Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000020.xml
Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2022; 82(11): 1143-1193
DOI: 10.1055/a-1904-6546
DOI: 10.1055/a-1904-6546
GebFra Science
Guideline/Leitlinie
Vaginale Geburt am Termin – Teil 1. Leitlinie der DGGG, OEGGG und SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF-Registernummer 015/083, Dezember 2020)
Article in several languages: English | deutsch
Zusammenfassung
Ziel Das Ziel der vorliegenden Leitlinie ist die Zusammenfassung des aktuellen Wissens über die vaginale Geburt am Termin mit dem Fokus auf Definition der physiologischen Geburtsphasen mit Abgrenzung pathologischer Entwicklungen und Zustände sowie einer Einschätzung der Notwendigkeit oder auch Vermeidung einer Intervention. In diesem 1. Teil werden Empfehlungen und Statements zur Aufklärung und Beratung, der allgemeinen Betreuung, dem Monitoring, dem Schmerzmanagement und zur Qualitätssicherung von vaginalen Geburten präsentiert.
Methoden Die deutschen Empfehlungen geben inhaltlich überwiegend die Empfehlungen der National-Institute-for-Health-and-Care-Excellence-(NICE-)Leitlinie CG 190 „Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies“ wieder. In Einzelfällen wurden für die Erstellung der vorliegenden Leitlinien auch andere internationale Leitlinien verwendet. Darüber hinaus erfolgte, sofern für notwendig erachtet, eine systematische Literaturrecherche und -bewertung anhand von PICO-Fragen und die Berücksichtigung weiterer systematischer Reviews oder Einzelstudien. Zur Bewertung der Qualität zusätzlich berücksichtigter Studien wurden die Bewertungsinstrumente des Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) zur leichteren Verständlichkeit angewendet. Ansonsten wurden in der NICE-Leitlinie sowie den Evidenzberichten des IQWiG das GRADE-System zur Bewertung der Qualität der Evidenz verwendet.
Empfehlungen Die Formulierung von Empfehlungen und Statements erfolgte auf Basis identifizierter Evidenzen und/oder durch eine strukturierte Konsensfindung.
Publication History
Received: 16 July 2022
Accepted after revision: 16 July 2022
Article published online:
03 November 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References/Literatur
- 1 Ackermann-Liebrich U, Voegeli T, Gunter-Witt K. et al. Home versus hospital deliveries: follow up study of matched pairs for procedures and outcome. Zurich Study Team. BMJ 1996; 313: 1313-1318 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.313.7068.1313.
- 2 Begley C, Devane D, Clarke M. et al. Comparison of midwife-led and consultant-led care of healthy women at low risk of childbirth complications in the Republic of Ireland: a randomised trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11: 85 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-85.
- 3 Birthplace in England Collaborative Group. Brocklehurst P, Hardy P. et al. Perinatal and maternal outcomes by planned place of birth for healthy women with low risk pregnancies: the Birthplace in England national prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343: d7400 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d7400.
- 4 Blix E, Huitfeldt AS, Oian P. et al. Outcomes of planned home births and planned hospital births in low-risk women in Norway between 1990 and 2007: a retrospective cohort study. Sex Reprod Healthc 2012; 3: 147-153 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2012.10.001.
- 5 Byrne JP, Crowther CA, Moss JR. A randomised controlled trial comparing birthing centre care with delivery suite care in Adelaide, Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 40: 268-274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2000.tb03333.x.
- 6 Campbell R, Macfarlane A, Hempsall V. et al. Evaluation of midwife-led care provided at the Royal Bournemouth Hospital. Midwifery 1999; 15: 183-193 DOI: 10.1016/s0266-6138(99)90063-3.
- 7 Chapman MG, Jones M, Spring JE. et al. The use of a birthroom: a randomized controlled trial comparing delivery with that in the labour ward. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 182-187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07884.x.
- 8 Coxon K, Sandall J, Fulop N. Do Birth Place Decisions Change Over a Womanʼs Childbearing Career?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013; 87 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-303966.2081K.
- 9 Davis D, Baddock S, Pairman S. et al. Planned place of birth in New Zealand: does it affect mode of birth and intervention rates among low-risk women?. Birth 2011; 38: 111-119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00458.x.
- 10 Davis D, Baddock S, Pairman S. et al. Risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage in low-risk childbearing women in new zealand: exploring the effect of place of birth and comparing third stage management of labor. Birth 2012; 39: 98-105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2012.00531.x.
