Rare Ectopic Pregnancies – A Literature Review for the Period 2007 – 2019 on Locations Outside the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes

Sophie M. Eisner; Andreas D. Ebert; Matthias David

doi:10.1055/a-1181-8641

Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, Table of Contents

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020; 80(07): 686-701
DOI: 10.1055/a-1181-8641

GebFra Science

Review/Übersicht

Seltene extrauterine Schwangerschaften – eine Literaturübersicht 2007 – 2019 zu Lokalisationen außerhalb von Uterus und Tuben

Article in several languages: English | deutsch

Sophie M. Eisner

¹Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Gynäkologie, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

,

Andreas D. Ebert

²Praxis für Frauengesundheit, Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Berlin, Germany

,

Matthias David

¹Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Gynäkologie, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Das Gros extrauteriner Schwangerschaften (EUG) sind Tubargraviditäten, doch auch andere Implantationsstellen außerhalb des Uterus und der Adnexe kommen vor. Diese seltenen Lokalisationen einer EUG stellen eine besondere diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung dar. Anhand einer systematischen Analyse von Fallberichten wird eine Übersicht zu möglichen sehr seltenen Lokalisationen ektoper Schwangerschaften, deren Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Therapie gegeben. Dazu wurde eine Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken PubMed, Livivo und Google Scholar für den Zeitraum 2007 bis 2019 durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden 113 Publikationen eingeschlossen. Diese Studien beschrieben EUG-Implantationen im Douglas-Raum, an der Uterusserosa und dem uterinen Bandapparat, im Bereich nahezu aller intraperitonealer Organe, der Bauchwand sowie retroperitoneale Lokalisationen. Das häufigste Symptom war der variabel lokalisierte abdominale Schmerz. Die diagnostischen Maßnahmen umfassten unterschiedliche Bildgebungsverfahren und/oder explorative Operationen in verschieden weit fortgeschrittenem Schwangerschaftsalter. Als häufigste Therapieoption wurde die operative Befundsanierung per laparotomiam gewählt. Die Plazenta konnte in der Mehrheit der Fälle erfolgreich reseziert werden. Eine EUG seltener Lokalisation sollte als mögliche Differenzialdiagnose bei Patientinnen im reproduktionsfähigen Alter mit abdominellen Beschwerden bedacht werden.

