Download PDF
Nervenheilkunde 2019; 38(09): 632-644
DOI: 10.1055/a-0959-2034
Schwerpunkt
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

ADHS und hochfunktionale Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen

Komorbidität oder Differenzialdiagnose? Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Diagnostik und Behandlung
Daniel Schöttle
1   Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie
,
Benno G. Schimmelmann∗
2   Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universität Bern
3   Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
,
Ludger Tebartz van Elst∗
4   Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitäts klinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
04 September 2019 (online)

   Permissions and Reprints

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

ADHS und ASS sind früh beginnenden neuronale Entwicklungsstörungen, die häufig gemeinsam vorkommen. Sie haben anteilig eine gemeinsame genetische Grundlage, die sich sowohl in der Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit beim selben Individuum als auch in den Familien der Betroffenen zeigt. Die Unterscheidung, um welche Störung es sich handelt oder ob diese als Komorbidität vorliegt, erfordert eine genaue diagnostische Längsschnittuntersuchung unter Einbeziehung von möglichst viel Fremdinformation. Die psychopharmakologische Behandlung der ADHS ist ähnlich wie beim alleinigen Vorliegen einer ADHS, allerdings sollten die eingesetzten Substanzen zunächst in deutlich niedrigerer Dosierung begonnen und nach Klinik gesteigert werden.

Abstract

ADHD and ASD are neurodevelopmental disorders beginning early in life and frequently occurring together. Both disorders share part of a common genetic basis, which can be seen in the higher probability that they co-occur in the same individual or in their families. To differentiate the two disorders and to assess if these are single disorders or comorbidities, a detailed diagnostic assessment including a third-party anamnesis about the long-term development has to be conducted. The psychopharmacological treatment of ADHD is similiar to the one without a comorbid ASD, but the medication should be started in a lower dosage than usual and be changed slowly according to the clinical symptoms.