- 11 de Jonge A, van der Goes BY, Ravelli AC. et al. Perinatal mortality and morbidity in a nationwide cohort of 529,688 low-risk planned home and hospital births. BJOG 2009; 116: 1177-1184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02175.x.
- 12 de Jonge A, Mesman JA, Mannien J. et al. Severe adverse maternal outcomes among low risk women with planned home versus hospital births in the Netherlands: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2013; 346: f3263 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f3263.
- 13 Dowswell T, Thornton JG, Hewison J. et al. Should there be a trial of home versus hospital delivery in the United Kingdom?. BMJ 1996; 312: 753-757 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7033.753.
- 14 Eide BI, Nilsen AB, Rasmussen S. Births in two different delivery units in the same clinic–a prospective study of healthy primiparous women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009; 9: 25 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-9-25.
- 15 Feldman E, Hurst M. Outcomes and procedures in low risk birth: a comparison of hospital and birth center settings. Birth 1987; 14: 18-24 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1987.tb01444.x.
- 16 Gaudineau A, Sauleau EA, Nisand I. et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in a home-like birth centre: a case-control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287: 211-216 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2553-6.
- 17 Hundley VA, Cruickshank FM, Lang GD. et al. Midwife managed delivery unit: a randomised controlled comparison with consultant led care. BMJ 1994; 309: 1400-1404 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.309.6966.1400.
- 18 Hutton EK, Reitsma AH, Kaufman K. Outcomes associated with planned home and planned hospital births in low-risk women attended by midwives in Ontario, Canada, 2003–2006: a retrospective cohort study. Birth 2009; 36: 180-189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2009.00322.x.
- 19 Jackson DJ, Lang JM, Swartz WH. et al. Outcomes, safety, and resource utilization in a collaborative care birth center program compared with traditional physician-based perinatal care. Am J Public Health 2003; 93: 999-1006 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.93.6.999.
- 20 Janssen PA, Lee SK, Ryan EM. et al. Outcomes of planned home births versus planned hospital births after regulation of midwifery in British Columbia. CMAJ 2002; 166: 315-323
- 21 Klein M, Papageorgiou A, Westreich R. et al. Care in a birth room versus a conventional setting: a controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 131: 1461-1466
- 22 Lindgren HE, Radestad IJ, Christensson K. et al. Outcome of planned home births compared to hospital births in Sweden between 1992 and 2004. A population-based register study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 751-759 DOI: 10.1080/00016340802199903.
- 23 MacVicar J, Dobbie G, Owen-Johnstone L. et al. Simulated home delivery in hospital: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 316-323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb12972.x.
- 24 Nove A, Berrington A, Matthews Z. Comparing the odds of postpartum haemorrhage in planned home birth against planned hospital birth: results of an observational study of over 500,000 maternities in the UK. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12: 130 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-130.
- 25 Overgaard C, Fenger-Gron M, Sandall J. The impact of birthplace on womenʼs birth experiences and perceptions of care. Soc Sci Med 2012; 74: 973-981 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.023.
- 26 Pang JW, Heffelfinger JD, Huang GJ. et al. Outcomes of planned home births in Washington State: 1989–1996. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 253-259 DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02074-4.
- 27 Schroeder E, Petrou S, Patel N. et al. Cost effectiveness of alternative planned places of birth in woman at low risk of complications: evidence from the Birthplace in England national prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012; 344: e2292 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e2292.
- 28 Scupholme A, McLeod AG, Robertson EG. A birth center affiliated with the tertiary care center: comparison of outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67: 598-603
- 29 Stone PW. Maternity care outcomes: assessing a nursing model of care for low-risk pregnancy. Outcomes Manag Nurs Pract 1998; 2: 71-75
- 30 van der Kooy J, Poeran J, de Graaf JP. et al. Planned home compared with planned hospital births in the Netherlands: intrapartum and early neonatal death in low-risk pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 1037-1046 DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182319737.
- 31 Waldenstrom U, Nilsson CA. A randomized controlled study of birth center care versus standard maternity care: effects on womenʼs health. Birth 1997; 24: 17-26 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1997.tb00332.x.
- 32 Woodcock HC, Read AW, Bower C. et al. A matched cohort study of planned home and hospital births in Western Australia 1981–1987. Midwifery 1994; 10: 125-135 DOI: 10.1016/0266-6138(94)90042-6.
- 33 Bauer S, Kotter C. Versorgungsalternative zur Klinikentbindung?. Z Geburtsh Neonatol 2013; 217: 14-23
- 34 Gesellschaft für Qualität in der außerklinischen Geburtshilfe e.V. (QUAG). Geburtenzahlen in Deutschland. 2019. Accessed September 20, 2022 at: https://www.quag.de/quag/geburtenzahlen.htm
- 35 Institut für klinische Epidemiologie, Teil des Instituts für Integrierte Versorgung der Tirol Kliniken GmbH. Geburtenregister Österreich. Bericht über die Geburtshilfe in Österreich 2017. 2018. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.iet.at/data.cfm?vpath=publikationen210/groe/groe-jahresbericht-2018
- 36 Schweizerischer Hebammenverband (SHV). Statistikbericht der frei praktizierenden Hebammen der Schweiz 2017. 2018. Accessed September 22, 2022 at: https://www.hebamme.ch/qualitaet/statistikberichte-fph/
- 37 Waldenstrom U, Nilsson CA. Womenʼs satisfaction with birth center care: a randomized, controlled study. Birth 1993; 20: 3-13
- 38 Waldenstrom U, Nilsson CA. Experience of childbirth in birth center care. A randomized controlled study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994; 73: 547-554 DOI: 10.3109/00016349409006271.
- 39 Littlefield VM, Adams BN. Patient participation in alternative perinatal care: impact on satisfaction and health locus of control. Res Nurs Health 1987; 10: 139-148 DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770100305.
- 40 Janssen PA, Still DK, Klein MC. et al. Early labor assessment and support at home versus telephone triage: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1463-1469 DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000247644.64154.bb.
- 41 Geerts CC, Klomp T, Lagro-Janssen AL. et al. Birth setting, transfer and maternal sense of control: results from the DELIVER study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 27 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-27.
- 42 Shaw I. Reactions to transfer out of a hospital birth center: a pilot study. Birth 1985; 12: 147-150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1985.tb00953.x.
- 43 Tingstig C, Gottvall K, Grunewald C. et al. Satisfaction with a modified form of in-hospital birth center care compared with standard maternity care. Birth 2012; 39: 106-114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2012.00533.x.
- 44 Esposito NW. Marginalized womenʼs comparisons of their hospital and freestanding birth center experiences: a contrast of inner-city birthing systems. Health Care Women Int 1999; 20: 111-126 DOI: 10.1080/073993399245827.
- 45 Christiaens W, Verhaeghe M, Bracke P. Childbirth expectations and experiences in Belgian and Dutch models of maternity care. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 2008; 26: 309-322
- 46 Christiaens W, Gouwy A, Bracke P. Does a referral from home to hospital affect satisfaction with childbirth? A cross-national comparison. BMC Health Serv Res 2007; 7: 109 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-109.
- 47 Dahlen HG, Barclay LM, Homer CS. The novice birthing: theorising first-time mothersʼ experiences of birth at home and in hospital in Australia. Midwifery 2010; 26: 53-63 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.01.012.
- 48 Coyle KL, Hauck Y, Percival P. et al. Normality and collaboration: mothersʼ perceptions of birth centre versus hospital care. Midwifery 2001; 17: 182-193 DOI: 10.1054/midw.2001.0256.
- 49 Coyle KL, Hauck Y, Percival P. et al. Ongoing relationships with a personal focus: mothersʼ perceptions of birth centre versus hospital care. Midwifery 2001; 17: 171-181 DOI: 10.1054/midw.2001.0258.
- 50 Gagnon AJ, Sandall J. Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2007 (03) CD002869 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002869.pub2.
- 51 Johnson R, Slade P. Does fear of childbirth during pregnancy predict emergency caesarean section?. BJOG 2002; 109: 1213-1221 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.01351.x.
- 52 Bt Maznin NL, Creedy DK. A comprehensive systematic review of factors influencing womenʼs birthing preferences. JBI Libr Syst Rev 2012; 10: 232-306 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2012-46.
- 53 OʼCathain A, Walters SJ, Nicholl JP. et al. Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: randomised controlled trial in everyday practice. BMJ 2002; 324: 643 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7338.643.
- 54 Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R. et al. Life satisfaction, general well-being and costs of treatment for severe fear of childbirth in nulliparous women by psychoeducative group or conventional care attendance. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94: 527-533 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12594.
- 55 Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R. et al. Obstetric outcome after intervention for severe fear of childbirth in nulliparous women – randomised trial. BJOG 2013; 120: 75-84 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12011.
- 56 Stapleton H, Kirkham M, Thomas G. Qualitative study of evidence based leaflets in maternity care. BMJ 2002; 324: 639 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7338.639.
- 57 Thomas J, Callwood A, Brocklehurst P. et al. The National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit. BJOG 2000; 107: 579-580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13296.x.
- 58 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe e.V. (DGGG). S3-Leitlinie Sectio Caesarea. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2021; 81: 896-921 DOI: 10.1055/a-1529-6141.
- 59 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Caesarean section. Clinical guideline [CG132]. National Collaborating Centre for Womenʼs and Childrenʼs Health (UK). Caesarean Section. London: RCOG Press; 2011
- 60 Waldenstrom U, Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. et al. A negative birth experience: prevalence and risk factors in a national sample. Birth 2004; 31: 17-27 DOI: 10.1111/j.0730-7659.2004.0270.x.
- 61 Loh A, Simon D, Levente K. et al. Patientenbeteiligung bei medizinischen Entscheidungen. Effekte der Partizipativen Entscheidungsfindung aus systematischen Reviews. Dtsch Arztebl 2007; 104: A1483-A1488
- 62 Vlemmix F, Warendorf JK, Rosman AN. et al. Decision aids to improve infomed decision-making in pregacy care: a systematic review. BJOG 2013; 120: 257-266 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12060.
- 63 Durand MA, Carpenter L, Dolan H. et al. Do interventions designed to support shared decision-making reduce health inequalities? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e94670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094670.
- 64 Stacey D, Legare F, Lewis K. et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (04) CD001431 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001431.pub5.
- 65 Horey D, Kealy M, Davey MA. et al. Interventions for supporting pregnant womenʼs decision-making about mode of birth after a caesarean. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (07) CD010041 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010041.pub2.
- 66 Knape N. Eine Sekundärdatenanalyse der Arbeitsbelastung und Betreuungsdichte von Hebammen in der klinischen Geburtsbetreuung von Low-Risk-Gebärenden [Dissertation]. Witten: Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten Fakultät für Gesundheit, Department für Pflegewissenschaft; 2016: 41f
- 67 National Institute for Health and Care-Excellence (NICE). Intrapartum Care. Care of healthy woman and their babies during childbirth. Clinical guideline [CG 190]. NICE CG190 National Collaborating Centre for Womenʼs and Childrenʼs Health; 2014. Accessed October 10, 2022 at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190
- 68 Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C. et al. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (07) CD003766 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6.
- 69 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG). Evidenzbericht zur Anwesenheit und Verfügbarkeit des geburtshilflichen Fachpersonals. IQWiG-Berichte – Nr. 635. 2018 Accessed October 21, 2022 at: https://www.iqwig.de/download/v16-01b_anwesenheit-und-verfuegbarkeit-des-geburtshilflichen-fachpersonals_rapid-report_v1-0.pdf
- 70 Amiri Farahani L, Rajabi F, Shirazi V. Effect of Different Birthing Positions during the Second Stage of Labor on Motherʼs Experiences Regarding Birth, Pain, Anxiety and Fatigue. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2012; 22: 75-83
- 71 Sehhati F, Najjarzadeh M, Seyyedrasouli A. et al. Effect of continuous midwifery care on length of labor. J Caring Sci 2012; 1: 47-52 DOI: 10.5681/jcs.2012.007.
- 72 Zhang T, Liu C. Comparison between continuing midwifery care and standard maternity care in vaginal birth after cesarean. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32: 711-714 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.323.9546.
- 73 Hodnett ED, Gates S, Hofmeyr GJ. et al. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (03) CD003766
- 74 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG). Evidenzbericht zur Erfahrung/Expertise des geburtshilflichen Fachpersonals. IQWiG-Berichte – Nr. 705. 2018 Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.iqwig.de/download/v16-01b_erfahrung-expertise-des-geburtshilflichen-fachpersonals_rapid-report_v1-0.pdf
- 75 Chaillet N, Dumont A, Abrahamowicz M. et al. A cluster-randomized trial to reduce cesarean delivery rates in Quebec. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1710-1721 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407120.
- 76 Lomas J, Enkin M, Anderson GM. et al. Opinion leaders vs. audit and feedback to implement practice guidelines. Delivery after previous cesarean section. JAMA 1991; 265: 2202-2207
- 77 Belghiti J, Coulm B, Kayem G. et al. [Oxytocin administration during labor. Results from the 2010 French National Perinatal Survey]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2013; 42: 662-670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.02.011.
- 78 Chuilon AL, Le Ray C, Prunet C. et al. [Episiotomy in France in 2010: Variations according to obstetrical context and place of birth]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2016; 45: 691-700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.10.005.
- 79 Coulm B, Le Ray C, Lelong N. et al. Obstetric interventions for low-risk pregnant women in France: do maternity unit characteristics make a difference?. Birth 2012; 39: 183-191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2012.00547.x.
- 80 Finnstrom O, Berg G, Norman A. et al. Size of delivery unit and neonatal outcome in Sweden. A catchment area analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85: 63-67 DOI: 10.1080/00016340500324225.
- 81 Karalis E, Gissler M, Tapper AM. et al. Effect of hospital size and on-call arrangements on intrapartum and early neonatal mortality among low-risk newborns in Finland. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 198: 116-119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.10.020.
- 82 Wehberg S, Guldberg R, Gradel KO. et al. Risk factors and between-hospital variation of caesarean section in Denmark: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019120 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019120.
- 83 Hodnett ED, Downe S, Walsh D. Alternative versus conventional institutional settings for birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012 (08) CD000012 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000012.pub4.
- 84 Hodnett ED, Stremler R, Weston JA. et al. Re-conceptualizing the hospital labor room: the PLACE (pregnant and laboring in an ambient clinical environment) pilot trial. Birth 2009; 36: 159-166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2009.00311.x.
- 85 Aburas R, Pati D, Casanova R. et al. The influence of nature stimulus in enhancing the birth experience. HERD 2017; 10: 81-100 DOI: 10.1177/1937586716665581.
- 86 Lorentzen I. Birth Environment of the Future. Accessed March 10, 2018 at: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02478385%22%3ehttps://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02478385
- 87 Ayerle G, Schäfers R, Mattern E. et al. Design und methodische Herausforderungen in der randomisiert kontrollierten, multizentrisch angelegten Studie „BE-UP“ zum Effekt der Geburtsumgebung auf das maternale und neonatale Outcome. 4 Internationale Fachtagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hebammenwissenschaft (DGHWi); 16.02.2020. 2018.
- 88 Mendelson CL. The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during obstetric anesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1946; 52: 191-205 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(16)39829-5.
- 89 Parsons M. Policy or tradition: oral intake in labour. Aust J Midwifery 2001; 14: 6-12 DOI: 10.1016/s1445-4386(01)80017-3.
- 90 American College of Nurse-Midwives. Providing oral nutrition to women in labor. J Midwifery Womens Health 2016; 61: 528-534 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12515.
- 91 Simkin P. Stress, pain, and catecholamines in labor: Part 1. A review. Birth 1986; 13: 227-233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1986.tb01053.x.
- 92 Armstrong TS, Johnston IG. Which women want food during labour?: results of an audit in a Scottish DGH. Health Bull (Edinb) 2000; 58: 141-144
- 93 Vallejo MC, Cobb BT, Steen TL. et al. Maternal outcomes in women supplemented with a high-protein drink in labour. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 53: 369-374 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12079.
- 94 Scrutton MJ, Metcalfe GA, Lowy C. et al. Eating in labour. A randomised controlled trial assessing the risks and benefits. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 329-334 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00750.x.
- 95 Kubli M, Scrutton MJ, Seed PT. et al. An evaluation of isotonic “sport drinks” during labor. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 404-408 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200202000-00033.
- 96 Scheepers HC, Essed GG, Brouns F. Aspects of food and fluid intake during labour. Policies of midwives and obstetricians in The Netherlands. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998; 78: 37-40 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(98)00007-4.
- 97 Scheepers HC, de Jong PA, Essed GG. et al. Carbohydrate solution intake during labour just before the start of the second stage: a double-blind study on metabolic effects and clinical outcome. BJOG 2004; 111: 1382-1387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00277.x.
- 98 Scheepers HC, Thans MC, de Jong PA. et al. A double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled study on the influence of carbohydrate solution intake during labour. BJOG 2002; 109: 178-181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01062.x.
- 99 Scheepers HC, Thans MC, de Jong PA. et al. The effects of oral carbohydrate administration on fetal acid base balance. J Perinat Med 2002; 30: 400-404 DOI: 10.1515/JPM.2002.062.
- 100 Ludka LM, Roberts CC. Eating and drinking in labor. A literature review. J Nurse Midwifery 1993; 38: 199-207 DOI: 10.1016/0091-2182(93)90003-y.
- 101 OʼSullivan G. The stomach–fact and fantasy: eating and drinking during labor. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1994; 32: 31-44
- 102 Dalton C, Gudgeon C. Fasting or feeding during labour. Med J Aust 1987; 147: 625-626 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133720.x.
- 103 Douglas M. Commentary: the case against a more liberal food and fluid policy in labor. Birth 1988; 15: 93-94
- 104 Sleutel M, Golden SS. Fasting in labor: relic or requirement. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1999; 28: 507-512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1999.tb02024.x.
- 105 Pengelley L, Gyte G. Eating and drinking in labour (IV). A summary of medical research to facilitate informed choice about the care of mother and child. Pract Midwife 1998; 1: 24-26
- 106 Speak S. Food intake in labour: the benefits and drawbacks. Nurs Times 2002; 98: 42-43
- 107 OʼSullivan G, Scrutton M. NPO during labor. Is there any scientific validation?. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 2003; 21: 87-98 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8537(02)00029-9.
- 108 Singata M, Tranmer J, Gyte GM. Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013 (08) CD003930 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003930.pub3.
- 109 Malin GL, Bugg GJ, Thornton J. et al. Does oral carbohydrate supplementation improve labour outcome? A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. BJOG 2016; 123: 510-517 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13728.
- 110 Ayres-de-Campos D, Spong CY, Chandraharan E. et al. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131: 13-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.020.
- 111 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG). Evidenzbericht zur intrapartalen Ultraschalldiagnostik. IQWiG-Berichte – Nr. 578. 2018. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.iqwig.de/download/v16-01b_evidenzbericht-zur-intrapartalen-ultraschalldiagnostik_rapid-report_v1-0.pdf?rev=187261
- 112 Ghi T, Eggebo T, Lees C. et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52: 128-139 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19072.
- 113 Simkin P. Just another day in a womanʼs life? Womenʼs long-term perceptions of their first birth experience. Part I. Birth 1991; 18: 203-210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1991.tb00103.x.
- 114 Green JM. Expectations and experiences of pain in labor: findings from a large prospective study. Birth 1993; 20: 65-72 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1993.tb00419.x.
- 115 Lowe NK. Maternal confidence for labor: development of the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Res Nurs Health 1993; 16: 141-149 DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770160209.
- 116 Christiaens W, Bracke P. Assessment of social psychological determinants of satisfaction with childbirth in a cross-national perspective. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007; 7: 26 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-7-26.
- 117 Van der Gucht N, Lewis K. Womenʼs experiences of coping with pain during childbirth: a critical review of qualitative research. Midwifery 2015; 31: 349-358 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2014.12.005.
- 118 Kannan S, Jamison RN, Datta S. Maternal satisfaction and pain control in women electing natural childbirth. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26: 468-472 DOI: 10.1053/rapm.2001.24260.
- 119 Nikkola E, Laara A, Hinkka S. et al. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia in labor does not always improve maternal satisfaction. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85: 188-194 DOI: 10.1080/00016340500409935.
- 120 Hodnett ED. Pain and womenʼs satisfaction with the experience of childbirth: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: S160-S172 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2002.121141.
- 121 Capogna G, Alahuhtat S, Celleno D. et al. Maternal expectations and experiences of labour pain and analgesia: a multicentre study of nulliparous women. Int J Obstet Anesth 1996; 5: 229-235 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-289x(96)80042-2.
- 122 Dickinson JE, Paech MJ, McDonald SJ. et al. Maternal satisfaction with childbirth and intrapartum analgesia in nulliparous labour. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 43: 463-468 DOI: 10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00152.x.
- 123 Ranta P, Spalding M, Kangas-Saarela T. et al. Maternal expectations and experiences of labour pain–options of 1091 Finnish parturients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 60-66 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb05593.x.
- 124 Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT. et al. Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (03) CD009514 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009514.pub2.
- 125 Huntley AL, Coon JT, Ernst E. Complementary and alternative medicine for labor pain: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 36-44 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.008.
- 126 Cheung NF. Choice and control as experienced by Chinese and Scottish childbearing women in Scotland. Midwifery 2002; 18: 200-213 DOI: 10.1054/midw.2002.0315.
- 127 Cluett ER, Nikodem VC, McCandlish RE. et al. Immersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (02) CD000111 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000111.pub2.
- 128 Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Taylor S. et al. Labor pain is reduced by massage therapy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 18: 286-291 DOI: 10.3109/01674829709080701.
- 129 Chang MY, Wang SY, Chen CH. Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan. J Adv Nurs 2002; 38: 68-73 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02147.x.
- 130 Cluett ER, Pickering RM, Getliffe K. et al. Randomised controlled trial of labouring in water compared with standard of augmentation for management of dystocia in first stage of labour. BMJ 2004; 328: 314 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.37963.606412.EE.
- 131 Lee MK, Chang SB, Kang DH. Effects of SP6 acupressure on labor pain and length of delivery time in women during labor. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10: 959-965 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.959.
- 132 Madden K, Middleton P, Cyna AM. et al. Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016 (05) CD009356 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009356.pub3.
- 133 Nesheim BI, Kinge R, Berg B. et al. Acupuncture during labor can reduce the use of meperidine: a controlled clinical study. Clin J Pain 2003; 19: 187-191 DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200305000-00006.
- 134 Ramnero A, Hanson U, Kihlgren M. Acupuncture treatment during labour–a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2002; 109: 637-644
- 135 Skilnand E, Fossen D, Heiberg E. Acupuncture in the management of pain in labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81: 943-948 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.811008.x.
- 136 Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA. Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (07) CD009215 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009215.
- 137 Chen SF, Wang CH, Chan PT. et al. Labour pain control by aromatherapy: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Women Birth 2019; 32: 327-335 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.09.010.
- 138 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG). Recherche zur aktuellen Evidenz komplementär-medizinischer Maßnahmen, fokussiert auf die Homöopathie, zur Schmerzerleichterung während der Geburt. IQWiG-Berichte – Nr. 712. 2017. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.iqwig.de/download/v16-01c_s3-leitlinie-vaginale-geburt-am-termin-recherche-zu-homoeopathie_rapid-report_v1-0.pdf
- 139 Zafar S, Najam Y, Arif Z. et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing Pentazocine and Chamomilla recutita for labor pain relief. Homeopathy 2016; 105: 66-70 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.09.003.
- 140 Dowswell T, Bedwell C, Lavender T. et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (02) CD007214 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007214.pub2.
- 141 Derry S, Straube S, Moore RA. et al. Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (01) CD009107 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009107.pub2.
- 142 Gogarten W, Bürkle H, VanAken H. et al. Durchführung von Regionalanästhesien in der Geburtshilfe. Anästh Intensivmed 2004; 45: 151-153
- 143 Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T. et al. Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012 (03) CD009234 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2.
- 144 Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM. et al. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (05) CD000331 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4.
- 145 Bremerich DH, Greve S. Die neue S1-Leitlinie „Geburtshilfliche Analgesie und Anästhesie“ – Vorstellung und Kommentar. Anaesthesist 2021; 70: 229-236 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-020-00910-7.
- 146 Ahlborg jr. G, Axelsson G, Bodin L. Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure and subfertility among Swedish midwives. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 783-790 DOI: 10.1093/ije/25.4.783.
- 147 Axelsson G, Ahlborg jr. G, Bodin L. Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure, and spontaneous abortion among Swedish midwives. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53: 374-378 DOI: 10.1136/oem.53.6.374.
- 148 Bodin L, Axelsson G, Ahlborg jr. G. The association of shift work and nitrous oxide exposure in pregnancy with birth weight and gestational age. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 429-436 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199907000-00012.
- 149 Boivin JF. Risk of spontaneous abortion in women occupationally exposed to anaesthetic gases: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 541-548 DOI: 10.1136/oem.54.8.541.
- 150 Zielhuis G, Peelen SJ, Florack EI. et al. Hospital work and fecundability. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999; 25: 47-48
- 151 Dammer U, Weiss C, Raabe E. et al. Introduction of inhaled nitrous oxide and oxygen for pain management during labour – evaluation of patientsʼ and midwivesʼ satisfaction. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014; 74: 656-660 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1368606.
- 152 Zanardo V, Volpe F, Parotto M. et al. Nitrous oxide labor analgesia and pain relief memory in breastfeeding women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31: 3243-3248 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1368077.
- 153 Richardson MG, Lopez BM, Baysinger CL. et al. Nitrous oxide during labor: maternal satisfaction does not depend exclusively on analgesic effectiveness. Anesth Analg 2017; 124: 548-553 DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001680.
- 154 Richardson MG, Raymond BL, Baysinger CL. et al. A qualitative analysis of parturientsʼ experiences using nitrous oxide for labor analgesia: It is not just about pain relief. Birth 2019; 46: 97-104 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12374.
- 155 Leong EW, Sivanesaratnam V, Oh LL. et al. Epidural analgesia in primigravidae in spontaneous labour at term: a prospective study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2000; 26: 271-275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2000.tb01321.x.
- 156 Weibel S, Jelting Y, Afshari A. et al. Patient-controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (04) CD011989 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011989.pub2.
- 157 Selbmann H, Eißner H, Warnke W. Qualitätssicherung in der Geburtshilfe. Materialien und Berichte. Gerlingen: Bleicher Verlag; 1989
- 158 Institut für Qualitätssicherung und Transparenz im Gesundheitswesen (IQTIQ). Bundesauswertung zum Erfassungsjahr. 2017. Geburtshilfe. Qualitätsindikatoren. Berlin: 2018. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://iqtig.org/downloads/auswertung/2017/16n1gebh/QSKH_16n1-GEBH_2017_BUAW_V02_2018-08-01.pdf
- 159 Dangel-Vogelsang B, Holthaus E, Kolleck B, Korporal J. Außerklinische Geburtshilfe in Hessen: Wie modern ist die Hebammen-Geburtshilfe?. Hamburg: E B Verlag; 1997
- 160 GKV Spitzenverband. Hebammenhilfevertrag. Anlage 3 Qualitätsvereinbarung zum Vertrag nach § 134a SGB V. Redaktionell angepasst am 01.04.2020. 2015. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.gkv-spitzenverband.de/media/dokumente/krankenversicherung_1/ambulante_leistungen/hebammen/20200401_Hebammen_Anlage_3_Qualitaetsvereinbarung.pdf
- 161 AQUA-Institut. Bundesauswertung zum Erfassungsjahr 2009 16/1 – Geburtshilfe. Qualitätsindikatoren. Göttingen: AQUA-Institut; 2010
- 162 AQUA-Institut. Bundesauswertung zum Erfassungsjahr 2011 16/1 – Geburtshilfe. Qualitätsindikatoren. Göttingen: AQUA-Institut; 2012
- 163 AQUA-Institut. Bundesauswertung zum Erfassungsjahr 2013 16/1 – Geburtshilfe. Qualitätsindikatoren. Göttingen: AQUA-Institut; 2014
- 164 Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss. Richtlinie des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses Richtlinie zu planungsrelevanten Qualitätsindikatoren – plan. QI-RL. 2019. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.g-ba.de/richtlinien/91/
- 165 Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK (WIdO). QSR – Verfahren. Entwicklung der Leistungsbereiche Vaginale Entbindung und Sectio Abschlussbericht. Berlin: Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK; 2016
- 166 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Perinatale Medizin. S1-Leitlinie 087-001: Empfehlungen für die strukturellen Voraussetzungen der perinatologischen Versorgung in Deutschland. 2015. Accessed October 15, 2022 at: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/087-001.html
- 167 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Safe midwifery staffing for maternity settings. NICE guideline [NG4]. 2015. Accessed October 09, 2022 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-institute-for-clinical-excellence
- 168 Bazian Ltd.. Safe midwife staffing for maternity settings: The relationship between midwife staffing at a local level and maternal and neonatal outcomes, and factors affecting these requirements. A report for the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. London: Bazian Ltd.; 2014
- 169 Tucker J, Parry G, Penney G. et al. Is midwife workload associated with quality of process of care (continuous electronic fetal monitoring [CEFM]) and neonatal outcome indicators? A prospective study in consultant-led labour wards in Scotland. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17: 369-377 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2003.00524.x.
- 170 Cerbinskaite A, Malone S, McDermott J. et al. Emergency caesarean section: influences on the decision-to-delivery interval. J Pregnancy 2011; 2011: 640379 DOI: 10.1155/2011/640379.
- 171 Cheyne H, Dunlop A, Shields N. et al. A randomised controlled trial of admission electronic fetal monitoring in normal labour. Midwifery 2003; 19: 221-229
- 172 Mitchell K. The effect of the labour electronic fetal monitoring admission test on operative delivery in low-risk women: a randomised controlled trial. Evidence Based Midwifery 2008; 6: 18-26
- 173 Mires G, Williams F, Howie P. Randomised controlled trial of cardiotocography versus Doppler auscultation of fetal heart at admission in labour in low risk obstetric population. BMJ 2001; 322: 1457-1460