Schlüsselwörter

Extrauteringravidität - seltene Lokalisationen - Bauchhöhlenschwangerschaft

Full Text

References

References/Literatur
1 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management 2019. Online (last access: 30.05.2019): https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng126
2 Cecchino GN, Araujo Junior E, Elito Junior J. Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290: 417-423 doi:10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9
3 Parker VL, Srinivas M. Non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294: 19-27 doi:10.1007/s00404-016-4069-y
4 Hailu FG, Yihunie GT, Essa AA. et al. Advanced abdominal pregnancy, with live fetus and severe preeclampsia, case report. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 243 doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1437-y
5 Miyauchi A, Yamada M, Furuya M. et al. Peritoneal pregnancy with massive hemoperitoneum in early gestation: two case reports. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3: 431-437 doi:10.1002/ccr3.266
6 Molinaro TA, Barnhart KT. Ectopic pregnancies in unusual locations. Semin Reprod Med 2007; 25: 123-130 doi:10.1055/s-2007-970051
7 Arbeitsgemeinschaft der wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgemeinschaften (AWMF). Angemeldetes Leitlinienvorhaben: Extrauteringravidität (17.01.2019). Online (last access: 30.05.2019): https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/015-076.html
8 Shen L, Fu J, Huang W. et al. Gynaecology and Fertility Group. Interventions for non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Online Protocol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;
9 Wang L, Tong X, Li H. et al. Case Report An early extra peritoneal ectopic pregnancy successfully treated with laparoscopy: a case report. Int J Clin Exp Med 2017; 10: 3855-3859
10 Persson J, Reynisson P, Masback A. et al. Histopathology indicates lymphatic spread of a pelvic retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy removed by robot-assisted laparoscopy with temporary occlusion of the blood supply. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89: 835-839 doi:10.3109/00016341003623779
11 Anozie OB, Esike CU, Eze JN. et al. Advanced abdominal ectopic pregnancy: a case report. Open J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 6: 360
12 Baffoe P, Fofie C, Gandau BN. Term abdominal pregnancy with healthy newborn: a case report. Ghana Med J 2011; 45: 81-83
13 Tolefac PN, Abanda MH, Minkande JZ. et al. The challenge in the diagnosis and management of an advanced abdominal pregnancy in a resource-low setting: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11: 199 doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1369-1
14 Creinin MD, Simhan HN. Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 709-711 doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f
15 Abdelrahman S, Deeter M, Muthusami A. et al. A live term intra-abdominal pregnancy in a Field Hospital: a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2017; 2017: rjx062 doi:10.1093/jscr/rjx062
16 Bhoil R, Aggarwal N, Jhobta A. et al. Advanced abdominal pregnancy with successful outcome. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11: 877-878 doi:10.1007/s11739-015-1339-9
17 Bohiltea R, Radoi V, Tufan C. et al. Abdominal pregnancy – Case presentation. J Med Life 2015; 8: 49-54
18 Cho FN, Chen SN, Chang YH. et al. Alternative management of a sizable cul-de-sac ectopic pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 54: 206-207 doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2014.10.006
19 Dabiri T, Marroquin GA, Bendek B. et al. Advanced extrauterine pregnancy at 33 weeks with a healthy newborn. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 102479 doi:10.1155/2014/102479
20 Dassah ET, Odoi AT, Opoku BK. Advanced twin abdominal pregnancy: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009; 88: 1291-1293 doi:10.3109/00016340903281006
21 Gayer G. Images in clinical medicine. Abdominal ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2334 doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1111814
22 Gidiri MF, Kanyenze M. Advanced abdominal ectopic pregnancy: lessons from three cases from Zimbabwe and a literature appraisal of diagnostic and management challenges. Womens Health (Lond) 2015; 11: 275-279 doi:10.2217/whe.15.3
23 Hishikawa K, Fukuda T, Inoue H. et al. Laparoscopic Management of Abdominal Pregnancy with Local Injection of Vasopressin Solution: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep 2016; 17: 637-640 doi:10.12659/ajcr.898554
24 Isah AY, Ahmed Y, Nwobodo EI. et al. Abdominal pregnancy with a full term live fetus: case report. Ann Afr Med 2008; 7: 198-199
25 Kim MJ, Bae JY, Seong WJ. et al. Sonographic diagnosis of a viable abdominal pregnancy with planned delivery after fetal lung maturation. J Clin Ultrasound 2013; 41: 563-565 doi:10.1002/jcu.22010
26 Marcelin C, Kouchner P, Bintner M. et al. Placenta embolization of advanced abdominal pregnancy. Diagn Interv Imaging 2018; 99: 265-266 doi:10.1016/j.diii.2017.12.001
27 Mengistu Z, Getachew A, Adefris M. Term abdominal pregnancy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9: 168 doi:10.1186/s13256-015-0635-3
28 Muehlparzer L, Arzt W, Ebner T. et al. Secondary abdominal pregnancy with live birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 288 doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01041.x
29 Nassali MN, Benti TM, Bandani-Ntsabele M. et al. A case report of an asymptomatic late term abdominal pregnancy with a live birth at 41 weeks of gestation. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9: 31 doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1844-6
30 Nkusu Nunyalulendho D, Einterz EM. Advanced abdominal pregnancy: case report and review of 163 cases reported since 1946. Rural Remote Health 2008; 8: 1087
31 Panagiotakis A, Brown M, Asulin Y. et al. A Case Report of Successful Treatment of an Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy with Methotrexate. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009; 16: S126
32 Parekh VK, Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Abdominal pregnancy: an unusual presentation. J Ultrasound Med 2008; 27: 679-681
33 Patel C, Feldman J, Ogedegbe C. Complicated abdominal pregnancy with placenta feeding off sacral plexus and subsequent multiple ectopic pregnancies during a 4-year follow-up: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2016; 10: 37 doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0808-8
34 Pieh-Holder KL, Scardo JA, Costello DH. Lactogenesis failure following successful delivery of advanced abdominal pregnancy. Breastfeed Med 2012; 7: 543-546 doi:10.1089/bfm.2011.0131
35 Pradhan M, Sreenivas M, Singh B. et al. Sudden death in advanced abdominal pregnancy: a case report and discussion of the related medicolegal issues. Med Sci Law 2013; 53: 90-92 doi:10.1258/msl.2012.012014
36 Promsonthi P, Herabutya Y. Uterocutaneous fistula in term abdominal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 132: 239-241 doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.04.041
37 Rohilla M, Joshi B, Jain V. et al. Advanced abdominal pregnancy: a search for consensus. Review of literature along with case report. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298: 1-8 doi:10.1007/s00404-018-4743-3
38 Sib SR, Ouedraogo I, Sanogo M. et al. A full term abdominal pregnancy with an isthmic tubal implantation of the placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18: 448 doi:10.1186/s12884-018-2071-z
39 Shih CC, Lee RK, Hwu YM. Cul-de-sac pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 46: 171-173 doi:10.1016/s1028-4559(07)60013-8
40 Tucker K, Bhardwaj NR, Clark E. et al. Delayed diagnosis and management of second trimester abdominal pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017: bcr2017221433 doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221433
41 Yanaihara A, Ohgi S, Motomura K. et al. An abdominal ectopic pregnancy following a frozen-thawed ART cycle: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 108 doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1294-8
42 Yoder N, Tal R, Martin JR. Abdominal ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and single embryo transfer: a case report and systematic review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14: 69 doi:10.1186/s12958-016-0201-x
43 Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q. Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 65: 139-141 doi:10.1159/000110015
44 Abdul MA, Tabari AM, Kabiru D. et al. Broad ligament pregnancy: a report of two cases. Ann Afr Med 2008; 7: 86-87
45 Akhtar N. Ectopic pregnancy and full term live birth: a case report. J Postgrad Med Inst 2011; 25: 181-182
46 Atis A, Gunduz O, Tolga Karacan KA. A Rare Form of Ectopic Pregnancy on Mesoovarium, Case Report. J Clin Case Rep 2014; 4: 359
47 Cosentino F, Rossitto C, Turco LC. et al. Laparoscopic Management of Abdominal Pregnancy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017; 24: 724-725 doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2017.01.023
48 Dahab AA, Aburass R, Shawkat W. et al. Full-term extrauterine abdominal pregnancy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5: 531 doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-531
49 Gudu W, Bekele D. A pre-operatively diagnosed advanced abdominal pregnancy with a surviving neonate: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9: 228 doi:10.1186/s13256-015-0712-7
50 Kar S. Primary abdominal pregnancy following intra-uterine insemination. J Hum Reprod Sci 2011; 4: 95-99 doi:10.4103/0974-1208.86091
51 Kim MC, Manyanga H, Lwakatare F. Secondary abdominal pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive woman. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2016; 59: 535-538 doi:10.5468/ogs.2016.59.6.535
