S3-Leitlinie Heimenterale und heimparenterale Ernährung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM)

Zusammenfassung

Medizinische Ernährungstherapie, die enterale und parenterale Ernährung umfasst, ist ein wesentlicher Teil der Ernährungstherapie. Medizinische Ernährungstherapie beschränkt sich nicht auf die Krankenhausbehandlung, sondern kann effektiv und sicher auch zu Hause eingesetzt werden. Dadurch hat sich der Stellenwert der Medizinischen Ernährungstherapie deutlich erhöht und ist zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der Therapie vieler chronischer Erkrankungen geworden. Für Menschen mit chronischem Darmversagen, z. B. wegen Kurzdarmsyndrom ist die Medizinische Ernährungstherapie sogar lebensrettend. In der Leitlinie wird die Evidenz für die Medizinische Ernährungstherapie in 161 Empfehlungen dargestellt. Die Leitlinie wendet sich in erster Linie an Ärzte, Ernährungsfachkräfte und Pflegekräfte, sie dient der Information für Pharmazeuten und anderes Fachpersonal, kann aber auch für den interessierten Laien hilfreich sein.

Abstract

Medical nutrition therapy which includes enteral and parenteral nutrition is an essential part of nutritional therapy. Medical nutrition therapy is not limited to hospital treatment but can also be used effectively and safely at home. As a result, the importance of medical nutritional therapy has increased significantly and has become an important part of the therapy of many chronic diseases. For people with chronic intestinal failure, e. g. because of short bowel syndrome, medical nutritional therapy is even life-saving. In this guideline, the evidence for medical nutritional therapy is presented in 161 recommendations. The guideline is primarily aimed at doctors, nutritionists and nursing staff; it serves as information for pharmacists and other specialists but can also be helpful for interested laypersons.

Schlüsselwörter

Heimenterale Ernährung - heimparenterale Ernährung - Sondennahrung - Zugangswege - Pumpen

Key words

Home enteral nutrition - home parenteral nutrition - tube feeding - access devices - pumps

Publication History

Article published online:
18 April 2024

• References

• 1 Lochs H, Valentini L, Schütz T. et al. ESPEN guidelines on adult enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 177-360
• 2 Cano N, Aparicio M, Brunori G. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 359-479
• 3 Bischoff S, Arends J, Dörje F. et al. S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES und der AKE. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2013; 38: e101-e154
• 4 Bischoff SC, Austin P, Boeykens K. et al. ESPEN guideline on home enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 5-22
• 5 Pironi L, Boeykens K, Bozzetti F. et al. ESPEN guideline on home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 1645-1666
• 6 Cawsey SI, Soo J, Gramlich LM. Home enteral nutrition: outcomes relative to indication. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25: 296-300
• 7 Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V. et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 11-48
• 8 Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H. et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 1187-1196
• 9 Arends J, Bodoky G, Bozzetti F. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 245-259
• 10 Bozzetti F, Arends J, Lundholm K. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 445-454
• 11 Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O. et al. Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: 321-336
• 12 Wunderle C, Gomes F, Schuetz P. et al. ESPEN guideline on nutritional support for polymorbid medical inpatients. Clin Nutr 2023; 42: 1545-1568
• 13 Kondrup J, Bak L, Hansen BS. et al. Outcome from nutritional support using hospital food. Nutrition 1998; 14: 319-321
• 14 Jensen GL, Mirtallo J, Compher C. et al. Adult starvation and disease-related malnutrition: a proposal for etiology-based diagnosis in the clinical practice setting from the International Consensus Guideline Committee. Clin Nutr 2010; 29: 151-153
• 15 Schuetz P, Fehr R, Baechli V. et al. Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomised clinical trial. The Lancet 2019; 393: 2312-2321
• 16 Gomes F, Baumgartner A, Bounoure L. et al. Association of Nutritional Support With Clinical Outcomes Among Medical Inpatients Who Are Malnourished or at Nutritional Risk. JAMA Network Open 2019; 2: e1915138
• 17 Paccagnella A, Marcon ML, Baruffi C. et al. Enteral nutrition at home and in nursing homes: an 11-year (2002-2012) epidemiological analysis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2016; 62: 1-10
• 18 Howard L. Home parenteral and enteral nutrition in cancer patients. Cancer 1993; 72: 3531-3541
• 19 Klek S, Pawlowska D, Dziwiszek G. et al. The evolution of home enteral nutrition (HEN) in poland during five years after implementation: A multicentre study. Nutr Hosp 2015; 32: 196-201
• 20 de Luis DA, Aller R, de Luis J. et al. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with home enteral nutrition in an area of Spain. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 612-615
• 21 de Luis DA, Aller R, Izaola O. et al. Experience of 6 years with home enteral nutrition in an area of Spain. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 553-557
