Beikost und Übergang zur Familienkost: Wann? Was? Wie?

Die Beikostphase beginnt, wenn die Milchnahrung die Ernährungsbedürfnisse des Kindes nicht mehr vollständig abdecken kann. Bis zum kompletten Übergang zur Familienkost umfasst sie den Zeitraum vom Beginn des 2. Lebenshalbjahres bis ins 2. Lebensjahr hinein und fällt damit in eine Zeit, die für die kindliche Entwicklung von größter Bedeutung ist. Dieser Artikel gibt aktuelle Antworten auf die wichtigsten Fragen: Wann, was und wie soll gefüttert werden?

Schlüsselwörter

frühe Ernährung - Beikost - Kleinkindernährung - Ernährungsempfehlungen

• Literatur

• 1 World Health Organization, (WHO). WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. 2023 Accessed July 01, 2024 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081864
• 2 Kersting M. Altersentsprechende Ernährung. In: Rodeck B, Zimmer K-P. Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Ernährung. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013
• 3 Lutter CK, Grummer-Strawn L, Rogers L. Complementary feeding of infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age. Nutr Rev 2021; 79: 825-846
• 4 Gomes D, Le L, Perschbacher S. et al. Predicting the earliest deviation in weight gain in the course towards manifest overweight in offspring exposed to obesity in pregnancy: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Med 2022; 20: 156
• 5 Schlune A, Stupin JH, Ensenauer R. Perinatale metabolische Programmierung. Was vor und nach der Geburt das Risiko für Übergewicht beeinflusst. Pädiatrie 2023; 35: 30-33
• 6 D’Auria E, Borsani B, Pendezza E. et al. Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 7931
• 7 Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI. EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA). et al. Appropriate age range for introduction of complementary feeding into an infant’s diet. EFSA J 2019; 17: e05780
• 8 Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M. et al. Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 394-415
• 9 Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V. et al. Vitamin D in the healthy European paediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 692-701
• 10 Reinehr T, Schnabel D, Wabitsch M. et al. Vitamin D supplementation after the second year of life: joint position of the Committee on Nutrition, German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ e. V.), and the German Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (DGKED e. V.). Mol Cell Pediatr 2019; 6: 3
• 11 Berg B, Cremer M, Flothkötter M. et al. Kariesprävention im Säuglings- und frühen Kindesalter. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2021; 169: 550-558
• 12 Alexy U, Drossard C, Kersting M. et al. Iodine intake in the youngest: impact of commercial complementary food. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 1368-1370
• 13 Koletzko B, Bauer CP, Cierpka M. et al. Ernährung und Bewegung von Säuglingen und stillenden Frauen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2016; 164: 771-798
• 14 Herman H, Mansur AR, Chang YJ. Factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding: A scoping review. J Pediatr Nurs 2023; 71: e75-e89
• 15 World Health Organisation (WHO). The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. 2001 Accessed -0 -0, 202 at: https://www.who.int/tools/elena/review-summaries/exclusive-breastfeeding--optimal-duration-of-exclusive-breastfeeding
• 16 World Health Organisation (WHO). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Definitions and measurement methods. 2021 Accessed July 01, 2024 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389
• 17 Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C. et al. Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64: 119-132
• 18 Meek JY, Noble L. Section on Breastfeeding. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics 2022; 150: e2022057988
• 19 Koletzko B, Bührer C, Jochum F. et al. Zeitpunkt der Beikosteinführung und Risiko für Allergien und Zöliakie: Update. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2016; 164: 1025-1028
• 20 Capra ME, Decarolis NM, Monopoli D. et al. Complementary Feeding: Tradition, Innovation and Pitfalls. Nutrients 2024; 16: 737
• 21 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. Referenzwerte. Accessed May 26, 2024 at: https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/
• 22 Kopp MV, Muche-Borowski C, Abou-Dakn M. et al. S3 guideline Allergy Prevention. Allergol Select 2022; 6: 61-97
• 23 Nyaradi A, Li J, Hickling S. et al. The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7: 97
• 24 Obbagy JE, English LK, Psota TL. et al. Complementary feeding and micronutrient status: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109: 852s-871s
• 25 Burgard L, Jansen S, Spiegler C. et al. Unfavorable nutrient intakes in children up to school entry age: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study. Front Nutr 2024; 10: 1302323
• 26 EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. EFSA J 2013; 11: 3408
• 27 Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Grote V. et al. High protein intake in young children and increased weight gain and obesity risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103: 303-304
• 28 Koletzko B, Bührer C, Ensenauer R. et al. Complementary foods in baby food pouches: position statement from the Nutrition Commission of the German Society for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ, e. V.). Mol Cell Pediatr 2019; 6: 2
• 29 Venter C, Greenhawt M, Meyer RW. et al. EAACI position paper on diet diversity in pregnancy, infancy and childhood: Novel concepts and implications for studies in allergy and asthma. Allergy 2020; 75: 497-523
• 30 Zheng M, D’Souza NJ, Atkins L. et al. Breastfeeding and the Longitudinal Changes of Body Mass Index in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15: 100152
• 31 Bührer C, Genzel-Boroviczény O, Jochum F. et al. Ernährung gesunder Säuglinge. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2014; 162: 527-538
• 32 Coulthard H, Harris G, Emmett P. Delayed introduction of lumpy foods to children during the complementary feeding period affects child’s food acceptance and feeding at 7 years of age. Matern Child Nutr 2009; 5: 75-85
• 33 Mennella JA. Ontogeny of taste preferences: basic biology and implications for health. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 704s-711s
• 34 Pliner P, Hobden K. Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans. Appetite 1992; 19: 105-120
• 35 Rapley G, Forste R, Cameron S. et al. Baby-Led Weaning: A New Frontier?. Infant Child Adolesc Nutr 2015; 7: 77-85
• 36 Fangupo LJ, Heath AM, Williams SM. et al. A Baby-Led Approach to Eating Solids and Risk of Choking. Pediatrics 2016; 138: e20160772
• 37 Boswell N. Complementary Feeding Methods-A Review of the Benefits and Risks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18