Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1867-3026
Positionspapier Herzinsuffizienz und Diabetes
Heart failure and diabetesZusammenfassung
Diabetes mellitus (DM) stellt eine wichtige Komorbidität bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz dar, die maßgeblich die Prognose der Patienten determiniert. Von entscheidender Bedeutung zur Verbesserung der Prognose dieser Hochrisiko-Patienten ist daher eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und differenzierte medikamentöse Therapie mit Ausschöpfung aller möglichen Therapieoptionen und Absetzen potenziell schädlicher Substanzen. Das gemeinsame Positionspapier der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (DGK) und der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) fasst die vorhandene wissenschaftliche Evidenz zusammen und gibt Empfehlungen, was bei der Diagnose und Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz und des DM zu beachten ist, um die Prognose zu verbessern.
Abstract
Diabetes is a very important and preventable risk factor for the development of heart failure and a frequent comorbidity observed in patients with heart failure with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to treat both diseases as early as possible with an optimal therapy. This joint position paper of the DGK and DDG outlines the scientific evidence and provides recommendations about diagnosis and therapy of heart failure and diabetes to improve outcome.
Publication History
Received: 10 May 2022
Accepted: 17 May 2022
Article published online:
18 July 2022
© 2022. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie – Herz- und Kreislaufforschung e.V. und Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft e.V. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Erbey JR. et al. Congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (09) 1614-1619 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.9.1614. (PMID: 11522708)
- 2 Boonman-de Winter LJ, Rutten FH, Cramer MJ. et al. High prevalence of previously unknown heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55 (08) 2154-2162 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2579-0. (PMID: 22618812)
- 3 Amato L, Paolisso G, Cacciatore F. et al. Congestive heart failure predicts the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The Osservatorio Geriatrico Regione Campania Group. Diabetes Metab 1997; 23 (03) 213-218 (PMID: 9233998)
- 4 Kistorp C, Galatius S, Gustafsson F. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic patients in a chronic heart failure population. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100 (02) 281-287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.10.024. (PMID: 15823636)
- 5 Thrainsdottir IS, Aspelund T, Hardarson T. et al. Glucose abnormalities and heart failure predict poor prognosis in the population-based Reykjavik Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005; 12 (05) 465-471 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000173105.91356.4d. (PMID: 16210933)
- 6 Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE. et al. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325 (05) 293-302 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199108013250501. (PMID: 2057034)
- 7 McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K. et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 767-771 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3. (PMID: 13678869)
- 8 McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS. et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (11) 993-1004 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1409077. (PMID: 25176015)
- 9 Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS. et al. Risk Related to Pre-Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Mellitus in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Insights From Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure Trial. Circ Heart Fail 2016; 09 (01) e002560 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002560. (PMID: 26754626)
- 10 Ahmed A, Rich MW, Fleg JL. et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation 2006; 114 (05) 397-403 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628347. (PMID: 16864724)
- 11 Dauriz M, Targher G, Temporelli PL. et al. Prognostic Impact of Diabetes and Prediabetes on Survival Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the GISSI-HF (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nella Insufficienza Cardiaca-Heart Failure) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 06 (07) e005156 DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.005156.
- 12 Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB. et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759-766 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14282-1. (PMID: 13678868)
- 13 Dauriz M, Targher G, Laroche C. et al. Association Between Diabetes and 1-Year Adverse Clinical Outcomes in a Multinational Cohort of Ambulatory Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From the ESC-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (05) 671-678 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-2016. (PMID: 28255009)
- 14 Cavender MA, Steg PG, Smith SC. et al. Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Hospitalization for Heart Failure, Cardiovascular Events, and Death: Outcomes at 4 Years From the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry. Circulation 2015; 132 (10) 923-931 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014796. (PMID: 26152709)
- 15 Johansson I, Dahlström U, Edner M. et al. Prognostic Implications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68 (13) 1404-1416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.061. (PMID: 27659462)
- 16 Kristensen SL, Jhund PS, Lee MMY. et al. Prevalence of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes in Patients with HFpEF and HFrEF and Associated Clinical Outcomes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31 (05/06) 545-549 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6754-x. (PMID: 28948430)
- 17 MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, Varyani F. et al. Impact of diabetes on outcomes in patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: an analysis of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur Heart J 2008; 29 (11) 1377-1385 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn153. (PMID: 18413309)
- 18 Kristensen SL, Mogensen UM, Jhund PS. et al. Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics and Cardiovascular Outcomes According to Diabetes Status in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Report From the I-Preserve Trial (Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction). Circulation 2017; 135 (08) 724-735 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024593. (PMID: 28052977)
- 19 Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K. et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 777-781 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14285-7. (PMID: 13678871)
- 20 Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G. et al. Effect of Empagliflozin on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure by Baseline Diabetes Status: Results From the EMPEROR-Reduced Trial. Circulation 2021; 143 (04) 337-349 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051824. (PMID: 33175585)
- 21 Landgraf R, Heinemann L, Schleicher E. et al. Definition, Klassifikation und Diagnostik des Diabetes mellitus: Update 2022. Diabetologie 2022; 17 (Suppl. 02) DOI: 10.1055/a-1789-5615.
