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DOI: 10.1055/a-1666-0483
Pr-AKI: Ursachen, Diagnostik und Therapie der akuten Nierenschädigung während der Schwangerschaft
Article in several languages: English | deutsch

Zusammenfassung
Die schwangerschaftsassoziierte akute Nierenschädigung (Pr-AKI) stellt trotz deutlich verbesserter ambulanter und stationärer Versorgungsmöglichkeiten noch immer ein hohes Risiko für Früh- und Spätkomplikationen sowohl für die werdende Mutter als auch für das Ungeborene dar. Erfreulicherweise konnte vor allem in den Entwicklungsländern ein deutlicher Rückgang der Inzidenz des Pr-AKI innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte verzeichnet werden, wohingegen sich in den Industrienationen anhand retrospektiver Daten leider ein Anstieg der Pr-AKI-Fälle zeigt. Während früher häufig septische Aborte, die Puerperalsepsis oder schwangerschaftsassoziierte Blutungen ein Pr-AKI verursachten, sind heute hypertensive Erkrankungen wie z. B. die Präeklampsie und thrombotische Mikroangiopathien führend in der Genese des Pr-AKI. Gründe hierfür sind zum einen die mit dem fortgeschrittenen mütterlichen Alter verbundene Zunahme der Risikofaktoren wie Bluthochdruck, Diabetes oder chronische Nierenerkrankungen und zum anderen die mit Reproduktionstechnologien verbundenen Mehrlingsschwangerschaften. Nicht zuletzt wegen der Heterogenität der Symptome, der teils überlappenden klinischen und laborchemischen Merkmale und der pathophysiologisch bedingten Veränderungen während der Schwangerschaft stellt das Pr-AKI den behandelnden Arzt vor eine Reihe komplexer Herausforderungen bez. weiterer Diagnostik und Behandlungsstrategien. Neben allgemeinen Maßnahmen, wie der Ursachenforschung, der intravenösen Flüssigkeitstherapie und – falls erforderlich – der sofortigen Entbindung des Fetus, erfordert ein jedes Krankheitsbild eine spezifische Behandlung zur Senkung der Komplikationsrate sowohl für die Mutter als auch für das Ungeborene. In der vorliegenden Übersicht konzentrieren wir uns zunächst – unter Verwendung der aktuellsten Literatur – auf die zugrunde liegenden pathophysiologischen Veränderungen der Nierenphysiologie während der Schwangerschaft. Im 2. Teil werden sowohl häufige als auch seltene Entitäten, die zu einer akuten Nierenschädigung in diesem speziellen Patientenkollektiv führen, beleuchtet und ein Überblick über therapeutische Möglichkeiten gegeben.
Schlüsselwörter
Schwangerschaft - akute Nierenschädigung - AKI - Pr-AKI - Pathophysiologie - Ursache - Diagnostik - BehandlungPublication History
Received: 03 June 2021
Accepted after revision: 09 October 2021
Article published online:
03 March 2022
© 2022. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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