Leitlinienreport der aktualisierten S3-Leitlinie „Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS)

Schlüsselwörter

Endoskopie - Analgetika - Sedativa - Adjuvantien - Anästhesie - Monitoring - Überwachung

Publication History

Received: 03 July 2023

Accepted: 06 July 2023

Article published online:
07 September 2023

• Literatur

• 1 Parker S, Zipursky J, Ma H. et al. A Web-based Multimedia Program Before Colonoscopy Increased Knowledge and Decreased Anxiety, Sedation Requirement, and Procedure Time. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2018; 52: 519-523
• 2 Lauriola M, Tomai M, Palma R. et al. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety-Related Dispositions Predict Pain During Upper Endoscopy. Front Psychol 2019; 10: 1112
• 3 Xue M, Tian J, Zhang J. et al. No increased risk of perforation during colonoscopy in patients undergoing propofol versus traditional sedation: A meta-analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37: 86-91
• 4 Jirapinyo P, Kumar N, Thompson CC. Patients With Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Require Increased Sedation During Upper Endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1432-1436
• 5 Leslie K, Allen ML, Hessian EC. et al. Safety of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy in a group of university-affiliated hospitals: a prospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118: 90-99
• 6 Khoi C-S, Wong J-J, Wang H-C. et al. Age correlates with hypotension during propofol-based anesthesia for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica 2015; 53: 131-134
• 7 Kim SY, Moon CM, Kim MH. et al. Impacts of age and sedation on cardiocerebrovascular adverse events after diagnostic GI endoscopy: a nationwide population-based study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2020; 92: 591-602.e16
• 8 Kollmann CM, Schmiegel W, Brechmann T. Gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation is associated with pneumonia in older inpatients-results of a retrospective case-control study. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6: 382-390
• 9 Laffin AE, Kendale SM, Huncke TK. Severity and duration of hypoxemia during outpatient endoscopy in obese patients: a retrospective cohort study. Can J Anaesth 2020; 67: 1182-1189
• 10 McCain JD, Stancampiano FF, Bouras EP. et al. Creation of a score to predict risk of high conscious sedation requirements in patients undergoing endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 595-605.e3
• 11 Lieber SR, Heller BJ, Howard CW. et al. Complications Associated with Anesthesia Services in Endoscopic Procedures Among Patients with Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2020;
• 12 Behrens A, Ell C. [Safety of sedation during gastroscopy and colonoscopy in low-risk patients – results of a retrospective subgroup analysis of a registry study including over 170 000 endoscopies]. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 733-739
• 13 Borgaonkar MR, Pace D, Lougheed M. et al. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Indicators of Safety Compromise following Colonoscopy in Clinical Practice. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016: 2729871
• 14 Daza JF, Tan CM, Fielding RJ. et al. Propofol administration by endoscopists versus anesthesiologists in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient safety outcomes. Can J Surg 2018; 61: 226-236
• 15 Smith ZL, Mullady DK, Lang GD. et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating general endotracheal anesthesia versus monitored anesthesia care and the incidence of sedation-related adverse events during ERCP in high-risk patients. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 855-862
• 16 Nonaka S, Kawaguchi Y, Oda I. et al. Safety and effectiveness of propofol-based monitored anesthesia care without intubation during endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric and esophageal cancers. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 665-673
• 17 van de Ven S, Leliveld L, Klimek M. et al. Propofol sedation without endotracheal intubation is safe for endoscopic submucosal dissection in the esophagus and stomach. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7: 405-411
• 18 Yurtlu DA, Aslan F, Ayvat P. et al. Propofol-Based Sedation Versus General Anesthesia for Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3680
• 19 Andrade CM, Patel B, Vellanki M. et al. Safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation in obstructive sleep apnea. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 9: 552-557
• 20 Mudambi L, Spiegelman A, Geron D. et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Not Associated with Higher Health Care Use after Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13: 419-424
• 21 Liou S-C, Hsu C-M, Chen C. et al. Assessment of the Berlin Questionnaire for evaluation of hypoxemia risk in subjects undergoing deep sedation for screening gastrointestinal endoscopy. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2018; 14: 1331-1336
• 22 Bielawska B, Hookey LC, Sutradhar R. et al. Anesthesia Assistance in Outpatient Colonoscopy and Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia, Bowel Perforation, and Splenic Injury. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 77-85.e3
• 23 Klare P, Huth R, Haller B. et al. Patient position and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1159-1166
• 24 Protopapas A, Stournaras E, Neokosmidis G. et al. Endoscopic sedation practices of Greek gastroenterologists: a nationwide survey. Annals of Gastroenterology 2020;
• 25 Jin EH, Hong KS, Lee Y. et al. How to improve patient satisfaction during midazolam sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy?. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 1098-1105
• 26 Padmanabhan A, Frangopoulos C, Shaffer LET. Patient Satisfaction With Propofol for Outpatient Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 1102-1108
• 27 Shin S, Park CH, Kim HJ. et al. Patient satisfaction after endoscopic submucosal dissection under propofol-based sedation: a small premedication makes all the difference. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 2636-2644
• 28 Lim S, Lee OH, Yoon IJ. et al. Moderate versus deep sedation in adults undergoing colonoscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35: 879-885
• 29 Turse EP, Dailey FE, Bechtold ML. Impact of moderate versus deep sedation on adenoma detection rate in index average-risk screening colonoscopies. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 90: 502-505
• 30 Park CH, Shin S, Lee SK. et al. Assessing the stability and safety of procedure during endoscopic submucosal dissection according to sedation methods: a randomized trial. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0120529
• 31 Zhang K, Xu H, Li HT. Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24: 4506-4518
• 32 Wang D, Wang S, Chen J. et al. Propofol combined with traditional sedative agents versus propofol- alone sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 101-110
• 33 Yoon SW, Choi GJ, Lee OH. et al. Comparison of propofol monotherapy and propofol combination therapy for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2018; 30: 580-591
• 34 Dumonceau J-M, Riphaus A, Schreiber F. et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates Guideline – Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1175-1189
• 35 Ferreira AO, Torres J, Barjas E. et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe in low risk patients: results of a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 747-753
• 36 Lee HS, Nagra N, La Selva D. et al. Nurse-Administered Propofol Continuous Infusion Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients Who Are Difficult to Sedate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 180-188
• 37 McVay T, Fang JC, Taylor L. et al. Safety Analysis of Bariatric Patients Undergoing Outpatient Upper Endoscopy with Non-Anesthesia Administered Propofol Sedation. Obes Surg 2017; 27: 1501-1507
• 38 Nonaka M, Gotoda T, Kusano C. et al. Safety of gastroenterologist-guided sedation with propofol for upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopy in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Gut Liver 2015; 9: 38-42
• 39 Sato M, Horiuchi A, Tamaki M. et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation in Outpatients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 1098-1104
• 40 Jokelainen J, Udd M, Kylänpää L. et al. How patient-controlled sedation is adopted in clinical practice of sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? A prospective study of 1196 cases (). Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52: 166-172
• 41 Nilsson A, Grossmann B, Kullman E. et al. Sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized controlled study of patient-controlled propofol sedation and that given by a nurse anesthetist. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50: 1285-1292
• 42 Fanti L, Gemma M, Agostoni M. et al. Target Controlled Infusion for non-anaesthesiologist propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy: The first double blind randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47: 566-571
• 43 Gemma M, Pasin L, Oriani A. et al. Swallowing Impairment During Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion. Anesth Analg 2016; 122: 48-54
• 44 Lin YJ, Wang YC, Huang HH. et al. Target-controlled propofol infusion with or without bispectral index monitoring of sedation during advanced gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35: 1189-1195
• 45 Wang JF, Li B, Yang YG. et al. Target-Controlled Infusion of Propofol in Training Anesthesiology Residents in Colonoscopy Sedation: A Prospective Randomized Crossover Trial. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22: 206-210
• 46 Chang YT, Tsai TC, Hsu H. et al. Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy with the application of target-controlled infusion. Turk J Gastroenterol 2015; 26: 417-422
• 47 García Guzzo ME, Fernandez MS, Sanchez Novas D. et al. Deep sedation using propofol target-controlled infusion for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20: 195
• 48 Kawano S, Okada H, Iwamuro M. et al. An effective and safe sedation technique combining target-controlled infusion pump with propofol, intravenous pentazocine, and bispectral index monitoring for peroral double-balloon endoscopy. Digestion 2015; 91: 112-116
• 49 Ogawa T, Tomoda T, Kato H. et al. Propofol sedation with a target-controlled infusion pump in elderly patients undergoing ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 92: 301-307
• 50 Seo SI, Ryu JY, Kang SS. et al. Safety of Target-Controlled Propofol Infusion by Gastroenterologists in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Resection. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61: 3199-3206
• 51 Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Tombs D. et al. The First US Clinical Experience With Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation: A Retrospective Observational Comparative Study on Efficacy, Safety, Efficiency, and Endoscopist and Patient Satisfaction. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 804-811
• 52 Lin OS, La Selva D, Kozarek RA. et al. One year experience with computer-assisted propofol sedation for colonoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 2964-2971
• 53 Zhang R, Lu Q, Wu Y. The Comparison of Midazolam and Propofol in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2018; 28: 153-158
• 54 Kim DB, Kim JS, Huh CW. et al. Propofol compared with bolus and titrated midazolam for sedation in outpatient colonoscopy: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 201-208
• 55 Ominami M, Nagami Y, Shiba M. et al. Comparison of propofol with midazolam in endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53: 397-406
• 56 Kikuchi H, Hikichi T, Watanabe K. et al. Efficacy and safety of sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric cancers using a comparative trial of propofol versus midazolam. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6: E51-E57
• 57 Wahab EA, Hamed EF, Ahmad HS. et al. Conscious sedation using propofol versus midazolam in cirrhotic patients during upper GI endoscopy: A comparative study. JGH Open 2019; 3: 25-31
• 58 Goudra B, Nuzat A, Singh PM. et al. Association between Type of Sedation and the Adverse Events Associated with Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: An Analysis of 5 Yearsʼ Data from a Tertiary Center in the USA. Clin Endosc 2017; 50: 161-169
• 59 Wadhwa V, Issa D, Garg S. et al. Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 194-206
• 60 Cheung CW, Qiu Q, Liu J. et al. Intranasal dexmedetomidine in combination with patient-controlled sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomised trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59: 215-223
• 61 Demiraran Y, Korkut E, Tamer A. et al. The comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam used for sedation of patients during upper endoscopy: A prospective, randomized study. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 25-29
• 62 Dere K, Sucullu I, Budak ET. et al. A comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation, pain and hemodynamic control, during colonoscopy under conscious sedation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 648-652
• 63 Eberl S, Preckel B, Bergman JJ. et al. Safety and effectiveness using dexmedetomidine versus propofol TCI sedation during oesophagus interventions: a randomized trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 176
• 64 Eberl S, Preckel B, Bergman JJ. et al. Satisfaction and safety using dexmedetomidine or propofol sedation during endoscopic oesophageal procedures: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 33: 631-637
• 65 Goyal R, Hasnain S, Mittal S. et al. A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83: 928-933
• 66 Han G, Yu WW, Zhao P. A randomized study of intranasal vs. intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine in gastroscopy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 52: 756-761
• 67 Inatomi O, Imai T, Fujimoto T. et al. Dexmedetomidine is safe and reduces the additional dose of midazolam for sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in very elderly patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18: 166
• 68 Ishibashi C, Hayashida M, Sugasawa Y. et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamics and respiration in intubated, spontaneously breathing patients after endoscopic submucosal dissection for cervical esophageal or pharyngeal cancer. J Anesth 2016; 30: 628-636
• 69 Jalowiecki P, Rudner R, Gonciarz M. et al. Sole use of dexmedetomidine has limited utility for conscious sedation during outpatient colonoscopy. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 269-273
• 70 Kim N, Yoo YC, Lee SK. et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation between dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 3671-3678
• 71 Kinugasa H, Higashi R, Miyahara K. et al. Dexmedetomidine for conscious sedation with colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 167
• 72 Lee BS, Ryu J, Lee SH. et al. Midazolam with meperidine and dexmedetomidine vs. midazolam with meperidine for sedation during ERCP: prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 291-298
• 73 Lee SP, Sung IK, Kim JH. et al. Comparison of dexmedetomidine with on-demand midazolam versus midazolam alone for procedural sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric tumor. J Dig Dis 2015; 16: 377-384
• 74 Lu Z, Li W, Chen H. et al. Efficacy of a Dexmedetomidine-Remifentanil Combination Compared with a Midazolam-Remifentanil Combination for Conscious Sedation During Therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blinded Preliminary Trial. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63: 1633-1640
• 75 Mazanikov M, Udd M, Kylänpää L. et al. Dexmedetomidine impairs success of patient-controlled sedation in alcoholics during ERCP: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 2163-2168
• 76 Muller S, Borowics SM, Fortis EA. et al. Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone is less than propofol for conscious sedation during ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 651-659
• 77 Nishikawa H, Iwata Y, Ishii A. et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine in the prophylactic endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices: a study protocol for prospective interventional study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4: e000149
• 78 Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Hosoe N. et al. Dexmedetomidine vs propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: A meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5: 1037-1045
• 79 Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Sagara S. et al. Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 8-15
• 80 Nonaka T, Inamori M, Miyashita T. et al. Feasibility of deep sedation with a combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dig Endosc 2016; 28: 145-151
• 81 Oshima H, Nakamura M, Watanabe O. et al. Dexmedetomidine provides less body motion and respiratory depression during sedation in double-balloon enteroscopy than midazolam. SAGE Open Med 2017; 5: 2050312117729920
• 82 Saif Khan M. Comparison of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol as an optimal sedative for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A randomized controlled trial. J Dig Endosc 2014; 5: 51-57
• 83 Sameh AA, Nehad H, Fatma HR. et al. Randomised Study Comparing the use of Propofol Versus Dexmedetomidine as a Sedative Agent for Patients Presenting for Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Current Drug Therapy 2020; 15: 61-66
• 84 Takimoto K, Ueda T, Shimamoto F. et al. Sedation with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride during endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric cancer. Dig Endosc 2011; 23: 176-181
• 85 Vázquez-Reta JA, Jiménez Ferrer MC, Colunga-Sánchez A. et al. [Midazolam versus dexmedetomidine for sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2011; 76: 13-18
• 86 Wu W, Chen Q, Zhang LC. et al. Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Int Med Res 2014; 42: 516-522
• 87 Wu Y, Zhang Y, Hu X. et al. A comparison of propofol vs. dexmedetomidine for sedation, haemodynamic control and satisfaction, during esophagogastroduodenoscopy under conscious sedation. J Clin Pharm Ther 2015; 40: 419-425
• 88 Yin S, Hong J, Sha T. et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Sufentanil, Dexmedetomidine, or Ketamine Added to Propofol-based Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Elderly Patients: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clin Ther 2019; 41: 1864-1877.e0
• 89 Yoshio T, Ishiyama A, Tsuchida T. et al. Efficacy of novel sedation using the combination of dexmedetomidine and midazolam during endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2019; 16: 285-291
• 90 Zhang F, Sun HR, Zheng ZB. et al. Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation during endoscopy: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 2519-2524
• 91 Robertson AR, Kennedy NA, Robertson JA. et al. Colonoscopy quality with Entonox(®)vs intravenous conscious sedation: 18608 colonoscopy retrospective study. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 9: 471-479
• 92 Wang CX, Wang J, Chen YY. et al. Randomized controlled study of the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide-sedated endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for digestive tract diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 10242-10248
• 93 Xiaoqian Z, Tao Z, Bingsong L. et al. Clinical comparative study on Nitrous Oxide inhalation versus intravenous propofol and Midazolam sedation in Transnasal Gastroscopy. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33: 891-894
• 94 Ching HL, Branchi F, Sanders DS. et al. Paradigm shift: should the elderly undergo propofol sedation for DBE? A prospective cohort study. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 192-199
• 95 Finkelmeier F, Tal A, Ajouaou M. et al. ERCP in elderly patients: increased risk of sedation adverse events but low frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82: 1051-1059
• 96 Lovett P, Gómez V, Hodge DO. et al. Propofol Versus Midazolam/Fentanyl Sedation for Colonoscopy in the Elderly Patient Population. J Perianesth Nurs 2017; 32: 210-214
• 97 Walter S, Gruss S, Neidlinger J. et al. Evaluation of an Objective Measurement Tool for Stress Level Reduction by Individually Chosen Music During Colonoscopy-Results From the Study “ColoRelaxTone”. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 525
• 98 Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F. et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates Guideline – Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1175-1189
• 99 Kang H, Kim DK, Choi YS. et al. Practice guidelines for propofol sedation by non-anesthesiologists: the Korean Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force recommendations on propofol sedation. Korean J Anesthesiol 2016; 69: 545-554
• 100 Conigliaro R, Fanti L, Manno M. et al. Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SIED) position paper on the non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49: 1185-1190
• 101 Early DS, Lightdale JR, Vargo JJ. et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 327-337
• 102 Obara K, Haruma K, Irisawa A. et al. Guidelines for sedation in gastroenterological endoscopy. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 435-449
• 103 Cabadas Avión R, Baluja A, Ojea Cendón M. et al. Effectiveness and safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy during a specific sedation training program for non-anesthesiologists. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2019; 111: 199-208
• 104 Jensen JT, Savran MM, Møller AM. et al. Development and validation of a theoretical test in non-anaesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51: 872-879
• 105 Manno M, Deiana S, Gabbani T. et al. Implementation of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) sedation training course in a regular endoscopy unit. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 65-71
• 106 Lee CK, Dong SH, Kim ES. et al. Room for Quality Improvement in Endoscopist-Directed Sedation: Results from the First Nationwide Survey in Korea. Gut Liver 2016; 10: 83-94
• 107 Slagelse C, Vilmann P, Hornslet P. et al. Nurse-administered propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: first Nordic results from implementation of a structured training program. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1503-1509
• 108 Ooi M, Thomson A. Morbidity and mortality of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation (EDNAPS) in a tertiary referral center. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3: E393-E397
• 109 Gouda B, Gouda G, Borle A. et al. Safety of non-anesthesia provider administered propofol sedation in non-advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: A meta-analysis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 133-143
• 110 Goudra BG, Singh PM, Gouda G. et al. Safety of Non-anesthesia Provider-Administered Propofol (NAAP) Sedation in Advanced Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures: Comparative Meta-Analysis of Pooled Results. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60: 2612-2627
• 111 Han SJ, Lee TH, Park SH. et al. Efficacy of midazolam- versus propofol-based sedations by non-anesthesiologists during therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients aged over 80 years. Dig Endosc 2017; 29: 369-376
• 112 Heron V, Golden C, Blum S. et al. Endoscopist-Directed Propofol as an Adjunct to Standard Sedation: A Canadian Experience. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2020; 3: 141-144
• 113 Jensen JT, Møller A, Hornslet P. et al. Moderate and deep nurse-administered propofol sedation is safe. Dan Med J 2015; 62: A5049
• 114 Lapidus A, Gralnek IM, Suissa A. et al. Safety and efficacy of endoscopist-directed balanced propofol sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Ann Gastroenterol 2019; 32: 303-311
• 115 Lieber SR, Heller BJ, Martin CF. et al. Complications of Anesthesia Services in Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18: 2118-2127.e4
• 116 Behrens A, Kreuzmayr A, Manner H. et al. Acute sedation-associated complications in GI endoscopy (ProSed 2 Study): results from the prospective multicentre electronic registry of sedation-associated complications. Gut 2019; 68: 445-452
• 117 Ferreira AO, Torres J, Dinis-Ribeiro M. et al. Endoscopic sedation and monitoring practices in Portugal: a nationwide web-based survey. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 265-270
• 118 Lucendo AJ, González-Huix F, Tenias JM. et al. Gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation and monitoring practices in Spain: a nationwide survey in the year 2014. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 383-390
• 119 Phan AD, Neuschwander A, Perrod G. et al. Noninvasive continuous monitoring versus intermittent oscillometric measurements for the detection of hypotension during digestive endoscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0240241
• 120 Sathananthan D, Young E, Nind G. et al. Assessing the safety of physician-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation in low-risk patients undergoing endoscopy and colonoscopy. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5: E110-E115
• 121 Yamamoto H, Gotoda T, Nakamura T. et al. Clinical impact of gastroenterologist-administered propofol during esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a randomized comparison at a single medical clinic. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18: 326-331
• 122 Banno S, Kato M, Sunata Y. et al. Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine. Dig Dis 2018; 36: 113-117
• 123 Holley K, MacNabb CM, Georgiadis P. et al. Monitoring minute ventilation versus respiratory rate to measure the adequacy of ventilation in patients undergoing upper endoscopic procedures. J Clin Monit Comput 2016; 30: 33-39
• 124 Mathews DM, Oberding MJ, Simmons EL. et al. Improving patient safety during procedural sedation via respiratory volume monitoring: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth 2018; 46: 118-123
• 125 Takamaru H, Kawaguchi Y, Oda I. et al. A new reliable acoustic respiratory monitoring technology during upper gastrointestinal tract therapeutic endoscopy with CO(2) insufflation. J Clin Monit Comput 2021; 35: 877-884
• 126 Touw HRW, Verheul MH, Tuinman PR. et al. Photoplethysmography respiratory rate monitoring in patients receiving procedural sedation and analgesia for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput 2017; 31: 747-754
• 127 Wadhwa V, Gonzalez AJ, Selema K. et al. Novel device for monitoring respiratory rate during endoscopy-A thermodynamic sensor. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2019; 10: 57-66
• 128 Holton J, Flattery B. Capnography compared to pulse oximetry for early detection of respiratory compromise in non-intubated patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2016; 14: 38-47
• 129 Jopling MW, Qiu J. Capnography sensor use is associated with reduction of adverse outcomes during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures with sedation administration. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17: 157
• 130 Kim SH, Park M, Lee J. et al. The addition of capnography to standard monitoring reduces hypoxemic events during gastrointestinal endoscopic sedation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14: 1605-1614
• 131 Mehta PP, Kochhar G, Albeldawi M. et al. Capnographic Monitoring in Routine EGD and Colonoscopy With Moderate Sedation: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 395-404
• 132 Michael FA, Peveling-Oberhag J, Herrmann E. et al. Evaluation of the Integrated Pulmonary Index® during non-anesthesiologist sedation for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. J Clin Monit Comput 2021;
• 133 Peveling-Oberhag J, Michael F, Tal A. et al. Capnography monitoring of non-anesthesiologist provided sedation during percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement: A prospective, controlled, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35: 401-407
• 134 Prathanvanich P, Chand B. The role of capnography during upper endoscopy in morbidly obese patients: a prospective study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015; 11: 193-198
• 135 Takimoto Y, Iwasaki E, Masaoka T. et al. Novel mainstream capnometer system is safe and feasible even under CO(2) insufflation during ERCP-related procedure: a pilot study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6: e000266
• 136 Teng WN, Ting CK, Wang YT. et al. Oral capnography is more effective than nasal capnography during sedative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput 2018; 32: 321-326
• 137 Wall BF, Magee K, Campbell SG. et al. Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3: Cd010698
• 138 Slagelse C, Vilmann P, Hornslet P. et al. The role of capnography in endoscopy patients undergoing nurse-administered propofol sedation: a randomized study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1222-1230
• 139 Bakry M, Bakry R. Changes in topographic electroencephalogram during deepening levels of propofol sedation based on alertness/sedation scale under bispectral index guidance. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2019; 51: 224-229
• 140 Garbe J, Eisenmann S, Kantelhardt JW. et al. Capability of processed EEG parameters to monitor conscious sedation in endoscopy is similar to general anaesthesia. United European Gastroenterol J 2021;
• 141 Heo J, Jung MK, Lee HS. et al. Effects of bispectral index monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol combined sedation during colonoscopy: a randomized clinical trial. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31: 260-266
• 142 Park WY, Shin YS, Lee SK. et al. Bispectral index monitoring during anesthesiologist-directed propofol and remifentanil sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55: 1421-1429
• 143 Sargin M, Uluer MS, Şimşek B. The effect of bispectral index monitoring on cognitive performance following sedation for outpatient colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Med J 2019; 137: 305-311
• 144 Yu YH, Han DS, Kim HS. et al. Efficacy of bispectral index monitoring during balanced propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58: 3576-3583
• 145 Zhang H, Lu Y, Wang L. et al. Bispectral index monitoring of sedation depth during endoscopy: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Minerva Anestesiol 2019; 85: 412-432
• 146 Kim H, Hyun JN, Lee KJ. et al. Oxygenation before Endoscopic Sedation Reduces the Hypoxic Event during Endoscopy in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020; 9
• 147 Nguyen NQ, Burgess J, Debreceni TL. et al. Psychomotor and cognitive effects of 15-minute inhalation of methoxyflurane in healthy volunteers: implication for post-colonoscopy care. Endosc Int Open 2016; 04: E1171-E1177
• 148 Watkins TJ, Bonds RL, Hodges K. et al. Evaluation of postprocedure cognitive function using 3 distinct standard sedation regimens for endoscopic procedures. Aana j 2014; 82: 133-139
• 149 Riphaus A, Slottje M, Bulla J. et al. Women awaken faster than men after electroencephalogram-monitored propofol sedation for colonoscopy: A prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34: 681-687
• 150 Trevisani L, Cifalà V, Gilli G. et al. Post-Anaesthetic Discharge Scoring System to assess patient recovery and discharge after colonoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5: 502-507