- 22 McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M. et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021; 42 (36) 3599-3726 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368. (PMID: 34447992)
- 23 Madamanchi C, Alhosaini H, Sumida A. et al. Obesity and natriuretic peptides, BNP and NT-proBNP: mechanisms and diagnostic implications for heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176 (03) 611-617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.007. (PMID: 25156856)
- 24 Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H. et al. Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23 (03) 352-380 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2115. (PMID: 33605000)
- 25 Halliday BP, Wassall R, Lota AS. et al. Withdrawal of pharmacological treatment for heart failure in patients with recovered dilated cardiomyopathy (TRED-HF): an open-label, pilot, randomised trial. Lancet 2019; 393: 61-73 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32484-X. (PMID: 30429050)
- 26 The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429-1435
- 27 Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Jama 1995; 273 (18) 1450-1456
- 28 Gustafsson I, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L. et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. Trace Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34 (01) 83-89
- 29 Moyé LA, Pfeffer MA, Wun CC. et al. Uniformity of captopril benefit in the SAVE Study: subgroup analysis. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Study. Eur Heart J 1994; 15 : 2-8 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/15.suppl_b.2. (PMID: 8076658)
- 30 Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC. et al. Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41 (09) 1529-1538 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00262-6. (PMID: 12742294)
- 31 Seferovic JP, Claggett B, Seidelmann SB. et al. Effect of sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril on glycaemic control in patients with heart failure and diabetes: a post-hoc analysis from the PARADIGM-HF trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 05 (05) 333-340 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30087-6. (PMID: 28330649)
- 32 Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 2001-2007 (PMID: 10376614)
- 33 Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB. et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344 (22) 1651-1658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.037. (PMID: 15093878)
- 34 Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN. et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (21) 1349-1355
- 35 The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9-13 (PMID: 10023943)
- 36 Bobbio M, Ferrua S, Opasich C. et al. Survival and hospitalization in heart failure patients with or without diabetes treated with beta-blockers. J Card Fail 2003; 09 (03) 192-202 DOI: 10.1054/jcaf.2003.31. (PMID: 12815569)
- 37 Deedwania PC, Giles TD, Klibaner M. et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of metoprolol CR/XL in patients with diabetes and chronic heart failure: experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J 2005; 149 (01) 159-167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.05.056. (PMID: 15660048)
- 38 Erdmann E, Lechat P, Verkenne P. et al. Results from post-hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 03 (04) 469-479 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00174-x. (PMID: 11511434)
- 39 Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB. et al. Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation 2002; 106: 2194-2199
- 40 Hirst JA, Farmer AJ, Feakins BG. et al. Quantifying the effects of diuretics and β-adrenoceptor blockers on glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus – a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2015; 79 (05) 733-743 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12543. (PMID: 25377481)
- 41 Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ. et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (10) 709-717
- 42 Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H. et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (01) 11-21 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009492. (PMID: 21073363)
- 43 McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE. et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 1995-2008 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303. (PMID: 31535829)
- 44 Docherty KF, Jhund PS, Bengtsson O. et al. Effect of Dapagliflozin in DAPA-HF According to Background Glucose-Lowering Therapy. Diabetes Care 2020; 43 (11) 2878-2881 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1402. (PMID: 33082245)
- 45 Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J. et al. Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2020; 383 (15) 1413-1424 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022190. (PMID: 32865377)
- 46 Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ. et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials. Lancet 2020; 396: 819-829 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31824-9. (PMID: 32877652)
- 47 Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG. et al. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (02) 117-128 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2030183. (PMID: 33200892)
- 48 Pratley RE, Husain M, Lingvay I. et al. Heart failure with insulin degludec versus glargine U100 in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular disease: DEVOTE 14. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18 (01) 156 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0960-8. (PMID: 31729990)
- 49 Standl E, Stevens SR, Lokhnygina Y. et al. Confirming the Bidirectional Nature of the Association Between Severe Hypoglycemic and Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: Insights From EXSCEL. Diabetes Care 2020; 43 (03) 643-652 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1079. (PMID: 31882409)
- 50 Standl E, Stevens SR, Armstrong PW. et al. Increased Risk of Severe Hypoglycemic Events Before and After Cardiovascular Outcomes in TECOS Suggests an At-Risk Type 2 Diabetes Frail Patient Phenotype. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (03) 596-603 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-1778. (PMID: 29311155)
- 51 Iqbal A, Heller S. Managing hypoglycaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 30 (03) 413-430 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.06.004. (PMID: 27432075)
- 52 Chow E, Bernjak A, Williams S. et al. Risk of cardiac arrhythmias during hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes 2014; 63 (05) 1738-1747 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0468. (PMID: 24757202)
- 53 Fitzpatrick C, Chatterjee S, Seidu S. et al. Association of hypoglycaemia and risk of cardiac arrhythmia in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 (09) 2169-2178 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13348. (PMID: 29740922)
- 54 Bauersachs J. Heart failure drug treatment: the fantastic four. Eur Heart J 2021; 42 (06) 681-683 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1012. (PMID: 33447845)
