PDF herunterladen
Semin Neurol 2022; 42(04): 428-440
DOI: 10.1055/a-1933-4427
Review Article

Posttraumatic Headache

Morgan Heinzelmann 
1   Department of Neurology, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
,
Christine Woods
2   Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
,
Bert B. Vargas
3   Eli Lilly and Company, Lily Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
,
Mathew Stokes 
2   Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is the most common secondary headache disorder, accounting for approximately 4% of all headache disorders. It is the most common symptom following concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and can be debilitating for many who have persistent symptoms. With a recent increase in public awareness regarding traumatic brain injury, there has been a corresponding increase in PTH research. The pathophysiology of PTH remains poorly understood and the underlying mechanisms are likely multifactorial. Diagnosis of PTH is dependent on a temporal relationship to a head injury. PTH often resembles common primary headache phenotypes. Treatment of PTH utilizes known treatments for these other headache phenotypes, as there is no currently approved treatment specifically for PTH. Moving forward, further studies are needed to better define and validate the definition of PTH, understand the underlying pathophysiology, and find more specific treatments.

Keywords

posttraumatic headache - traumatic brain injury - concussion - headache


Publikationsverlauf

Accepted Manuscript online:
30. August 2022

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
07. Oktober 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Seifert TD, Evans RW. Posttraumatic headache: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2010; 14 (04) 292-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 3rd edition. Cephalalgia 2018; 38 (01) 1-211
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Menon DK, Schwab K, Wright DW, Maas AI. Demographics and Clinical Assessment Working Group of the International and Interagency Initiative toward Common Data Elements for Research on Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Health. Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91 (11) 1637-1640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S. et al. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2018; DOI: 10.3171/2017.10.JNS17352. . Online ahead of print
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM. et al; WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 2004; ;(43, Suppl): 28-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Theeler B, Lucas S, Riechers II RG, Ruff RL. Post-traumatic headaches in civilians and military personnel: a comparative, clinical review. Headache 2013; 53 (06) 881-900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Rasmussen BK, Olesen J. Symptomatic and nonsymptomatic headaches in a general population. Neurology 1992; 42 (06) 1225-1231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Andersen AM, Ashina H, Iljazi A. et al. Risk factors for the development of post-traumatic headache attributed to traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Headache 2020; 60 (06) 1066-1075
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Stacey A, Lucas S, Dikmen S. et al. Natural history of headache five years after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34 (08) 1558-1564
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Lucas S, Hoffman JM, Bell KR, Dikmen S. A prospective study of prevalence and characterization of headache following mild traumatic brain injury. Cephalalgia 2014; 34 (02) 93-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Sawyer K, Bell KR, Ehde DM. et al. Longitudinal study of headache trajectories in the year after mild traumatic brain injury: relation to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96 (11) 2000-2006
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hoffman JM, Lucas S, Dikmen S. et al. Natural history of headache after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28 (09) 1719-1725
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Walker WC, Seel RT, Curtiss G, Warden DL. Headache after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86 (09) 1793-1800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Nampiaparampil DE. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. JAMA 2008; 300 (06) 711-719
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths - United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ 2017; 66 (09) 1-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Thurman DJ, Branche CM, Sniezek JE. The epidemiology of sports-related traumatic brain injuries in the United States: recent developments. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1998; 13 (02) 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J. et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51 (11) 838-847
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Guskiewicz KM, Weaver NL, Padua DA, Garrett Jr WE. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (05) 643-650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery 2005; 57 (01) 128-134 , discussion 128–134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT. et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. JAMA 2017; 318 (04) 360-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Theeler BJ, Flynn FG, Erickson JC. Headaches after concussion in US soldiers returning from Iraq or Afghanistan. Headache 2010; 50 (08) 1262-1272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Phipps H, Mondello S, Wilson A. et al. Characteristics and impact of U.S. military blast-related mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 559318
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (05) 453-463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Rutgers DR, Toulgoat F, Cazejust J, Fillard P, Lasjaunias P, Ducreux D. White matter abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29 (03) 514-519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Mayer AR, Ling J, Mannell MV. et al. A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2010; 74 (08) 643-650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Schwedt TJ, Chong CD, Peplinski J, Ross K, Berisha V. Persistent post-traumatic headache vs. migraine: an MRI study demonstrating differences in brain structure. J Headache Pain 2017; 18 (01) 87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Katayama Y, Becker DP, Tamura T, Hovda DA. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. J Neurosurg 1990; 73 (06) 889-900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Choe MC. The pathophysiology of concussion. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2016; 20 (06) 42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Yoshino A, Hovda DA, Kawamata T, Katayama Y, Becker DP. Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral conclusion in rats: evidence of a hyper- and subsequent hypometabolic state. Brain Res 1991; 561 (01) 106-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza CC. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury - an update. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2016; 27 (02) 373-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Schock SC, Munyao N, Yakubchyk Y. et al. Cortical spreading depression releases ATP into the extracellular space and purinergic receptor activation contributes to the induction of ischemic tolerance. Brain Res 2007; 1168: 129-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Strong AJ, Fabricius M, Boutelle MG. et al. Spreading and synchronous depressions of cortical activity in acutely injured human brain. Stroke 2002; 33 (12) 2738-2743
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Mayer CL, Huber BR, Peskind E. Traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, and post-traumatic headaches. Headache 2013; 53 (09) 1523-1530
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Zhang X, Levy D, Kainz V, Noseda R, Jakubowski M, Burstein R. Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression. Ann Neurol 2011; 69 (05) 855-865
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Lassen LH, Haderslev PA, Jacobsen VB, Iversen HK, Sperling B, Olesen J. CGRP may play a causative role in migraine. Cephalalgia 2002; 22 (01) 54-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Ashina H, Schytz HW, Ashina M. CGRP in human models of migraine. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 255: 109-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ashina H, Iljazi A, Al-Khazali HM. et al. Hypersensitivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide in post-traumatic headache. Ann Neurol 2020; 88 (06) 1220-1228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Ashina H, Porreca F, Anderson T. et al. Post-traumatic headache: epidemiology and pathophysiological insights. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15 (10) 607-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Hilz MJ, Liu M, Koehn J. et al. Valsalva maneuver unveils central baroreflex dysfunction with altered blood pressure control in persons with a history of mild traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol 2016; 16: 61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Monteith TS, Borsook D. Insights and advances in post-traumatic headache: research considerations. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14 (02) 428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 McConnell B, Duffield T, Hall T. et al. Post-traumatic headache after pediatric traumatic brain injury: prevalence, risk factors, and association with neurocognitive outcomes. J Child Neurol 2020; 35 (01) 63-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Defrin R. Chronic post-traumatic headache: clinical findings and possible mechanisms. J Manual Manip Ther 2014; 22 (01) 36-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Pinchefsky E, Dubrovsky AS, Friedman D, Shevell M. Part I – Evaluation of pediatric post-traumatic headaches. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52 (03) 263-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Capi M, Pomes LM, Andolina G, Curto M, Martelletti P, Lionetto L. Persistent post-traumatic headache and migraine: pre-clinical comparisons. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17 (07) E2585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Grangeon L, O'Connor E, Chan CK, Akijian L, Pham Ngoc TM, Matharu MS. New insights in post-traumatic headache with cluster headache phenotype: a cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91 (06) 572-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Ashina H, Iljazi A, Al-Khazali HM. et al. Persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: deep phenotyping and treatment patterns. Cephalalgia 2020; 40 (06) 554-564
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Howard L, Schwedt TJ. Posttraumatic headache: recent progress. Curr Opin Neurol 2020; 33 (03) 316-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Doll E, Gong P, Sowell M, Evanczyk L. Post-traumatic headache in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021; 25 (08) 51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Honce JM, Nyberg E, Jones I, Nagae L. Neuroimaging of concussion. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2016; 27 (02) 411-428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Williams VB. Neurologic emergencies in sports. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2014; 20 (6 Sports Neurology): 1629-1644
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Papa L, Stiell IG, Clement CM. et al. Performance of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria for predicting any traumatic intracranial injury on computed tomography in a United States Level I trauma center. Acad Emerg Med 2012; 19 (01) 2-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Schonfeld D, Bressan S, Da Dalt L, Henien MN, Winnett JA, Nigrovic LE. Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network head injury clinical prediction rules are reliable in practice. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99 (05) 427-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Lorton F, Poullaouec C, Legallais E. et al. Validation of the PECARN clinical decision rule for children with minor head trauma: a French multicenter prospective study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24: 98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Rau JC, Dumkrieger GM, Chong CD, Schwedt TJ. Imaging post-traumatic headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2018; 22 (10) 64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Monteith T, Seifert T. Headache in mild traumatic brain injury. In: Neurosensory Disorders in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Academic Press; 2019: 165-182
    Google Scholar
  • 56 Conidi FX. Interventional treatment for post-traumatic headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2016; 20 (06) 40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Pettyjohn EW, Donlan RM, Breck J, Clugston JR. Intracranial hypotension in the setting of post-concussion headache: a case series. Cureus 2020; 12 (09) e10526
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Mallery RM, Rehmani OF, Woo JH. et al. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging features for improving the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema. J Neuroophthalmol 2019; 39 (03) 299-307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Aylward SC, Waslo CS, Au JN, Tanne E. Manifestations of pediatric intracranial hypertension from the Intracranial Hypertension Registry. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 61: 76-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Sabo T, Supnet C, Purkayastha S. Secondary intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) presenting as post-traumatic headache in mild traumatic brain injury: a case series. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34 (04) 681-690
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NMR, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Orofac Pain 2006; 20 (01) 9-23
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Heyer GL, Idris SA. Does analgesic overuse contribute to chronic post-traumatic headaches in adolescent concussion patients?. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50 (05) 464-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Howard L, Dumkrieger G, Chong CD, Ross K, Berisha V, Schwedt TJ. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction among those with persistent posttraumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison to migraine and healthy controls. Headache 2018; 58 (09) 1397-1407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Adams A. Imaging of skull base trauma: fracture patterns and soft tissue injuries. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2021; 31 (04) 599-620
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J. et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas. Neurosurgery 2006;58(3, Suppl):S7–S15, discussion Si-iv
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Karnath B. Subdural hematoma. Presentation and management in older adults. Geriatrics 2004; 59 (07) 18-23
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Norris JW, Beletsky V, Nadareishvili ZG. The Canadian Stroke Consortium. Sudden neck movement and cervical artery dissection. CMAJ 2000; 163 (01) 38-40
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Silbert PL, Mokri B, Schievink WI. Headache and neck pain in spontaneous internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Neurology 1995; 45 (08) 1517-1522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Kansagra AP, Balasetti V, Huang MC. Neurovascular trauma: diagnosis and therapy. Handb Clin Neurol 2021; 176: 325-344
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Ashina H, Eigenbrodt AK, Seifert T. et al. Post-traumatic headache attributed to traumatic brain injury: classification, clinical characteristics, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20 (06) 460-469
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Andrasik F. Behavioral treatment approaches to chronic headache. Neurol Sci 2003; 24 (Suppl. 02) S80-S85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Ashina H, Al-Khazali HM, Iljazi A. et al. Psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities of persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury. J Headache Pain 2021; 22 (01) 83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Yilmaz T, Roks G, de Koning M. et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with post-traumatic headache after mild traumatic brain injury. Emerg Med J 2017; 34 (12) 800-805
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Kim SK, Chong CD, Dumkrieger G, Ross K, Berisha V, Schwedt TJ. Clinical correlates of insomnia in patients with persistent post-traumatic headache compared with migraine. J Headache Pain 2020; 21 (01) 33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Minen MT, Boubour A, Walia H, Barr W. Post-concussive syndrome: a focus on post-traumatic headache and related cognitive, psychiatric, and sleep issues. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16 (11) 100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Afari N, Harder LH, Madra NJ. et al. PTSD, combat injury, and headache in Veterans returning from Iraq/Afghanistan. Headache 2009; 49 (09) 1267-1276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Chan S, Kurowski B, Byczkowski T, Timm N. Intravenous migraine therapy in children with posttraumatic headache in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33 (05) 635-639
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Friedman BW, Babbush K, Irizarry E, White D, John Gallagher E. An exploratory study of IV metoclopramide+diphenhydramine for acute post-traumatic headache. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 36 (02) 285-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Friedman BW, Irizarry E, Cain D. et al. Randomized study of metoclopramide plus diphenhydramine for acute posttraumatic headache. Neurology 2021; 96 (18) e2323-e2331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Erickson JC. Treatment outcomes of chronic post-traumatic headaches after mild head trauma in US soldiers: an observational study. Headache 2011; 51 (06) 932-944
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Pate J, Mooney J, Katz E, Cignetti C, McLeod C, Gould S. Efficacy of outpatient infusion therapy in pediatric patients with postconcussive headaches. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38 (01) 103-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Kuczynski A, Crawford S, Bodell L, Dewey D, Barlow KM. Characteristics of post-traumatic headaches in children following mild traumatic brain injury and their response to treatment: a prospective cohort. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55 (07) 636-641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Cushman DM, Borowski L, Hansen C, Hendrick J, Bushman T, Teramoto M. Gabapentin and tricyclics in the treatment of post-concussive headache, a retrospective cohort study. Headache 2019; 59 (03) 371-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Ashina H, Iljazi A, Al-Khazali HM. et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of erenumab for the preventive treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: an open-label study. J Headache Pain 2020; 21 (01) 62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Spierings ELH, Silberstein S, Najib U. et al. A phase 2 study of fremanezumab as a treatment for posttraumatic headache in adult patients (1588). Neurology 2021;96(15 Suppl)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Baker VB, Eliasen KM, Hack NK. Lifestyle modifications as therapy for medication refractory post-traumatic headache (PTHA) in the military population of Okinawa. J Headache Pain 2018; 19 (01) 113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Silverberg ND. Behavioral treatment for post-traumatic headache after mild traumatic brain injury: rationale and case series. NeuroRehabilitation 2019; 44 (04) 523-530