Schlüsselwörter

Autismus - ADHS - Asperger-Syndrom - Komorbidität

Keywords

Autism - ADHD - Aspergers - Syndrom - comorbidity
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Thapar A, Cooper M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2016; 387 10024 1240-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T. et al Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers 2015; 1: 15020
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Banaschewski T, Becker K, Dopfner M. et al Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2017; 114 (09) 149-59
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bachmann CJ, Philipsen A, Hoffmann F. ADHD in Germany: Trends in Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2017; 114 (09) 141-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Simon V, Czobor P, Balint S. et al Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. The British journal of psychiatry 2009; 194 (03) 204-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Sibley MH, Mitchell JT, Becker SP. Method of adult diagnosis influences estimated persistence of childhood ADHD: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. The lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3 (012) 1157-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC. Toward guidelines for pedigree selection in genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genetic epidemiology 2000; 18 (01) 1-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O. et al What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD?. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2013; 54 (01) 3-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Weintraub K. The prevalence puzzle: Autism counts. Nature 2011; 479 7371 22-4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Wing L, Potter D. The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews 2002; 8 (03) 151-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Tebartz van Elst L, Pick M. et al High-functioning autism spectrum disorder as a basic disorder in adult psychiatry and psychotherapy: psychopathological presentation, clinical relevance and therapeutic concepts. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2013; 263 (Suppl. 02) S189-96
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL. What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2017; 56 (06) 466-74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Brugha TS, McManus S, Bankart J. et al Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Archives of general psychiatry 2011; 68 (05) 459-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Pilling S, Baron-Cohen S, Megnin-Viggars O. et al Recognition, referral, diagnosis, and management of adults with autism: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2012; 344: e4082
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Tick B, Bolton P, Happe F. et al Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of twin studies. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2016; 57 (05) 585-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G. et al Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet 2018; 392 10146 508-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Tebartz van Elst L. Autismus und ADHS. Zwischen Normvariante, Persönlichkeitsstörung und neuropsychiatrischer Krankheit. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag; 2018
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Grobe TG. [Regional differences of ADHD diagnosis rates in health insurance data from 2005 to 2015 : Methodological considerations and results]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60 (012) 1336-45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Leitlinien. AdWMFASK. Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen im Kindes-, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter, Teil 1: Diagnostik – Interdisziplinäre S3-Leitlinie der DGKJP und der DGPPN sowie der beteiligten Fachgesellschaften, Berufsverbände und Patientenorganisationen. Konsensuskonferenz am 24/25042015
  • 20 Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: 2013
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychological medicine 2006; 36 (02) 159-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Sibley MH. et al When diagnosing ADHD in young adults emphasize informant reports, DSM items, and impairment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2012; 80 (06) 1052-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Manor I, Vurembrandt N, Rozen S. et al Low self-awareness of ADHD in adults using a self-report screening questionnaire. European psychiatry 2012; 27 (05) 314-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Morstedt B, Corbisiero S, Bitto H. et al Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adulthood: Concordance and Differences between Self- and Informant Perspectives on Symptoms and Functional Impairment. PloS one 2015; 10 (011) e0141342
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Adler L, Cohen J. Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Psychiatric clinics of North America 2004; 27 (02) 187-201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Culpepper L, Mattingly G. A practical guide to recognition and diagnosis of ADHD in adults in the primary care setting. Postgraduate medicine 2008; 120 (03) 16-26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Kalbag AS, Levin FR. Adult ADHD and substance abuse: diagnostic and treatment issues. Substance use & misuse 2005; 40 13–14 1955-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Adler LA. Clinical presentations of adult patients with ADHD. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2004; 65 (Suppl. 03) 8-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Jensen CM, Steinhausen HC. Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders 2015; 7 (01) 27-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Pliszka SR. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 1998; 59 (Suppl. 07) 50-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Milberger S. et al ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36 (01) 37-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E. et al Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36 (01) 21-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A. et al Young adult mental health and functional outcomes among individuals with remitted, persistent and late-onset ADHD. The British journal of psychiatry 2018; 213 (03) 526-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Caye A, Swanson J, Thapar A. et al Life Span Studies of ADHD-Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome. Current psychiatry reports 2016; 18 (012) 111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Luderer M, Kaplan-Wickel N, Richter A. et al Screening for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in alcohol dependent patients: Underreporting of ADHD symptoms in self-report scales. Drug and alcohol dependence 2019; 195: 52-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Ilbegi S, Groenman AP, Schellekens A. et al Substance use and nicotine dependence in persistent, remittent, and late-onset ADHD: a 10-year longitudinal study from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders 2018; 10 (01) 42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Molina BSG, Howard AL, Swanson JM. et al Substance use through adolescence into early adulthood after childhood-diagnosed ADHD: findings from the MTA longitudinal study. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2018; 59 (06) 692-702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ. et al Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2016; 55 (010) 841-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Fayyad J. et al The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders 2017; 9 (01) 47-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Tebartz van Elst L. Das Asperger-Syndrom im Erwachsenenalter und andere hochfunktionale Autismus-spektrum-Störungen. Elst LTv (Hrsg.) Berlin: Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft; 2016
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Dean M, Harwood R, Kasari C. The art of camouflage: Gender differences in the social behaviors of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder. Autism 2017; 21 (06) 678-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Cath DC, Ran N, Smit JH. et al Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a preliminary case-controlled study. Psychopathology 2008; 41 (02) 101-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Barneveld PS, Pieterse J, de Sonneville L. et al Overlap of autistic and schizotypal traits in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Schizophrenia research 2011; 126 1–3 231-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Tyson KE, Cruess DG. Differentiating high-functioning autism and social phobia. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2012; 42 (07) 1477-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 S3-Leitlinie. Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen im Kindes-, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter Teil 1: Diagnostik [Internet]. 2016 https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/028-018.html
    PubMed
  • 46 Lesch KP, Selch S, Renner TJ. et al Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: association with neuropeptide Y gene dosage in an extended pedigree. Molecular psychiatry 2011; 16 (05) 491-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Williams NM, Zaharieva I, Martin A. et al Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 2010; 376 9750 1401-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Stergiakouli E, Hamshere M, Holmans P. et al Investigating the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk and pathogenesis of ADHD. The American journal of psychiatry 2012; 169 (02) 186-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Williams NM, Franke B, Mick E. et al Genome-wide analysis of copy number variants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the role of rare variants and duplications at 15q13.3. The American journal of psychiatry 2012; 169 (02) 195-204
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Castellanos FX, Tannock R. Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature reviews Neuroscience 2002; 3 (08) 617-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Lichtenstein P, Carlstrom E, Rastam M. et al The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. The American journal of psychiatry 2010; 167 (011) 1357-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Panagiotidi M, Overton PG, Stafford T. Co-Occurrence of ASD and ADHD Traits in an Adult Population. Journal of attention disorders 2017; 1087054717720720
    Google Scholar
  • 53 Leitner Y. The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children – what do we know?. Frontiers in human neuroscience 2014; 8: 268
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Colombi C, Ghaziuddin M. Neuropsychological Characteristics of Children with Mixed Autism and ADHD. Autism research and treatment 2017; 2017: 5781781
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Houghton R, Ong RC, Bolognani F. Psychiatric comorbidities and use of psychotropic medications in people with autism spectrum disorder in the United States. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research 2017; 10 (012) 2037-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Visser JC, Rommelse NN, Greven CU. et al Autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in early childhood: A review of unique and shared characteristics and developmental antecedents. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2016; 65: 229-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Musser ED. et al Shared familial transmission of autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2014; 55 (07) 819-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Bonatto SJ, Kerner M, Merelles S. et al The prevalence of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry research 2016; 240: 1-3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Miller M, Musser ED, Young GS. et al Sibling Recurrence Risk and Cross-aggregation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. JAMA pediatrics 2019; 173 (02) 147-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Tick B, Colvert E, McEwen F. et al Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Mental Health Problems: Exploring Etiological Overlaps and Phenotypic Causal Associations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2016; 55 (02) 106-13e4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Stergiakouli E, Davey Smith G, Martin J. et al Shared genetic influences between dimensional ASD and ADHD symptoms during child and adolescent development. Molecular autism 2017; 8: 18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Ghirardi L, Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R. et al The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study. Molecular psychiatry 2018; 23 (02) 257-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E. et al Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in siblings. Psychological medicine 2019; 49 (01) 84-91
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E. et al Risk of Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Siblings of Probands With Autism Spectrum Disorders. JAMA psychiatry 2016; 73 (06) 622-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Chien YL, Chou MC, Chiu YN. et al ADHD-related symptoms and attention profiles in the unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the subtypes of autism and Asperger’s disorder. Molecular autism 2017; 8: 37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Ozonoff S, Young GS, Carter A. et al Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics 2011; 128 (03) e488-95
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Sandin S, Lichtenstein P, Kuja-Halkola R. et al The familial risk of autism. JAMA 2014; 311 (017) 1770-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, Finucane HK. et al Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science 2018; 360: 6395
    Google Scholar
  • 69 Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM. et al Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nature genetics 2013; 45 (09) 984-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Martin J, Cooper M, Hamshere ML. et al Biological overlap of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: evidence from copy number variants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2014; 53 (07) 761-70e26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Rao PA, Landa RJ. Association between severity of behavioral phenotype and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2014; 18 (03) 272-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Berenguer C, Rosello B, Colomer C. et al Children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Relationships between symptoms and executive function, theory of mind, and behavioral problems. Research in developmental disabilities 2018; 83: 260-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Antshel KM, Zhang-James Y, Wagner KE. et al An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: a focus on clinical management. Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2016; 16 (03) 279-93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Doyle AE, Vuijk PJ, Doty ND. et al Cross-Disorder Cognitive Impairments in Youth Referred for Neuropsychiatric Evaluation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2018; 24 (01) 91-103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Andersen PN, Hovik KT, Skogli EW. et al Symptoms of ADHD in children with high-functioning autism are related to impaired verbal working memory and verbal delayed recall. PloS one 2013; 8 (05) e64842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Ashwood KL, Tye C, Azadi B. et al Brief Report: Adaptive Functioning in Children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2015; 45 (07) 2235-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Lyall K, Schweitzer JB, Schmidt RJ. et al Inattention and hyperactivity in association with autism spectrum disorders in the CHARGE study. Research in autism spectrum disorders 2017; 35: 1-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Sinzig J, Morsch D, Lehmkuhl G. Do hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention have an impact on the ability of facial affect recognition in children with autism and ADHD?. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2008; 17 (02) 63-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Downs A, Smith T. Emotional understanding, cooperation, and social behavior in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2004; 34 (06) 625-35
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Yuill N, Lyon J. Selective difficulty in recognising facial expressions of emotion in boys with ADHD. General performance impairments or specific problems in social cognition?. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2007; 16 (06) 398-404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 van der Meer JM. et al Are autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder different manifestations of one overarching disorder? Cognitive and symptom evidence from a clinical and population-based sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012; 51 (011) 1160-72e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Oerlemans AM, van der Meer JM, van Steijn DJ. et al Recognition of facial emotion and affective prosody in children with ASD (+ ADHD) and their unaffected siblings. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2014; 23 (05) 257-71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Flouri E, Midouhas E, Charman T. et al Poverty and the Growth of Emotional and Conduct Problems in Children with Autism With and Without Comorbid ADHD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2015; 45 (09) 2928-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Langfassung der interdisziplinären evidenz- und konsensbasierten (S3) Leitlinie „Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Kindes-, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter. 2018 https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/028-045.html
    PubMed
  • 85 Patra S. et al Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism research 2019; 12 (04) 542-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Archives of general psychiatry 2005; 62 (011) 1266-74
    PubMed
  • 87 Jahromi LB, Kasari CL, McCracken JT. et al Positive effects of methylphenidate on social communication and self-regulation in children with pervasive developmental disorders and hyperactivity. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2009; 39 (03) 395-404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Harfterkamp M, van de Loo-Neus G, Minderaa RB. et al A randomized double-blind study of atomoxetine versus placebo for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012; 51 (07) 733-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Harfterkamp M, Buitelaar JK, Minderaa RB. et al Long-term treatment with atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label extension study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2013; 23 (03) 194-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Scahill L, McCracken JT, King BH. et al Extended-Release Guanfacine for Hyperactivity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. The American journal of psychiatry 2015; 172 (012) 1197-206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Goel R, Hong JS, Findling RL. et al An update on pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. International review of psychiatry 2018; 30 (01) 78-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Sturman N, Deckx L, van Driel ML. Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2017; 11: Cd011144
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Naguy A. Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Profile in ASD. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 2017; 205 (09) 738
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Arnold LE, Aman MG, Cook AM. et al Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006; 45 (010) 1196-205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Harfterkamp M. et al Atomoxetine in autism spectrum disorder: no effects on social functioning; some beneficial effects on stereotyped behaviors, inappropriate speech, and fear of change. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2014; 24 (09) 481-5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2013; 43 (010) 2435-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar