Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Das klinische Bild eines „Complex Regional Pain Syndrome“ (CRPS) ist der wesentliche diagnostische Pfeiler, das Syndrom als solches zu diagnostizieren. Dabei hilft es, die weniger bekannten Zeichen der Kategorien Sensorik, Vasomotorik, Sudomotorik und Motorik zu erkennen, um Hinweise auf die zu erwartende Prognose zu bekommen. Neu ist der CRPS Severity Score, der über die Erfassung klinischer Symptome helfen kann, Differenzialdiagnosen und insbesondere den neuropathischen Schmerz abzugrenzen sowie Tendenzen und Therapieerfolge zu beurteilen.

Schlüsselwörter

CRPS - Operation - klinische Zeichen - CRPS-NOS - neuropathischer Schmerz

• Literatur

• 1 Harden R, Bruehl SP. Diagnostic Criteria: The Statistical Derivation of the Four Criterion Factors. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN. CRPS: Current Diagnosis and Therapy. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005
• 2 de Mos M, Huygen FJPM, Dieleman JP. et al. Medical history and the onset of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 2009; 139: 458-466
• 3 Veldman PHJM, Reynen HM, Arntz IE. et al. Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet 1993; 342: 1012-1016
• 4 Harden NR, Bruehl S, Stanton-Hicks M. et al. Proposed New Diagnostic Criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain Med 2007; 8: 326-331
• 5 Goebel A, Birklein F, Brunner F. et al. The Valencia consensus-based adaptation of the IASP complex regional pain syndrome diagnostic criteria. Pain 2021; 162: 2346-2348
• 6 Sandroni P, Benrud-Larson LM, McClelland RL. et al. Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted County, a population based study. Pain 2003; 103: 199-207
• 7 de Mos M, de Bruijn AGJ, Huygen FJPM. et al. The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: A population-based study. Pain 2007; 129: 12-20
• 8 Shirani P, Jawaid A, Moretti P. et al. Familial occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 2010; 37: 389-394
• 9 de Rooij AM, de Mos M, Sturkenboom MCJM. et al. Familial occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain 2009; 13: 171-177
• 10 van de Beek WJ, Roep BO, van der Slik AR. et al. Susceptibility loci for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2003; 103: 93-97
• 11 Veldman PHJM, Goris RJA. Multiple reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Which patients are at risk for developing a recurrence of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the same or another limb. Pain 1996; 64: 463-466
• 12 Satteson ES, Harbour PW, Koman LA. et al. The risk of pain syndrome affecting a previously non-painful limb following trauma or surgery in patients with a history of complex regional pain syndrome. Scan J Pain 2017; 14: 84-88
• 13 Field J, Protheroe DL, Atkins RM. Algodystrophy After Colles Fractures is Associated with Secondary Tightness of Casts. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994; 76-B: 901-905
• 14 Roumen RMH, Hesp WLEM, Briggink EDM. Unstable Collesʼ Fractures in Elderly Patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991; 73-B: 307-311
• 15 Birklein F, Ajit SK, Goebel A. et al. Complex regional pain syndrome – phenotypic charcteristics and potential biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14: 272-284
• 16 Moseley GL, Herbert RD, Parsons T. et al. Intense pain Soon After Fracture Strongly Predicts Who Will Develop Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Prospective Cohort Study. J Pain 2014; 15: 16-23
• 17 Schwartzmann RJ, Erwin KL, Alexander GM. The Natural History of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Clin J Pain 2009; 25: 273-280
• 18 Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RSGM. et al. Development of a severity score for CRPS. Pain 2010; 151: 870-876
• 19 Gierthmühlen J, Maier C, Baron R. et al. Sensory signs in complex regional pain syndrome and peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2012; 153: 765-774
• 20 Nickel FT, Maihöfner C. Aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Pathophysiologie des CRPS I. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2010; 42: 8-14
• 21 Schlereth T. et al. Diagnose und nicht interventionelle Therapie neuropathischer Schmerzen, Sk2-Leitlinie, 2019. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, Hrsg. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2022 unter: https://dgn.org/leitlinien/ll-030–114-diagnose-und-nicht-interventionelle-therapie-neuropathischer-schmerzen-2019/
• 22 IASP. Terminology. Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2022 unter: https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/
• 23 Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Heckmann K. Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value. Brain 2001; 124: 587-599
• 24 Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Maier C. et al. Skin temperature side differences – a diagnostic tool for CRPS?. Pain 2002; 98: 19-26
• 25 Schattschneider J, Hartung K, Stengel M. et al. Endothelial dysfunction in cold type of complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2006; 67: 673-675
• 26 Baron R, Schattschneider J, Binder A. et al. Relation between sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome: a case control study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1655-1660
• 27 Birklein F, Sittl R, Spitzer A. et al. Sudomotorfunction in sympathetic reflex dystrophy. Pain 1997; 69: 49-54
• 28 Harden RN, Maihofner C, Abousaad E. A prospective, multisite, international Validation of the CRPS Severity Score (CSS). Pain 2017; 158: 1430-1436
• 29 de Mos M, Sturkenboom MCJM, Huygen FJPM. Current Understanding on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Review Article. Pain Practice 2009; 9: 86-99
• 30 Sandroni P, Wilson PR. Factor III: Sudomotor Changes and Edema – Pathophysiology and Measurement. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN. CRPS: Current Diagnosis and Therapy. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005: 107-118
• 31 van Hilten JJ, Blumberg H, Schwartzmann RJ. Factor IV: Movement Disorders and Dystrophy – Pathophysiology and Measurement. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN. CRPS: Current Diagnosis and Therapy. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005: 119-136
• 32 Moseley GL. Why do people with complex regional pain syndrome take longer to recognize their affected hand?. Neurology 2004; 62: 2182-2186
• 33 Galer BS, Jensen MP. Development and of a pain measure preliminary validation specific to neuropathic pain: The Neuropathic Pain Scale. Neurology 1997; 48: 332-338
• 34 Feldmann SC, Downey G, Saffer-Neitz R. Pain, Negative Mood, and Perceived Support in Chronic Pain Patients: A Daily Diary Study of People With Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy syndrome. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67: 776-785
• 35 Goebel A. et al. A randomised placebo-controlled Phase III multicentre trial: low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome (LIPStrial). Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2017
• 36 Birklein F. et al. Diagnostik und Therapie komplexer regionaler Schmerzsyndrome (CRPS), S1-Leitlinie, 2018. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, Hrsg. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Zugriff am 20. Oktober 2022 unter: https://dgn.org/leitlinien/ll-030–116-diagnostik-und-therapie-komplexer-regionaler-schmerzsyndrome-crps-2018/
• 37 Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS. et al. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. Pain 1999; 81: 147-154
• 38 Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS. et al. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “Budapest Criteria”) for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain 2010; 150: 268-274
• 39 Goebel A, Barker C, Birklein F. et al. Standards for the diagnosis and management of complex regional pain syndrome: Results of a European Pain Federation Task Force. Eur J Pain 2019; 23: 641-651
• 40 Wüppenhorst N, Maier C, Frettlöh J. et al. Sensitivity and Specifitivity of 3-phase Bone Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Upper Extremity. Clin J Pain 2010; 26: 182-189
• 41 Wasner G, Baron R. Factor II: Vasomotor Changes – Pathophysiology and Measurement. In: Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden RN. CRPS: Current Diagnosis and Therapy. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005: 81-106
• 42 Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 807-819
• 43 Huygen FJ, De Bruijn AG, De Bruin MT. Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Mediators Inflamm 2002; 11: 47-51
• 44 OʼConnell NE, Wand BM, Gibson W. et al. Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 7: CD004598
• 45 Koman AL, Smith BP, Smith TL. A Practical Guide for Complex regional Pain Syndrome in the Acute Stage and Late Stage. Ch. 53. In: Wolfe SW, Pedersen WC, Kozin SH, Cohen MS. Greenʼs Operative Hand Surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2022
• 46 Llewellyn A, McCabe CS, Hibberd Y. et al. Are You better? A multi-centre study of patient-defined recovery from Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Eur J Pain 2018; 22: 551-564
• 47 Gradl G, Steinborn M, Wizgall I. et al. Das akute CRPS I (Morbus Sudeck) nach distaler Radiusfraktur – Methoden der Frühdiagnostik. Zentralbl Chir 2003; 128: 1020-1026
• 48 Bickerstaff DR, Kanis JA. Algodystrophy: an under-recognized complication of minor trauma. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33: 240-248
• 49 Zyluk A. The natural history of post-traumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Hand Surg Br 1998; 23: 20-23
• 50 Bean DJ, Johnson MH, Kydd RR. Relationships Between Psychological Factors, Pain, and Disability in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Lower Back Pain. Clin J Pain 2014; 30: 647-653