- 55 Bauersachs J, Böhm M. Sodium-Glukose-Transporter 2(SGLT2)-Hemmer bei Herzinsuffizienz. Der Kardiologe 2022; 16 (01) 46-52
- 56 Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J. et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (21) 2140-2150 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa032423. (PMID: 15152059)
- 57 Ghali JK, Boehmer J, Feldman AM. et al. Influence of diabetes on cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillator in patients with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 2007; 13 (09) 769-773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.06.723. (PMID: 17996827)
- 58 Køber L, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC. et al. Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2016; 375 (13) 1221-1230 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1608029. (PMID: 27571011)
- 59 Rørth R, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC. et al. The effect of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with diabetes and non-ischaemic systolic heart failure. Europace 2019; 21 (08) 1203-1210 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euz114. (PMID: 31323662)
- 60 Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB. et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: Developed by the Task Force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). European Heart Journal 2021; 42 (35) 3427-3520 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364. (PMID: 34455430)
- 61 Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G. et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 1451-1461 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038. (PMID: 34449189)
- 62 Smooke S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Insulin-treated diabetes is associated with a marked increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 2005; 149: 168-174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.07.005. (PMID: 15660049)
- 63 Shen L, Rørth R, Cosmi D. et al. Insulin treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21 (08) 974-984 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1535. (PMID: 31271255)
- 64 Cosmi F, Shen L, Magnoli M. et al. Treatment with insulin is associated with worse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes. Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20 (05) 888-895 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1146. (PMID: 29488676)
- 65 Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR. et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (04) 319-328 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203858. (PMID: 22686416)
- 66 Marso SP, McGuire DK, Zinman B. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Degludec versus Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (08) 723-732 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615692. (PMID: 28605603)
- 67 Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA. et al. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2345-251 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.10.2345. (PMID: 16186261)
- 68 McGuire DK, Alexander JH, Johansen OE. et al. Linagliptin Effects on Heart Failure and Related Outcomes in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk in CARMELINA. Circulation 2019; 139 (03) 351-361 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038352. (PMID: 30586723)
- 69 Rosenstock J, Kahn SE, Johansen OE. et al. Effect of Linagliptin vs Glimepiride on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The CAROLINA Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 2019; 322 (12) 1155-1166 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.13772. (PMID: 31536101)
- 70 Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ. et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1279-1289 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67528-9. (PMID: 16214598)
- 71 Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J. et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368: 1096-1105 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69420-8. (PMID: 16997664)
- 72 Scirica BM, Braunwald E, Raz I. et al. Heart failure, saxagliptin, and diabetes mellitus: observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 randomized trial. Circulation 2014; 130 (18) 1579-1588 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010389. (PMID: 25189213)
- 73 White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR. et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (14) 1327-1335 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1305889. (PMID: 23992602)
- 74 Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW. et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (03) 232-242 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1501352. (PMID: 26052984)
- 75 Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL. et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9 (10) 653-662 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5. (PMID: 34425083)
- 76 Giugliano D, Scappaticcio L, Longo M. et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20 (01) 189 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8. (PMID: 34526024)
- 77 Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I. et al. Comparison of the Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for Prevention of Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation 2019; 139 (17) 2022-2031 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038868. (PMID: 30786725)
- 78 Lam CSP, Ramasundarahettige C, Branch KRH. et al. Efpeglenatide and Clinical Outcomes with and without Concomitant Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibition Use in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Analysis of the AMPLITUDE-O Trial. Circulation 2021; 145 (08) 565-574 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057934. (PMID: 34775781)
- 79 Jorsal A, Kistorp C, Holmager P. et al. Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)-a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19 (01) 69-77 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.657. (PMID: 27790809)
- 80 Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM. et al. Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 2016; 316 (05) 500-508 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.10260. (PMID: 27483064)
- 81 Butler J, Anker SD, Filippatos G. et al. Sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors and heart failure outcomes across different patient populations. Eur Heart J 2021; 42 (48) 4887-4890 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab704. (PMID: 34718518)
- 82 McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F. et al. Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 06 (02) 148-158 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4511. (PMID: 33031522)
- 83 Piepoli MF, Adamo M, Barison A. et al. Preventing heart failure: a position paper of the Heart Failure Association in collaboration with the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24 (01) 143-168 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2351. (PMID: 35083829)