Manipulation of Stroke Rate in Swimming: Effects on Oxygen Uptake
                    Kinetics

Marcos Franken; Pedro Figueiredo; Ricardo De Assis Correia; Wellington Gomes Feitosa; Caetano Decian Lazzari; Fernando Diefenthaeler; Flávio Souza Castro

doi:10.1055/a-1930-5462

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Int J Sports Med 2023; 44(01): 56-63
DOI: 10.1055/a-1930-5462

Training & Testing

Manipulation of Stroke Rate in Swimming: Effects on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics

Autor*innen

Marcos Franken

¹Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

²Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Santiago, Brazil
Pedro Figueiredo

³Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

⁴Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
Ricardo De Assis Correia

¹Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Wellington Gomes Feitosa

¹Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

⁵Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
Caetano Decian Lazzari

⁶Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

⁷Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
Fernando Diefenthaeler

⁶Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

⁷Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
Flávio Souza Castro

¹Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Abstract

The study aimed to assess the effect of different front crawl stroke rates (SRs) in the oxygen uptake (̇VO₂) kinetics and ̇VO₂ peak, the total time to exhaustion (TTE), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) at 95% of the 400-m front crawl test (T400) mean speed (S400). Twelve endurance swimmers performed a T400 and four trials at 95% of the S400: (i) free SR, (ii) fixed SR (100% of the average free SR trial), (iii) reduced SR (90% of the average free SR trial), and (iv) increased SR (110% of the average free SR trial). ̇VO₂ was accessed continuously with breath-by-breath analysis. The results highlighted: (i) the time constant at increased SR (13.3±4.2 s) was lower than in the reduced SR condition (19.5±2.6 s); (ii) the amplitude of the primary phase of ̇VO₂ kinetics in the fixed SR (44.0±5.8 ml·kg^-1·min^-1) was higher than in the increased SR condition (39.5±6.4 ml·kg^-1·min^-1); and (iii) TTE was lower in the fixed SR (396.1±189.7 s) than the increased SR condition (743.0±340.0 s). The results indicate that controlled SR could be considered a swimming training strategy, focusing on physiological parameters overload.

Key words

stroke cadence - swimmers - physiology - sports assessment - performance

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Craig AB, Pendergast DR. Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke and velocity in competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports 1979; 11: 278-283
2 Alberty MR, Potdevin FP, Dekerle J. et al. Effect of stroke rate reduction on swimming technique during paced exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 392-397
3 Mclean SP, Palmer D, Ice G. et al. Oxygen uptake response to stroke rate manipulation in freestyle swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1909-1913
4 Vercruyssen F, Missenard O, Brisswalter J. Relationship between oxygen uptake slow component and surface EMG during heavy exercise in humans: influence of pedal rate. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19: 676-684
5 Hirai DM, Roseguini BT, Diefenthaeler F. et al. Effects of altering pedal frequency on the slow component of pulmonary VO˙2 kinetics and EMG activity. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 529-536
6 De Jesus K, Guidetti L, De Jesus K. et al. Which are the best VO2 sampling intervals to characterize low to severe swimming intensities?. Int J Sports Med 2014; 35: 1030-1036
7 Sousa A, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. ̇VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions whilst swimming at 95, 100, and 105% of the velocity at V̇O2max. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 675363
8 Almeida TAF, Pessôa Filho DM, Espada MAC. et al. VO2 kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance‑trials in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120: 1097-1109
9 de Matos CC, Marinho DA, Duarte-Mendes P. et al. VO2 kinetics and bioenergetic responses to sets performed at 90%, 92.5%, and 95% of 400-m front crawl speed in male swimmers. Sport Sci Health 2022; 18: 1321-1329
10 Greco CC, Oliveira MFM, Caputo F. et al. How narrow is the spectrum of submaximal speeds in swimming?. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 1450-1454
11 Rossiter HB. Exercise: Kinetic considerations for gas exchange. Compr Physiol 2011; 1: 203-244
12 Jones A, Poole D. Introduction to oxygen uptake kinetics and historical development of the discipline. In: Jones A, Poole D, eds. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Sport, Exercise and Medicine. Routledge; London, UK: 2005: 3-35
13 Zacca R, Azevedo R, Figueiredo P. et al. VO2FITTING: a free and open-source software for modelling oxygen uptake kinetics in swimming and other exercise modalities. Sports (Basel) 2019; 24: 7-31
14 Burnley M, Jones AM. Oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2007; 7: 63-79
15 Reis JF, Millet GP, Bruno PM. et al. Sex and exercise intensity do not influence oxygen uptake kinetics in submaximal swimming. Front Physiol 2017; 8: 72
16 Cleuziou C, Perrey S, Borrani F. et al. VO2 and EMG activity kinetics during moderate and severe constant work rate exercise in trained cyclists. Can J Appl Physiol 2004; 29: 758-772
17 Sousa A, Figueiredo P, Keskinen KL. et al. VO2 off transient kinetics in extreme intensity swimming. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10: 546-552
18 Espada MC, Reis JF, Almeida TF. et al. Ventilatory and physiological responses in swimmers below and above their maximal lactate steady state. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29: 2836-2843
19 Ribeiro J, Figueiredo P, Sousa A. et al. VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 1117-1124
20 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 813-817
21 Morris KS, Osborne MA, Shephard ME. et al. Velocity, aerobic power and metabolic cost of whole body and arms only front crawl swimming at various stroke rates. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116: 1075-1085
22 Franken M, Mazzola PN, Dutra-Filho CS. et al. Acute biochemical and physiological responses to swimming training series performed at intensities based on the 400-m front crawl speed. Sport Sci Health 2018; 14: 633-638
23 Rodríguez FA, Chaverri D, Iglesias X. et al. Validity of postexercise measurements to estimate peak VO2 in 200-m and 400-m maximal swims. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 426-438
24 Correia RA, Feitosa WG, Figueiredo P. et al. the 400-m front crawl test: energetic and 3d kinematical analyses. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41: 21-26
25 Alberty M, Potdevin F, Dekerle J. et al. Swimming technique changes during time to exhaustion at freely chosen and controlled stroke rate. J Sports Sci 2008; 26: 1191-1200
26 Koga D, Gonjo T, Kawai E. et al. Effects of exceeding stroke frequency of maximal effort on hand kinematics and hand propulsive force in front crawl. Sports Biomech 2020;
27 Özyener F, Rossiter H, Ward S. et al. Influence of exercise intensity on the on-and off-transient kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake in humans. J Physiol 2001; 533: 891-902
28 Reis JF, Millet GP, Malatesta D. et al. Are oxygen uptake kinetics modified when using a respiratory snorkel?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2010; 5: 292-300
29 Fernandes RJ, de Jesus K, Baldari C. et al. Different VO2max time-averaging intervals in swimming. Int J Sports Med 2012; 33: 1010-1015
30 Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2^nd ed. Hillsdale,New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988
31 Borrani F, Candau R, Millet GY. et al. Is the V̇O2 slow component dependent on progressive recruitment of fast-twitch fibers in trained runners?. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 90: 2212-2220
32 Reis JF, Alves FB, Bruno PM. et al. Oxygen uptake kinetics and middle distance swimming performance. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 15: 58-63
33 Shiojiri T, Shibasaki M, Aoki K. et al. Effects of reduced muscle temperature on the oxygen uptake kinetics at the start of exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 159: 327-333
34 Bentley DJ, Roels B, Hellard P. et al. Physiological responses during submaximal interval swimming training: effects of interval duration. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8: 392-402
35 Sousa A, Jesus K, Figueiredo P. et al. Oxygen uptake kinetics at moderate and extreme swimming intensities. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2013; 19: 186-190
36 Pawelczyk JA, McMinn S, Murchison B. et al. Swimming economy is optimized at a freely chosen distance per stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: S94
37 Wakayoshi K, Yoshida T, Ikuto Y. et al. Adaptations to six months of aerobic swim training, changes in velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and blood lactate. Int J Sports Med 1993; 14: 268-372
38 Wakayoshi K, D`Acquisto LJ, Cappaert JM. et al. Relationship between oxygen uptake, stroke rate and swimming velocity in competitive swimming. Int J Sports Med 1995; 16: 19-23