52 Nayar J, Nair SS. Broad Ligament Pregnancy – Success Story of a Laparoscopically Managed Case. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: Qd04-QD05 doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/19293.8136
53 Parulekar SV. Face to face: misplaced intrauterine device and abdominal ectopic pregnancy. J Postgrad Med 2011; 57: 223-224 doi:10.4103/0022-3859.85217
54 Phupong V, Uthaisan J, Tantbirojn P. Undiagnosed term intraligamentous pregnancy: A case report and literature review. J Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 36: 432-434 doi:10.3109/01443615.2015.1101432
55 Rama C, Lepakshi G, Raju SN. Broad Ligament ectopic pregnancy. Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research 2015; 4: 45-48 doi:10.15380/2277-5706.JCSR.14.013
56 Sassi A, Dimassi K, Ben Slama S. et al. A broad ligament pregnancy successfully managed by laparoscopy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 38: 423-424 doi:10.1080/01443615.2017.1342231
57 Seckin B, Turkcapar FA, Tarhan I. et al. Advanced intraligamentary pregnancy resulting in a live birth. J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 31: 260-261 doi:10.3109/01443615.2011.553691
58 Shamaash AH, Abbas AM. Undiagnosed asymptomatic second trimester broad ligament ectopic pregnancy: a case report and mini-review. Proc Obstet Gynecol 2017; 7: 1-8
59 Sheethal CH, Powar A. Full term viable secondary broad ligament pregnancy – A rare case. Case Rep Womens Health 2017; 13: 4-5 doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2016.10.003
60 Yasutake N, Tsunematsu R, Oishi H. et al. Successfully treated abdominal pregnancy causing hemoperitoneum using combined surgical and systemic methotrexate therapy: a case report and review of cases treated at Kyushu University Hospital. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2013; 76: 188-192 doi:10.1159/000353980
61 Brouard KJ, Howard BR, Dyer RA. Hepatic Pregnancy Suspected at Term and Successful Delivery of a Live Neonate With Placental Attachment to the Right Lobe of the Liver. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 207-210 doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000703
62 Chin PS, Wee HY, Chern BS. Laparoscopic management of primary hepatic pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 50: 95-98 doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01113.x
63 Guo B, Li D. Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic: Ectopic pregnancy in the liver: another rare cause of space occupying lesion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31: 1514 doi:10.1111/jgh.13396
64 Hao J, Cheng Z, Hu N. et al. Imaging of Hepatic Ectopic Pregnancy by 18F-FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med 2016; 41: 697-698 doi:10.1097/rlu.0000000000001307
65 Hu S, Song Q, Chen K. et al. Contrast-enhanced multiphasic CT and MRI of primary hepatic pregnancy: a case report and literature review. Abdom Imaging 2014; 39: 731-735 doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0101-5
66 Kuai XP, Wang SY, Qiu JM. Ectopic pregnancy implanted in the liver under the diaphragm. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 52: 586-587 doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.024
67 Ma J, Zhou C, Duan Z. et al. Successful management of primary hepatic pregnancy with selective hepatic artery embolization and intra-arterial methotrexate infusion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 122: 78-79 doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.02.019
68 Moores KL, Keriakos RH, Anumba DO. et al. Management challenges of a live 12-week sub-hepatic intra-abdominal pregnancy. BJOG 2010; 117: 365-368 doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02450.x
69 Qiao JC, Chang ZG, Wei JM. et al. Hepatic ectopic pregnancy treated successfully by hepatectomy. Chin Med J 2013; 126: 4806-4807
70 Ramphal SR, Moodley J, Rajaruthnam D. Hepatic pregnancy managed conservatively. Trop Doct 2010; 40: 121-122 doi:10.1258/td.2009.090218
71 Sibetcheu Tchatou A, Tchounzou R, Mbuagbaw L. et al. Successful medical treatment of a hepatic pregnancy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11: 70 doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1227-1
72 Wang C, Cheng L, Zhang Z. et al. Imaging diagnosis of hepatic ectopic pregnancy: A report of one case. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2012; 1: 40-44 doi:10.5582/irdr.2012.v1.1.40
73 Yadav R, Raghunandan C, Agarwal S. et al. Primary hepatic pregnancy. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2012; 5: 367-369 doi:10.4103/0974-2700.102417
74 Zhao RF, Huang SR, Xu LL. et al. Successful Management of a Live 14-week Primary Hepatic Ectopic Pregnancy Combined with a Residual Horn of the Uterus Using Laparoscopy. Chin Med J 2017; 130: 3013-3014 doi:10.4103/0366-6999.220298
75 Allen WL, Subba B, Yoong W. et al. Chronic abdominal pregnancy following rupture from a bicornuate uterus. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2007; 275: 393-395 doi:10.1007/s00404-006-0249-5
76 Bajis R, Paterson D, McElhinney B. Primary omental ectopic pregnancy: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 39: 560-561
77 Behjati S, Bamfo JE, Bates AW. et al. A near miss: lessons from a case of omental pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 29: 559-560 doi:10.1080/01443610902984946
78 Chen L, Qiu L, Diao X. et al. CT findings of omental pregnancy: a case report. Jpn J Radiol 2015; 33: 499-502 doi:10.1007/s11604-015-0449-7
79 Chopra S, Keepanasseril A, Suri V. et al. Primary omental pregnancy: case report and review of literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 279: 441-442 doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0730-4
80 da Silva BB, de Araujo EP, Cronemberger JN. et al. Primary twin omental pregnancy: report of a rare case and literature review. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 2006.e13-2006.e15 doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.038
81 Maiorana A, Incandela D, Giambanco L. et al. Omental pregnancy: case report and review of literature. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19: 244 doi:10.11604/pamj.2014.19.244.3661
82 Seol HJ, Kim T, Lee SK. Successful laparoscopic management of primary omental pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 281: 163-165 doi:10.1007/s00404-009-1100-6
83 Srinivasan A, Millican S. Laparoscopic management of an abdominal pregnancy. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2014; 2014: 562731 doi:10.1155/2014/562731
84 Takeda A, Nakamura H, Hayashi S. et al. Primary Omental Pregnancy: Successful Laparoendoscopic Single-site Partial Omentectomy After Diagnosis by Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016; 23: 6-7 doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2015.04.009
85 Tanase Y, Yoshida S, Furukawa N. et al. Successful laparoscopic management of a primary omental pregnancy: case report and review of literature. Asian J Endosc Surg 2013; 6: 327-329 doi:10.1111/ases.12056
86 Yip SL, Tan WK, Tan LK. Primary omental pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016: bcr2016217327 doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-217327
87 Demendi C, Langmar Z, Banhidy F. et al. Successful operative management of an intact second trimester abdominal pregnancy with additional preoperative selective catheter embolization and postoperative methotrexate therapy. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17: Cs53-Cs55 doi:10.12659/msm.881752
88 Pichaichanlert A, Luvira V, Tipsunthonsak N. Abdominal Pregnancy in the Small Intestine Presenting as Acute Massive Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Case Rep Surg 2017; 2017: 8017937 doi:10.1155/2017/8017937
89 Salathiel DT, Anicet Z, Madoue GB. et al. Abdominal pregnancy discovered during laparotomy for complications after attempted abortion. South Sudan Medical Journal 2016; 16: 14
90 Thompson RJ, Hawe MJ. A rare pathological trinity: an appendiceal ectopic pregnancy, acute appendicitis and a carcinoid tumour. Ir J Med Sci 2011; 180: 579-580 doi:10.1007/s11845-009-0283-y
91 Trail CE, Watson A, Schofield AM. Case of hepatic flexure ectopic pregnancy medically managed with methotrexate. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018: bcr2017220480 doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-220480
92 Yildizhan R, Kolusari A, Adali F. et al. Primary abdominal ectopic pregnancy: a case report. Cases J 2009; 2: 8485 doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-8485
93 Biolchini F, Giunta A, Bigi L. et al. Emergency laparoscopic splenectomy for haemoperitoneum because of ruptured primary splenic pregnancy: a case report and review of literature. ANZ J Surg 2010; 80: 55-57 doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2009.05176.x
94 Gao H, Yuan T, Ding Y. et al. Primary splenic pregnancy with hemorrhagic shock. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43: 1342-1345 doi:10.1111/jog.13348
95 Greenbaum A, Miskimins R, Coffman B. et al. Management of splenic ectopic pregnancy presenting with massive haemoperitoneum. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016: bcr2016218291 doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218291
96 Klang E, Keddel N, Inbar Y. et al. Splenic Pregnancy: A New Minimally Invasive Approach to Treatment. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016; 39: 1339-1342 doi:10.1007/s00270-016-1403-5
97 Perez A, Caban-Martinez AJ, Alvarez W. et al. Subsplenic ectopic pregnancy adjacent to a rudimentary uterine horn. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 102: 78-79 doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.02.014
98 Python JL, Wakefield BW, Kondo KL. et al. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Management of Splenic Ectopic Pregnancy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016; 23: 997-1002 doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2016.05.004
99 Rathore R, Shilpi S, Chopra R. et al. Primary Splenic Pregnancy- A Rare but Imperative Cause of Hemoperitoneum – Case Report and Review of Literature. Turk Patoloji Derg 2019; 35: 242-246 doi:10.5146/tjpath.2017.01403
100 Wu BQ, Zhu F, Jiang Y. et al. Case of spontaneous splenic rupture caused by ectopic pregnancy in the spleen. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43: 1778-1780 doi:10.1111/jog.13440
101 Wu L, Jiang X, Ni J. Successful diagnosis and treatment of early splenic ectopic pregnancy: A case report. Medicine 2018; 97: e0466 doi:10.1097/md.0000000000010466
102 Anderson PM, Opfer EK, Busch JM. et al. An Early Abdominal Wall Ectopic Pregnancy Successfully Treated with Ultrasound Guided Intralesional Methotrexate: A Case Report. Obstet Gynecol Int 2009; 2009: 3 doi:10.1155/2009/247452
103 Borton Z, Landon AG, Singh S. A painless pelvic wall ectopic pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015: bcr2015211529 doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-211529
104 Gorry A, Morelli ML, Olowu O. et al. Laparoscopic management of abdominal ectopic pregnancy using FLOSEAL Hemostatic Matrix. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 117: 83-84 doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.003
105 Irani M, Elias RT, Pereira N. et al. Abdominal ectopic pregnancy with undetectable serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 9 days following blastocyst transfer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42: 1886-1888 doi:10.1111/jog.13127
106 Lee C. Abdominal pregnancy in a low-resource setting. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 1039-1041 doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000706
107 Chen L, Liu J, Shu J. et al. Successful laparoscopic management of diaphragmatic pregnancy : a rare case report and brief review of literature. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19: 99 doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2248-0
108 Noguchi D, Matsumoto N, Kamata S. et al. Ectopic pregnancy developing in a cyst of the canal of Nuck. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 472-476 doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000099
109 Iwama H, Tsutsumi S, Igarashi H. et al. A case of retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy following IVF-ET in a patient with previous bilateral salpingectomy. Am J Perinatol 2008; 25: 33-36 doi:10.1055/s-2007-1004829
110 Jiang W, Lv S, Sun L. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy: review of the literature. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2014; 77: 205-210 doi:10.1159/000353691
111 Ouassour S, Filali AA, Raiss M. et al. Retroperitoneal Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Challenges. Case Rep Surg 2017; 2017: 9871865 doi:10.1155/2017/9871865
112 Pak JO, Durfee JK, Pedro L. et al. Retroperitoneal Ectopic Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 132: 1491-1493 doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002965
113 Yang Y, Liu Z, Song L. et al. Diagnosis and surgical therapy of the retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2018; 49: 21-24 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2018.05.027
114 Zhang M, Qin LL. A case of retroperitoneal para-aortic ectopic pregnancy detected by sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2018; 46: 412-414 doi:10.1002/jcu.22554
115 Martínez-Varea A, Hidalgo-Mora JJ, Payá V. et al. Retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy after intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 2011; 95: 2433.e1-2433.e3 doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.026
116 Yang M, Cidan L, Zhang D. Retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 358 doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1542-y
117 Lin JX, Liu Q, Ju Y. et al. Primary obturator foramen pregnancy: a case report and review of literature. Chin Med J 2008; 121: 1328-1330
118 Chishima F, Kato-Suzuki E, Ichikawa G. et al. Rare case of primary peritoneal pregnancy infiltrated into the Gerotaʼs fascia of the right kidney. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39: 1073-1076 doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.02057.x
119 Guan Z, Li HF, Guo LL. et al. Management of pancreatic ectopic pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 54: 629-631 doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2015.08.022
120 Meire I, van Heusden A, Roukema MS. et al. A retroperitoneal pregnancy of an anencephalic fetus. J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 27: 518-519 doi:10.1080/01443610701465071
121 Lockhat F, Corr P, Ramphal S. et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and management of extra-uterine abdominal pregnancy. Clin Radiol 2006; 61: 264-269 doi:10.1016/j.crad.2005.10.013