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Ham LP, Packard RC. A retrospective, follow-up study of biofeedback-assisted relaxation therapy in patients with posttraumatic headache. Biofeedback Self Regul 1996; 21 (02) 93-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Romanelli GG, Mock D, Tenenbaum HC. Characteristics and response to treatment of posttraumatic temporomandibular disorder: a retrospective study. Clin J Pain 1992; 8 (01) 6-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Jenkins CM. Biofeedback self-regulation training to treat post-concussion headache in a special operations support soldier. J Spec Oper Med 2012; 12 (04) 24-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Medina JL. Efficacy of an individualized outpatient program in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic headache. Headache 1992; 32 (04) 180-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Tatrow K, Blanchard EB, Silverman DJ. Posttraumatic headache: an exploratory treatment study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2003; 28 (04) 267-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Nelson DV, Esty ML. Neurotherapy for chronic headache following traumatic brain injury. Mil Med Res 2015; 2: 22
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Kubik A, Biedroń A. Neurofeedback therapy in patients with acute and chronic pain syndromes–literature review and own experience. Przegl Lek 2013; 70 (07) 440-442
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Hershaw JN, Hill-Pearson CA, Arango JI, Souvignier AR, Pazdan RM. Semi-automated neurofeedback therapy for persistent postconcussive symptoms in a military clinical setting: a feasibility study. Mil Med 2020; 185 (3-4): e457-e465
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Kjeldgaard D, Forchhammer HB, Teasdale TW, Jensen RH. Cognitive behavioural treatment for the chronic post-traumatic headache patient: a randomized controlled trial. J Headache Pain 2014; 15: 81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Usmani S, Balcer L, Galetta S, Minen M. Feasibility of smartphone-delivered progressive muscle relaxation in persistent post-traumatic headache patients. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38 (01) 94-101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Rytter HM, Westenbaek K, Henriksen H, Christiansen P, Humle F. Specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation reduces persistent post-concussive symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Brain Inj 2019; 33 (03) 266-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Argyriou AA, Mitsikostas DD, Mantovani E, Litsardopoulos P, Panagiotopoulos V, Tamburin S. An updated brief overview on post-traumatic headache and a systematic review of the non-pharmacological interventions for its management. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21 (04) 475-490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Leung A, Shukla S, Fallah A. et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in managing mild traumatic brain injury-related headaches. Neuromodulation 2016; 19 (02) 133-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Leung A, Metzger-Smith V, He Y. et al. Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS in alleviating MTBI related headaches and depressive symptoms. Neuromodulation 2018; 21 (04) 390-401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Stilling JM, Duszynski CC, Oni I, Paxman E, Dunn JF, Debert CT. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to study the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in concussion: a two-patient case study. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Ptito A, Papa L, Gregory K. et al. A prospective, multicenter study to assess the safety and efficacy of translingual neurostimulation plus physical therapy for the treatment of a chronic balance deficit due to mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury. Neuromodulation 2021; 24 (08) 1412-1421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Jensen OK, Nielsen FF, Vosmar L. An open study comparing manual therapy with the use of cold packs in the treatment of post-traumatic headache. Cephalalgia 1990; 10 (05) 241-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Channell MK, Mueller LL, Hahn R. Management of chronic posttraumatic headache: a multidisciplinary approach. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2009; 109 (09) 509-513
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Leddy JJ, Sandhu H, Sodhi V, Baker JG, Willer B. Rehabilitation of concussion and post-concussion syndrome. Sports Health 2012; 4 (02) 147-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Jonas WB, Bellanti DM, Paat CF. et al. A randomized exploratory study to evaluate two acupuncture methods for the treatment of headaches associated with traumatic brain injury. Med Acupunct 2016; 28 (03) 113-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Khusid MA. Clinical indications for acupuncture in chronic post-traumatic headache management. Mil Med 2015; 180 (02) 132-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Lippert-Grüner M. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of post-traumatic headache - case study. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2012; 46 (06) 591-594
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Yerry JA, Kuehn D, Finkel AG. Onabotulinum toxin a for the treatment of headache in service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. Headache 2015; 55 (03) 395-406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM. et al; WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 2004; (43, Suppl) 84-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Binder LM, Rohling ML. Money matters: a meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153 (01) 7-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Fraser F, Matsuzawa Y, Lee YSC, Minen M. Behavioral treatments for post-traumatic headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2017; 21 (05) 22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Kamins J. Models for treating post-traumatic headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021; 25 (08) 52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Schwedt TJ. Post-traumatic headache due to mild traumatic brain injury: current knowledge and future directions. Cephalalgia 2021; 41 (04) 464-471
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Piantino J, Lim MM, Newgard CD, Iliff J. Linking traumatic brain injury, sleep disruption and post-traumatic headache: a potential role for glymphatic pathway dysfunction. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019; 23 (09) 62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Mitsikostas DD, Moskowitz MA. Making headway - a role for CGRP in post-traumatic headache. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17 (03) 133-134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar