Nasisse MP, Davis BJ, Guy JS. et al. Isolation of feline herpesvirus 1 from the trigeminal ganglia of acutely and chronically infected cats. J Vet Intern Med 1992; 6: 102-103
• 10 Gaskell RM, Povey RC. Experimental induction of feline viral rhinotracheitis virus re-excretion in FVR-recovered cats. Vet Rec 1977; 100: 128-133
• 11 Gaskell RM, Povey RC. Feline viral rhinotracheitis: sites of virus replication and persistence in acutely and persistently infected cats. Res Vet Sci 1979; 27: 167-174
• 12 Carmichael LE, Barnes FD, Percy DH. Temperature as a factor in resistance of young puppies to canine herpesvirus. J Infect Dis 1969; 120: 669-678
• 13 Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A. et al. Feline herpesvirus. Vet Res 2007; 38: 337-354 doi:10.1051/vetres:2006063
• 14 Radford AD, Turner PC, Bennett M. et al. Quasispecies evolution of a hypervariable region of the feline calicivirus capsid gene in cell culture and in persistently infected cats. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 (Pt 1) 1-10 doi:10.1099/0022–1317–79–1-1
• 15 Radford AD, Dawson S, Coyne KP. et al. The challenge for the next generation of feline calicivirus vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117: 14-18 doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.004
• 16 Baulch-Brown C, Love D, Meanger J. Sequence variation within the capsid protein of Australian isolates of feline calicivirus. Vet Microbiol 1999; 68: 107-117
• 17 Povey RC, Johnson RH. Observations on the epidemiology and control of viral respiratory disease in cats. J Small Anim Pract 1970; 11: 485-494
• 18 Clay S, Maherchandani S, Malik YS. et al. Survival on uncommon fomites of feline calicivirus, a surrogate of noroviruses. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34: 41-43 doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.05.013
• 19 Povey RC, Hale CJ. Experimental infections with feline caliciviruses (picornaviruses) in specific-pathogen-free kittens. J Comp Pathol 1974; 84: 245-256
• 20 Wardley RC, Povey RC. The clinical disease and patterns of excretion associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses. Res Vet Sci 1977; 23: 7-14
• 21 Ständige Impfkommission. Leitlinie zur Impfung von Kleintieren. Ständige Impfkommission Veterinärmedizin am Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; 2017. http://www.openagrar.de/
• 22 Gastón JZ, Stengel C, Harbour D. et al. Vergleich zwischen Mehrkatzenbeständen mit und ohne Katzenschnupfen. Tierärztl Prax K: Kleintiere/Heimtiere 2005; 33: 351-358
• 23 Povey RC. Effect of orally administered ribavirin on experimental feline calicivirus infection in cats. Am J Vet Res 1978; 39: 1337-1341
• 24 Nasisse MP, Dorman DC, Jamison KC. et al. Effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvirus 1. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58: 1141-1144
• 25 Friedl Y, Schulz B, Knebl A. et al. Efficacy of passively transferred antibodies in cats with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection. Vet J 2014; 201: 316-321 doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.002
• 26 Ballin AC, Schulz B, Helps C. et al. Limited efficacy of topical recombinant feline interferon-omega for treatment of cats with acute upper respiratory viral disease. Vet J 2014; 202: 466-470 doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.030
• 27 Maggs DJ. Update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of feline herpesvirus type 1. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2005; 20: 94-101 doi:10.1053/j.ctsap.2004.12.013
• 28 Brissot H, Cervantes S, Guardabassi L. et al. GRAM: Guidance for the rational use of antimicrobials: Recommendations for dogs and cats. 2nd ed.. France: Ceva Santé Animale; 2016
• 29 Lappin MR, Blondeau J, Boothe D. et al. Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31: 279-294 doi:10.1111/jvim.14627
• 30 Hartmann AD, Helps CR, Lappin MR. et al. Efficacy of pradofloxacin in cats with feline upper respiratory tract disease due to Chlamydophila felis or Mycoplasma infections. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22: 44-52 doi:10.1111/j.1939–1676.2007.0012.x
• 31 Hartmann K, Hein J. Hrsg. Katzenschnupfen. In: Infektionskrankheiten der Katze. Hannover: Schlütersche; 2008: 62-68
• 32 Radford AD, Coyne KP, Dawson S. et al. Feline calicivirus. Vet Res 2007; 38: 319-335 doi:10.1051/vetres:2006056
• 33 Le Brun PP, de Boer AH, Heijerman HG. et al. A review of the technical aspects of drug nebulization. Pharm World Sci 2000; 22: 75-81
• 34 Lim CC, Reilly CM, Thomasy SM. et al. Effects of feline herpesvirus type 1 on tear film break-up time, Schirmer tear test results, and conjunctival goblet cell density in experimentally infected cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70: 394-403 doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.3.394
• 35 Moore CP. Qualitative tear film disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1990; 20: 565-581
• 36 Hartmann K, Hein J. Hrsg. Katzenschnupfen. In: Infektionskrankheiten der Katze. Hannover: Schlütersche; 2008: 62-68
• 37 Reinero CR, Lee-Fowler TM, Dodam JR. et al. Endotracheal nebulization of N-acetylcysteine increases airway resistance in cats with experimental asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 69-73 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.010
• 38 Thiry E, Addie D, Belák S. et al. Feline herpesvirus infection: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 547-555
• 39 Agnew W, Korman R. Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 749-756 doi:10.1177/1098612×14545273
• 40 Benson KK, Zajic LB, Morgan PK. et al. Drug exposure and clinical effect of transdermal mirtazapine in healthy young cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19: 998-1006 doi:10.1177/1098612×16667168
• 41 DiBartola SP. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011
• 42 Steagall PV, Monteiro-Steagall BP, Taylor PM. A review of the studies using buprenorphine in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28: 762-770 doi:10.1111/jvim.12346
• 43 Bortolami E, Slingsby L, Love EJ. Comparison of two formulations of buprenorphine in cats administered by the oral transmucosal route. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14: 534-539 doi:10.1177/1098612×12442038
• 44 Steagall PV, Pelligand L, Giordano T. et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous buprenorphine in conscious cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40: 83-95 doi:10.1111/j.1467–2995.2012.00779.x
• 45 [Anonym]. Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln. In: Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz; https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/
• 46 [Anonym]. Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Arzneimitteln. In: Bundesministerium der Justiz und Verbraucherschutz; https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amg_1976/
• 47 Tacke S, Hencke J, Erhardt W. Schmerztherapie mit Metamizol: Literaturübersicht und eigene klinische Erfahrungen. Tierärztl Prax Ausgabe K 2008; 36: 19-25
• 48 Taylor PM, Chengelis CP, Miller WR. et al. Evaluation of propofol containing 2 % benzyl alcohol preservative in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14: 516-526 doi:10.1177/1098612X12440354
• 49 Griffenhagen GM, Rezende ML, Gustafson DL. et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2 % benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42: 472-483 doi:10.1111/vaa.12233
• 50 Ambros B, Alcorn J, Duke-Novakovski T. et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl (5 mug/kg/h) in awake cats. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75: 716-721 doi:10.2460/ajvr.75.8.716
• 51 Kerr C. Pain management I: systemic analgesics. In: Seymour CJ, Duke-Novakowski T. eds. BSAVA Manual of Canine & Feline Anaesthesia & Analgesia. 2nd ed.. Gloucester, UK: BSAVA; 2007: 89-103
• 52 Garibaldi JA, Greenlaw J, Choi J. et al. Treatment of post-operative pain. J Calif Dent Assoc 1995; 23: 71-72 74
• 53 Bernimoulin JP. Recent concepts in plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30 (Suppl. 05) 7-9
• 54 Contreras ET, Hodgkins E, Tynes V. et al. Effect of a pheromone on stress-associated reactivation of feline herpesvirus-1 in experimentally inoculated kittens. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32: 406-417 doi:10.1111/jvim.14894
• 55 Mayr A. [The paraspecific immune defense: possibilities and limits]. Tierarztl Prax 1993; 21: 1-9
• 56 Traeder W, Brune A, Rehagen M. Protective effect of the paramunity inducer Parapoxvirus ovis (Zylexis^®) in kittens experimentally infected with Calicivirus (strain FCV-KS 20). Prakt Tierarzt 2005; 1: 230-239
• 57 Gould D. Feline herpesvirus-1: ocular manifestations, diagnosis and treatment options. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 333-346 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.010
• 58 Stark JJ, Dillman RO, Schulof R. et al. Interferon-alpha and chemohormonal therapy for patients with advanced melanoma: final results of a phase I-II study of the Cancer Biotherapy Research Group and the Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program. Cancer 1998; 82: 1677-1681
• 59 Maggs DJ, Clarke HE. In vitro efficacy of ganciclovir, cidofovir, penciclovir, foscarnet, idoxuridine, and acyclovir against feline herpesvirus type-1. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65: 399-403
• 60 van der Meulen K, Garre B, Croubels S. et al. In vitro comparison of antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus 1. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2: 13 doi:10.1186/1746–6148–2-13
• 61 Weiss RC. Synergistic antiviral activities of acyclovir and recombinant human leukocyte (alpha) interferon on feline herpesvirus replication. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50: 1672-1677
• 62 Owens JG, Nasisse MP, Tadepalli SM. et al. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in the cat. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1996; 19: 488-490
• 63 Sebbag L, Thomasy SM, Woodward AP. et al. Pharmacokinetic modeling of penciclovir and BRL42359 in the plasma and tears of healthy cats to optimize dosage recommendations for oral administration of famciclovir. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77: 833-845 doi:10.2460/ajvr.77.8.833
• 64 Malik R, Lessels NS, Webb S. et al. Treatment of feline herpesvirus-1 associated disease in cats with famciclovir and related drugs. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 40-48 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2008.11.012
• 65 Thomasy SM, Lim CC, Reilly CM. et al. Evaluation of orally administered famciclovir in cats experimentally infected with feline herpesvirus type-1. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72: 85-95 doi:10.2460/ajvr.72.1.85
• 66 Litster AL, Lohr BR, Bukowy RA. et al. Clinical and antiviral effect of a single oral dose of famciclovir administered to cats at intake to a shelter. Vet J 2015; 203: 199-204 doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.011
• 67 Tankersley Jr RW. Amino acid requirements of herpes simplex virus in human cells. J Bacteriol 1964; 87: 609-613
• 68 Cave NJ, Dennis K, Gopakumar G. et al. Effects of physiologic concentrations of l-lysine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus 1. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75: 572-580 doi:10.2460/ajvr.75.6.572
• 69 Stiles J, Townsend WM, Rogers QR. et al. Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63: 99-103
• 70 Maggs DJ, Nasisse MP, Kass PH. Efficacy of oral supplementation with L-lysine in cats latently infected with feline herpesvirus. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64: 37-42
• 71 Rees TM, Lubinski JL. Oral supplementation with L-lysine did not prevent upper respiratory infection in a shelter population of cats. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10: 510-513 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2008.03.004
• 72 Drazenovich TL, Fascetti AJ, Westermeyer HD. et al. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70: 1391-1400 doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1391
• 73 Fascetti AJ, Maggs DJ, Kanchuk ML. et al. Excess dietary lysine does not cause lysine-arginine antagonism in adult cats. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2042s-2045s doi:10.1093/jn/134.8.2042S
• 74 Maggs DJ, Sykes JE, Clarke HE. et al. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9: 97-108 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2006.08.005
• 75 Morris JG, Rogers QR. Ammonia intoxication in the near-adult cat as a result of a dietary deficiency of arginine. Science (New York, NY) 1978; 199: 431-432
• 76 Bol S, Bunnik EM. Lysine supplementation is not effective for the prevention or treatment of feline herpesvirus 1 infection in cats: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11: 284 doi:10.1186/s12917–015–0594–3
• 77 Fensterl V, Sen GC. Interferons and viral infections. Biofactors 2009; 35: 14-20 doi:10.1002/biof.6
• 78 Gil S, Leal RO, Duarte A. et al. Relevance of feline interferon omega for clinical improvement and reduction of concurrent viral excretion in retrovirus infected cats from a rescue shelter. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94: 753-763 doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.025
• 79 Domenech A, Miro G, Collado VM. et al. Use of recombinant interferon omega in feline retrovirosis: from theory to practice. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143: 301-306 doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.008
• 80 Goodbourn S, Didcock L, Randall RE. Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 2000; 81: 2341-2364
• 81 Fulton RW, Burge LJ. Susceptibility of feline herpesvirus 1 and a feline calicivirus to feline interferon and recombinant human leukocyte interferons. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 28: 698-699
• 82 Zeidner NS, Myles MH, Mathiason-DuBard CK. et al. Alpha interferon (2b) in combination with zidovudine for the treatment of presymptomatic feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 1749-1756
• 83 Cantell K, Pyhala L. Circulating interferon in rabbits after administration of human interferon by different routes. J Gen Virol 1973; 20: 97-104
• 84 Cummins JM, Beilharz MW, Krakowka S. Oral use of interferon. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19: 853-857 doi:10.1089/107999099313352
• 85 Sandmeyer LS, Keller CB, Bienzle D. Effects of interferon-alpha on cytopathic changes and titers for feline herpesvirus-1 in primary cultures of feline corneal epithelial cells. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66: 210-216
• 86 Siebeck N, Hurley DJ, Garcia M. et al. Effects of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon and feline recombinant omega interferon on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus-1. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67: 1406-1411 doi:10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1406
• 87 Cocker FM, Howard PE, Harbour DA. Effect of human alpha-hybrid interferon on the course of feline viral rhinotracheitis. Vet Rec 1987; 120: 391-393
• 88 Stiles J. Treatment of cats with ocular disease attributable to herpesvirus infection: 17 cases (1983–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207: 599-603
• 89 Fenimore A, Carter K, Fankhauser J. et al. Evaluation of intranasal vaccine administration and high-dose interferon- alpha2b therapy for treatment of chronic upper respiratory tract infections in shelter cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18: 603-611 doi:10.1177/1098612X15596199
• 90 Haid C, Kaps S, Gonczi E. et al. Pretreatment with feline interferon omega and the course of subsequent infection with feline herpesvirus in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10: 278-284 doi:10.1111/j.1463–5224.2007.00550.x
• 91 Slack JM, Stiles J, Leutenegger CM. et al. Effects of topical ocular administration of high doses of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b and feline recombinant interferon omega on naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis in cats. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74: 281-289 doi:10.2460/ajvr.74.2.281
• 92 Uchino T KR, Kouzuki S. Investigations of feline interferon and its therapeutic effects for field use: its therapeutics effects on feline calicivirus infection. Jap J 1992; 11: 11
• 93 Umehashi M, Imamura T, Akiyama S. et al. Post-exposure treatment of cats with mouse-cat chimeric antibodies against feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64: 1017-1021
• 94 Nasisse MP, Guy JS, Davidson MG. et al. In vitro susceptibility of feline herpesvirus-1 to vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, acyclovir, or bromovinyldeoxyuridine. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50: 158-160
• 95 Maggs DJ. Update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of feline herpesvirus type 1. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2005; 20: 94-101
• 96 Sykes JE, Papich MG. Antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs. In: Sykes JE. ed. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: 54-65
• 97 Maggs DJ. Antiviral therapy for feline herpesvirus infections. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40: 1055-1062 doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.010
• 98 Pennington MR, Fort MW, Ledbetter EC. et al. A novel corneal explant model system to evaluate antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). J Gen Virol 2016; 97: 1414-1425 doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000451
• 99 Fontenelle JP, Powell CC, Veir JK. et al. Effect of topical ophthalmic application of cidofovir on experimentally induced primary ocular feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69: 289-293 doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.2.289
• 100 Nasisse MP, Guy JS, Davidson MG. et al. Experimental ocular herpesvirus infection in the cat. Sites of virus replication, clinical features and effects of corticosteroid administration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30: 1758-1768
• 101 Williams DL, Robinson JC, Lay E. et al. Efficacy of topical aciclovir for the treatment of feline herpetic keratitis: results of a prospective clinical trial and data from in vitro investigations. Vet Rec 2005; 157: 254-257