• 22 De Luis DA, Izaola O, Cuellar LA. et al. Experience over 12 years with home enteral nutrition in a healthcare area of Spain. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 26: 39-44
• 23 Gaggiotti G, Ambrosi S, Spazzafumo L. et al. Two-year outcome data from the Italian Home Enteral Nutrition (IHEN) Register. Clin Nutr 1995; 14: 2-5
• 24 Paccagnella A, Baruffi C, Pizzolato D. et al. Home enteral nutrition in adults: A five-year (2001–2005) epidemiological analysis. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 378-385
• 25 Schneider SM, Raina C, Pugliese P. et al. Outcome of Patients Treated with Home Enteral Nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2001; 25: 203-209
• 26 Wanden-Berghe C, Luengo LM, Alvarez J. et al. Spanish home enteral nutrition registry of the year 2014 and 2015 from the NADYA-SENPE Group. Nutr Hosp 2017; 34: 15-18
• 27 Velapati SR, Schroeder SE, Schroeder DR. et al. Use of Home Enteral Nutrition in Malnourished Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2020; 45: 1023-1031
• 28 Villar Taibo R. Epidemiology of home artificial nutrition: an approximation to reality. Nutr Hosp 2018; 35: 511-518
• 29 Deutz NE, Matheson EM, Matarese LE. et al. Readmission and mortality in malnourished, older, hospitalized adults treated with a specialized oral nutritional supplement: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 18-26
• 30 Orlandoni P, Peladic NJ, Di Rosa M. et al. The outcomes of long term home enteral nutrition (HEN) in older patients with severe dementia. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 1871-1876
• 31 Ruggeri E, Giannantonio M, Agostini F. et al. Home artificial nutrition in palliative care cancer patients: Impact on survival and performance status. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 3346-3353
• 32 Klek S, Pawlowska D, Dziwiszek G. et al. The evolution of home enteral nutrition (HEN) in Poland during five years after implementation: a multicentre stud. Nutr Hosp 2015; 32: 196-201
• 33 Bowrey DJ, Baker M, Halliday V. et al. A randomised controlled trial of six weeks of home enteral nutrition versus standard care after oesophagectomy or total gastrectomy for cancer: report on a pilot and feasibility study. Trials 2015; 16: 531
• 34 Wu Z, Wu M, Wang Q. et al. Home enteral nutrition after minimally invasive esophagectomy can improve quality of life and reduce the risk of malnutrition. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2018; 27: 129
• 35 Yu FJ, Shih HY, Wu CY. et al. Enteral nutrition and quality of life in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma: a comparison of nasogastric tube, esophageal stent, and ostomy tube feeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88: 21-31 e24
• 36 National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (NICE). Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. In. 2006
• 37 Staun M, Pironi L, Bozzetti F. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) in adult patients. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 467-479
• 38 Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F. et al. ESPEN guidelines on chronic intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 247-307
• 39 ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26: 1sa-138sa
• 40 Gillanders L, Angstmann K, Ball P. et al. AuSPEN clinical practice guideline for home parenteral nutrition patients in Australia and New Zealand. Nutrition 2008; 24: 998-1012
• 41 Kovacevich DS, Frederick A, Kelly D. et al. Standards for specialized nutrition support: home care patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20: 579-590
• 42 Koletzko B, Jauch KW, Verwied-Jorky S. et al WITHDRAWN: National Guidelines. Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition from the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM) - Part 1. Clin Nutr 2008; 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.05.008
• 43 Pittiruti M, Hamilton H, Biffi R. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: central venous catheters (access, care, diagnosis and therapy of complications). Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 365-377
• 44 Dreesen M, Foulon V, Vanhaecht K. et al. Guidelines recommendations on care of adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: a systematic review of global practices. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 602-608
• 45 British Intestinal Failure Alliance (BIFA). British Intestinal Failure Alliance (BIFA) Position Statement 2016 Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN). In. 2016
• 46 NHS England. Intestinal Failure Service (Adult) (10.07.2019). Im Internet: https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/intestinal-failure-service-adult/; Stand 09.09.2021
• 47 Pironi L, Cuerda C, Jeppesen PB. et al. ESPEN guideline on chronic intestinal failure in adults - Update 2023. Clin Nutr 2023; 42: 1940-2021
• 48 Pironi L, Arends J, Baxter J. et al. ESPEN endorsed recommendations. Definition and classification of intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 171-180
• 49 Pironi L, Konrad D, Brandt C. et al. Clinical classification of adult patients with chronic intestinal failure due to benign disease: An international multicenter cross-sectional survey. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 728-738
• 50 Pironi L, Goulet O, Buchman A. et al. Outcome on home parenteral nutrition for benign intestinal failure: a review of the literature and benchmarking with the European prospective survey of ESPEN. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 831-845
• 51 Amiot A, Messing B, Corcos O. et al. Determinants of home parenteral nutrition dependence and survival of 268 patients with non-malignant short bowel syndrome. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 368-374
• 52 Higuera I, Garcia-Peris P, Camblor M. et al. Outcomes of a general hospital-based home parenteral nutrition (HPN) program; report of our experience from a 26-year period. Nutr Hosp 2014; 30: 359-365
• 53 Dibb M, Soop M, Teubner A. et al. Survival and nutritional dependence on home parenteral nutrition: Three decades of experience from a single referral centre. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 570-576
• 54 Brandt CF, Tribler S, Hvistendahl M. et al. Home Parenteral Nutrition in Adult Patients With Chronic Intestinal Failure: Catheter-Related Complications Over 4 Decades at the Main Danish Tertiary Referral Center. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42: 95-103
• 55 Wu G, Jiang Y, Zhu X. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for complications in adult patients with short bowel syndrome receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2017; 26: 591-597
• 56 Joly F, Baxter J, Staun M. et al. Five-year survival and causes of death in patients on home parenteral nutrition for severe chronic and benign intestinal failure. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 1415-1422
• 57 Pironi L, Hebuterne X, Van Gossum A. et al Candidates for intestinal transplantation: a multicenter survey in Europe. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1633-1643 quiz 1679
• 58 Pironi L, Forbes A, Joly F. et al. Survival of patients identified as candidates for intestinal transplantation: a 3-year prospective follow-up. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 61-71
• 59 Pironi L, Joly F, Forbes A. et al. Long-term follow-up of patients on home parenteral nutrition in Europe: implications for intestinal transplantation. Gut 2011; 60: 17-25
• 60 Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Mangione S. Medical treatment for inoperable malignant bowel obstruction: a qualitative systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 33: 217-223
• 61 Bozzetti F, Amadori D, Bruera E. et al. Guidelines on artificial nutrition versus hydration in terminal cancer patients. European Association for Palliative Care. Nutrition 1996; 12: 163-167
• 62 American Society for P. August DA, Huhmann MB. et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 472-500
• 63 Naghibi M, Smith TR, Elia M. A systematic review with meta-analysis of survival, quality of life and cost-effectiveness of home parenteral nutrition in patients with inoperable malignant bowel obstruction. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 825-837
• 64 Bozzetti F, Santarpia L, Pironi L. et al. The prognosis of incurable cachectic cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition: a multi-centre observational study with prospective follow-up of 414 patients. Ann Oncol 2014; 25: 487-493
• 65 Bozzetti F, Cotogni P, Lo Vullo S. et al. Development and validation of a nomogram to predict survival in incurable cachectic cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition. Ann Oncol 2015; 26: 2335-2340
• 66 Sowerbutts AM, Lal S, Clamp A. et al Home parenteral nutrition for people with inoperable malignant bowel obstruction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 10.1002/14651858.Cd012812
• 67 Bozzetti F, Forbes A. The ESPEN clinical practice Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: present status and perspectives for future research. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 359-364
• 68 Finocchiaro C, Gervasio S, Fadda M. et al. Home parenteral nutrition (HPN): Survival in advanced cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: S65
• 69 Seys P, Tadmouri A, Senesse P. et al. Home parenteral nutrition in elderly patients with cancer: an observational prospective study. Bull Cancer 2014; 101: 243-249
• 70 Culine S, Chambrier C, Tadmouri A. et al. Home parenteral nutrition improves quality of life and nutritional status in patients with cancer: a French observational multicentre study. Support Care Cancer 2014; 22: 1867-1874
• 71 Vashi PG, Dahlk S, Popiel B. et al. A longitudinal study investigating quality of life and nutritional outcomes in advanced cancer patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 593
• 72 Girke J, Seipt C, Markowski A. et al. Quality of Life and Nutrition Condition of Patients Improve Under Home Parenteral Nutrition: An Exploratory Study. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31: 659-665
• 73 Cotogni P, De Carli L, Passera R. et al. Longitudinal study of quality of life in advanced cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition. Cancer Med 2017; 6: 1799-1806
• 74 Hyltander A, Drott C, Unsgaard B. et al. The effect on body composition and exercise performance of home parenteral nutrition when given as adjunct to chemotherapy of testicular carcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21: 413-420
• 75 Lundholm K, Daneryd P, Bosaeus I. et al. Palliative nutritional intervention in addition to cyclooxygenase and erythropoietin treatment for patients with malignant disease: Effects on survival, metabolism, and function. Cancer 2004; 100: 1967-1977
• 76 Lundholm K, Korner U, Gunnebo L. et al. Insulin treatment in cancer cachexia: effects on survival, metabolism, and physical functioning. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 2699-2706
• 77 Obling SR, Wilson BV, Pfeiffer P. et al. Home parenteral nutrition increases fat free mass in patients with incurable gastrointestinal cancer. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 182-190
• 78 Dreesen M, Foulon V, Hiele M. et al. Quality of care for cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition: development of key interventions and outcome indicators using a two-round Delphi approach. Support Care Cancer 2013; 21: 1373-1381
• 79 Wanden-Berghe Lozano C, Cuerda Compes C, Maíz Jiménez M. et al. Home and Ambulatory Artificial Nutrition (NADYA) Group Report. Home parenteral nutrition in Spain, 2018. Nutr Hosp 2020; 37: 403-407
• 80 Wanden-Berghe Lozano C, Virgili Casas N, Ramos Boluda E. et al. Home and Ambulatory Artificial Nutrition (NADYA) Group Report - Home parenteral nutrition in Spain, 2016. Nutr Hosp 2017; 34: 1497-1501
• 81 Winkler MF, DiMaria-Ghalili RA, Guenter P. et al. Characteristics of a Cohort of Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients at the Time of Enrollment in the Sustain Registry. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 40: 1140-1149
• 82 Smith T, Naghibi M, Stratton R. et al. Artificial nutrition support in the UK 2005 - 2015. Adult home parenteral nutrition & home intravenous fluids A report by the British artificial nutrition survey (BANS), a committee of BAPEN (the British association for parenteral and enteral nutrition). 2016
• 83 Pironi L, Candusso M, Biondo A. et al. Prevalence of home artificial nutrition in Italy in 2005: a survey by the Italian Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SINPE). Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 123-132
• 84 Pironi L. Development of home artificial nutrition in Italy over a seven year period: 2005–2012. BMC Nutrition 2017; 3
• 85 Hortencio TDR, Arendt BM, Teterina A. et al. Changes in Home Parenteral Nutrition Practice Based on the Canadian Home Parenteral Nutrition Patient Registry. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 830-836
• 86 Burgos R, Breton I, Cereda E. et al. ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 354-396
• 87 Kirby DF, Corrigan ML, Hendrickson E. et al. Overview of Home Parenteral Nutrition: An Update. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32: 739-752
• 88 Hotta M, Araki M, Urano A. et al. Home parenteral nutrition therapy in seven patients with anorexia nervosa: the role and indications. Intern Med 2014; 53: 2695-2699
• 89 Wirth R, Dziewas R, Jäger M. et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE, der DGN und der DGG. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2013; 38: e49-e89
• 90 Dy SM. Enteral and parenteral nutrition in terminally ill cancer patients: a review of the literature. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2006; 23: 369-377
• 91 Loss J, Eichhorn C, Nagel E. Ethische Aspekte der ernährungsmedizinischen Versorgung. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2004; 29: 329-333
• 92 Kaegi-Braun N, Tribolet P, Gomes F. et al. Six-month outcomes after individualized nutritional support during the hospital stay in medical patients at nutritional risk: Secondary analysis of a prospective randomized trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40: 812-819
• 93 Takagi S, Utsunomiya K, Kuriyama S. et al. Effectiveness of an ̒half elemental dietʼ as maintenance therapy for Crohn̓s disease: A randomized-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 1333-1340
• 94 Gripp S, Moeller S, Bolke E. et al. Survival prediction in terminally ill cancer patients by clinical estimates, laboratory tests, and self-rated anxiety and depression. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3313-3320
• 95 Druml C, Ballmer PE, Druml W. et al. ESPEN guideline on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 545-556
• 96 Druml W, Contzen B, Joannidis M. et al. S1-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der AKE, der GESKES und der DGfN. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2015; 40: 21-37
• 97 Bouleuc C, Anota A, Cornet C. et al. Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life of Parenteral Nutrition for Patients with Advanced Cancer Cachexia: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Oncologist 2020; 25: e843-e851
• 98 Kumpf VJ, Tillman EM. Home parenteral nutrition: safe transition from hospital to home. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27: 749-757
• 99 Durfee SM, Adams SC, Arthur E. et al. A.S.P.E.N. Standards for Nutrition Support: Home and Alternate Site Care. Nutr Clin Pract 2014; 29: 542-555
• 100 Vashi PG, Virginkar N, Popiel B. et al. Incidence of and factors associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection in patients with advanced solid tumors on home parenteral nutrition managed using a standardized catheter care protocol. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 372
• 101 Pichitchaipitak O, Ckumdee S, Apivanich S. et al. Predictive factors of catheter-related bloodstream infection in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 2018; 46: 1-6
• 102 Winkler M, Guenter P. Long-term home parenteral nutrition: it takes an interdisciplinary approach. J Infus Nurs 2014; 37: 389-395
• 103 Dibb M, Teubner A, Theis V. et al. Review article: the management of long-term parenteral nutrition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 587-603
• 104 Boeykens K, Van Hecke A. Advanced practice nursing: Nutrition Nurse Specialist role and function. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2018; 26: 72-76
• 105 Dreesen M, Foulon V, Vanhaecht K. et al. Development of quality of care interventions for adult patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) with a benign underlying disease using a two-round Delphi approach. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 59-64
• 106 Storr J, Twyman A, Zingg W. et al. Core components for effective infection prevention and control programmes: new WHO evidence-based recommendations. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6: 6
• 107 O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA. et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: e162-193
• 108 Boeykens K. Monitoring patients on home parenteral nutrition. In: Bozzetti F, Staun M, Van Gossum A, Hrsg. Home Parenteral Nutrition. 2nd. Aufl. CABInternational; 2015: 318-324
• 109 Dibb M, Lal S. Home Parenteral Nutrition: Vascular Access and Related Complications. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32: 769-776
• 110 Dreesen M, Foulon V, Vanhaecht K. et al. Identifying patient-centered quality indicators for the care of adult home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 840-846
• 111 Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 48-79
• 112 Taylor BE, McClave SA, Martindale RG. et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). Crit Care Med 2016; 44: 390-438
• 113 Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG. et al. DGEM-Leitlinie:„Klinische Ernährung in der Intensivmedizin “. Aktuelle Ernaehrungsmedizin 2018; 43: 341-408
• 114 Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P. et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 49-64
• 115 Vlug LE, Nagelkerke SCJ, Jonkers-Schuitema CF. et al. The Role of a Nutrition Support Team in the Management of Intestinal Failure Patients. Nutrients 2020; 12: 172
• 116 Valentini L, Volkert D, Schütz T. et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM). Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2013; 38: 97-111
• 117 Bond A, Teubner A, Taylor M. et al. Assessing the impact of quality improvement measures on catheter related blood stream infections and catheter salvage: Experience from a national intestinal failure unit. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 2097-2101
• 118 De Francesco A, Diamanti A, Gandullia P. et al. Non-interventional, retrospective data of long-term home parenteral nutrition in patients with benign diseases: Analysis of a nurse register (SERECARE). Nutrition 2019; 66: 131-141
• 119 Best C, Hitchings H. Enteral tube feeding--from hospital to home. Br J Nurs 2010; 19: 176-179
• 120 Dinenage S, Gower M, Van Wyk J. et al. Development and evaluation of a home enteral nutrition team. Nutrients 2015; 7: 1607-1617
• 121 Johnson TW, Seegmiller S, Epp L. et al. Addressing Frequent Issues of Home Enteral Nutrition Patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34: 186-195
• 122 Huisman-de Waal G, Versleijen M, van Achterberg T. et al. Psychosocial complaints are associated with venous access-device related complications in patients on home parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35: 588-595
• 123 Bischoff SC, Kester L, Meier R. et al. Organisation, regulations, preparation and logistics of parenteral nutrition in hospitals and homes; the role of the nutrition support team - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 8. Ger Med Sci 2009; 7: 20
• 124 Reber E, Strahm R, Bally L. et al. Efficacy and Efficiency of Nutritional Support Teams. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 1281
• 125 Silver HJ, Wellman NS, Galindo-Ciocon D. et al. Family caregivers of older adults on home enteral nutrition have multiple unmet task-related training needs and low overall preparedness for caregiving. J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104: 43-50
• 126 Howard P, Jonkers-Schuitema C, Furniss L. et al. Managing the patient journey through enteral nutritional care. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 187-195
• 127 Solomon DM, Emery EZ, Kavelak HL. et al. Impact of Implementation of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Model for Parenteral Nutrition Order Writing and Review on Competency, Attitudes, and Perceptions. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34: 597-605
• 128 Day T. Home enteral feeding and its impact on quality of life. Br J Community Nurs 2017; 22: S14-S16
• 129 Green S, Dinenage S, Gower M. et al. Home enteral nutrition: organisation of services. Nurs Older People 2013; 25: 14-18
• 130 Landeiro MJ, Peres HH, Martins TV. Evaluation of the educational technology "Caring for dependent people" by family caregivers in changes and transfers of patients and tube feeding. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2016; 24: e2774
• 131 Klek S, Hermanowicz A, Dziwiszek G. et al. Home enteral nutrition reduces complications, length of stay, and health care costs: results from a multicenter study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 609-615
• 132 Soifer NE, Borzak S, Edlin BR. et al. Prevention of peripheral venous catheter complications with an intravenous therapy team: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 473-477
• 133 Goldstein M, Braitman LE, Levine GM. The medical and financial costs associated with termination of a nutrition support nurse. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000; 24: 323-327
• 134 Braun K, Utech A, Velez ME. et al. Parenteral Nutrition Electrolyte Abnormalities and Associated Factors Before and After Nutrition Support Team Initiation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42: 387-392
• 135 Mistiaen P, Van den Heede K. Nutrition Support Teams: A Systematic Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44: 1004-1020
• 136 Stidham MA, Douglas JW. Nutrition Support Team Oversight and Appropriateness of Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44: 1447-1460
• 137 Dreesen M, Pironi L, Wanten G. et al. Outcome Indicators for Home Parenteral Nutrition Care: Point of View From Adult Patients With Benign Disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 39: 828-836
• 138 Morton K, Goodacre L. An exploration of the impact of home enteral tube feeding on the eating habits of the partners of adults receiving home enteral tube feeding. J Hum Nutr Diet 2008; 21: 397-397
• 139 Hudgins JD, Goldberg V, Fell GL. et al. Reducing Time to Antibiotics in Children With Intestinal Failure, Central Venous Line, and Fever. Pediatrics 2017; 140: e20171201
• 140 Chaftari P, Chaftari AM, Adachi J. et al. Improvement in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections in a tertiary cancer center. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45: e34-e39
• 141 Arends J, Bertz H, Bischoff S. et al. S3-Leitline der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin e. V.(DGEM) in Kooperation mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Onkologie e. V.(DGHO), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft „Supportive Maßnahmen in der Onkologie, Rehabilitation und Sozialmedizin “der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft (ASORS) und der Österreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für klinische Ernährung (AKE). Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2015; 40: e1-e74
• 142 Silver HJ, Wellman NS, Arnold DJ. et al. Older adults receiving home enteral nutrition: enteral regimen, provider involvement, and health care outcomes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28: 92-98
• 143 Apezetxea A, Carrillo L, Casanueva F. et al. The NutriQoL® questionnaire for assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with home enteral nutrition (HEN): validation and first results. Nutr Hosp 2016; 33: 1260-1267
• 144 Blumenstein I, Shastri YM, Stein J. Gastroenteric tube feeding: techniques, problems and solutions. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 8505-8524
• 145 White H, King L. Enteral feeding pumps: efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability. Med Devices (Auckl) 2014; 7: 291-298
• 146 Bond A, Teubner A, Taylor M. et al. A novel discharge pathway for patients with advanced cancer requiring home parenteral nutrition. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32: 492-500
• 147 Gifford H, Delegge M, Epperson LA. Education methods and techniques for training home parenteral nutrition patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25: 443-450
• 148 Norman JL, Crill CM. Optimizing the transition to home parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26: 273-285
• 149 Evans S, Preston F, Daly A. et al. Accuracy of home enteral feed preparation for children with inherited metabolic disorders. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 24: 68-73
• 150 Burkitt P, Carter LM, Smith AB. et al. Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and radiologically inserted gastrostomy in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 49: 516-520
• 151 Hull MA, Rawlings J, Murray FE. et al. Audit of outcome of long-term enteral nutrition by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Lancet 1993; 341: 869-872
• 152 Pearce CB, Goggin PM, Collett J. et al. The ̒cut and push̓ method of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube removal. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 133-135
• 153 Agha A, AlSaudi D, Furnari M. et al. Feasibility of the cut-and-push method for removing large-caliber soft percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy devices. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28: 490-492
• 154 Goncalves-Bradley DC, J Maria AR, Ricci-Cabello I et al. Mobile technologies to support healthcare provider to healthcare provider communication and management of care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8 CD012927
• 155 Raphael BP, Schumann C, Garrity-Gentille S. et al. Virtual Telemedicine Visits in Pediatric Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients: A Quality Improvement Initiative. Telemed J E Health 2019; 25: 60-65
• 156 Meyer M, Hartwell J, Beatty A. et al. Creation of a Virtual Nutrition Support Team to Improve Quality of Care for Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition in a Multisite Healthcare System. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34: 881-886
• 157 Wanden-Berghe C, Nolasco A, Sanz-Valero J. et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with home nutritional support. J Hum Nutr Diet 2009; 22: 219-225
• 158 Kumpf VJ. Challenges and Obstacles of Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34: 196-203
• 159 Gea Cabrera A, Sanz-Lorente M, Sanz-Valero J. et al. Compliance and Adherence to Enteral Nutrition Treatment in Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11: 2627
• 160 Kirby DF, Mitchell R, Hendrickson E. Noncompliance/Nonadherence With Home Nutrition Support: An Underrecognized Clinical Dilemma. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32: 777-781
• 161 Ablett J, Vasant DH, Taylor M. et al. Poor Social Support and Unemployment Are Associated With Negative Affect in Home Parenteral Nutrition-Dependent Patients With Chronic Intestinal Failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 43: 534-539
• 162 Wong C, Lucas B, Wood D. Patientsʼ experiences with home parenteral nutrition: A grounded theory study. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2018; 24: 100-108
• 163 Park JY. Implementing a central venous catheter self-management education program for patients with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2016; 25: 1-8
• 164 Majka AJ, Wang Z, Schmitz KR. et al. Care coordination to enhance management of long-term enteral tube feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 40-52
• 165 Nightingale J. Nutrition support teams: how they work, are set up and maintained. Frontline Gastroenterol 2010; 1: 171-177
• 166 Wanden-Berghe C, Patino-Alonso MC, Galindo-Villardon P. et al. Complications Associated with Enteral Nutrition: CAFANE Study. Nutrients 2019; 11: 2041
• 167 Ukleja A, Romano MM. Complications of Parenteral Nutrition. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007; 36: 23-46
• 168 Toure A, Duchamp A, Peraldi C. et al. A comparative study of peripherally-inserted and Broviac catheter complications in home parenteral nutrition patients. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 49-52
• 169 Pironi L, Baxter JP, Lauro A. et al. Assessment of quality of life on home parenteral nutrition and after intestinal transplantation using treatment-specific questionnaires. Am J Transplant 2012; 12: S60-66
• 170 Baxter JP, Fayers PM, Bozzetti F. et al. An international study of the quality of life of adult patients treated with home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 1788-1796
• 171 Mantegazza C, La Vela V, Hill S. et al. Travelling With Children on Home Parenteral Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62: 145-149
• 172 Aeberhard C, Mühlebach S. Parenterale Ernährung – Grundlagen und Durchführung. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2017; 42: 53-76
• 173 Streicher M, Wirth R, Schindler K. et al. Dysphagia in Nursing Homes-Results From the NutritionDay Project. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 19: 141-147
• 174 Volkert D, Bauer J, Frühwald T. et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE und der DGG. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2013; 38: e1-e48
• 175 Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 10-47
• 176 Howard L, Malone M. Clinical outcome of geriatric patients in the United States receiving home parenteral and enteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1364-1370
• 177 Kirchgatterer A, Bunte C, Aschl G. et al. Long-term outcome following placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in younger and older patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 271-276
• 178 Leij-Halfwerk S, Verwijs MH, van Houdt S. et al. Prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition risk in European older adults in community, residential and hospital settings, according to 22 malnutrition screening tools validated for use in adults >/=65 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2019; 126: 80-89
• 179 Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T. et al. Management of Malnutrition in Older Patients-Current Approaches, Evidence and Open Questions. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 974
• 180 Durfee SM, Gallagher-Allred C, Pasquale JA. et al. Standards for specialized nutrition support for adult residents of long-term care facilities. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21: 96-104
• 181 Hoekstra JC, Goosen JH, de Wolf GS. et al. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary nutritional care on nutritional intake, nutritional status and quality of life in patients with hip fractures: a controlled prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2011; 30: 455-461
• 182 Babineau J, Villalon L, Laporte M. et al. Outcomes of screening and nutritional intervention among older adults in healthcare facilities. Can J Diet Pract Res 2008; 69: 89-94
• 183 Beck AM, Christensen AG, Hansen BS. et al. Multidisciplinary nutritional support for undernutrition in nursing home and home-care: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2016; 32: 199-205
• 184 Büscher A, Möller A. Deutsches Netzwerk für Qualitätsentwicklung in der Pflege (DNQP): Aktueller Stand. In, Public Health Forum. Elsevier; 2014: 27-27
• 185 Rypkema G, Adang E, Dicke H. et al. Cost-effectiveness of an interdisciplinary intervention in geriatric inpatients to prevent malnutrition. J Nutr Health Aging 2004; 8: 122-127
• 186 Lee YF, Hsu TW, Liang CS. et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Tube Feeding in Advanced Dementia Patients: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021; 22: 357-363
• 187 De D, Thomas C. Enhancing the decision-making process when considering artificial nutrition in advanced dementia care. Int J Palliat Nurs 2019; 25: 216-223
• 188 Aangenendt-Siegers IP, Cools HJ. Cause of death in nursing homes. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1992; 136: 2015-2017
• 189 O’Keeffe ST, Lavan JN. Subcutaneous Fluids in Elderly Hospital Patients with Cognitive Impairment. Gerontology 1996; 42: 36-39
• 190 Caccialanza R, Constans T, Cotogni P. et al. Subcutaneous Infusion of Fluids for Hydration or Nutrition: A Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42: 296-307
• 191 Danielsen MB, Andersen S, Worthington E. et al. Harms and Benefits of Subcutaneous Hydration in Older Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68: 2937-2946
• 192 Slesak G, Schnürle JW, Kinzel E. et al. Comparison of Subcutaneous and Intravenous Rehydration in Geriatric Patients: A Randomized Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 155-160
• 193 Corry J, Poon W, McPhee N. et al. Prospective study of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes versus nasogastric tubes for enteral feeding in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing (chemo)radiation. Head Neck 2009; 31: 867-876
• 194 Gomes CA, Lustosa SA, Matos D. et al Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; CD008096 10.1002/14651858.CD008096.pub3
• 195 Nugent B, Lewis S, OʼSullivan JM. Enteral feeding methods for nutritional management in patients with head and neck cancers being treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD007904 10.1002/14651858.CD007904.pub3
• 196 Paleri V, Roe JW, Strojan P. et al. Strategies to reduce long-term postchemoradiation dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer: an evidence-based review. Head Neck 2014; 36: 431-443
• 197 Wang J, Liu M, Liu C. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. J Radiat Res 2014; 55: 559-567
• 198 Gomes CA, Andriolo RB, Bennett C. et al Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; CD008096 10.1002/14651858.CD008096.pub4
• 199 Tabrizi R, Hosseinpour S, Taghizadeh F. Feeding in Oral Cancer Patients After Massive Ablative Surgery: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy or Nasogastric Tube. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27: 1010-1011
• 200 Jaafar MH, Mahadeva S, Morgan K. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric feeding in older individuals with non-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19: 190-197
• 201 Fay DE, Poplausky M, Gruber M. et al. Long-term enteral feeding: a retrospective comparison of delivery via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasoenteric tubes. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 1604-1609
• 202 Dwolatzky T, Berezovski S, Friedmann R. et al. A prospective comparison of the use of nasogastric and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes for long-term enteral feeding in older people. Clin Nutr 2001; 20: 535-540
• 203 McClave SA, DiBaise JK, Mullin GE. et al ACG Clinical Guideline: Nutrition Therapy in the Adult Hospitalized Patient. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 315-334 quiz 335
• 204 Toussaint E, Van Gossum A, Ballarin A. et al. Enteral access in adults. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 350-358
• 205 Ang SY, Lim ML, Ong HS. et al. A Descriptive Study of enteral tube feeding among adults in an acute care tertiary hospital-patient selection, characteristics and complications. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2020; 37: 58-64
• 206 Folwarski M, Kłęk S, Zoubek-Wójcik A. et al. Home Enteral Nutrition in Adults—Nationwide Multicenter Survey. Nutrients 2020; 12: 2087
• 207 Bravo JG, Ide E, Kondo A. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic versus surgical gastrostomy in patients with benign and malignant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71: 169-178
• 208 Ljungdahl M, Sundbom M. Complication rate lower after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy than after surgical gastrostomy: a prospective, randomized trial. Surg Endosc 2006; 20: 1248-1251
• 209 Rustom IK, Jebreel A, Tayyab M. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic, radiological and surgical gastrostomy tubes: a comparison study in head and neck cancer patients. J Laryngol Otol 2006; 120: 463-466
• 210 Croshaw RL, Nottingham JM. Laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: its role in providing enteric access when percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is not possible. Am Surg 2006; 72: 1222-1224
• 211 Serrano Aguayo P, Gros Herguido N, Parejo Campos J. et al. New laparoscopic assisted percutaneous gastrostomy. Description and comparison with others gastrostomy types. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2016; 16: 24-29
• 212 Yuan Y, Zhao Y, Xie T. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus percutaneous radiological gastrostomy for swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2: CD009198
• 213 Lim JH, Choi SH, Lee C. et al. Thirty-day mortality after percutaneous gastrostomy by endoscopic versus radiologic placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intest Res 2016; 14: 333-342
• 214 Vidhya C, Phoebe D, Dhina C. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) versus radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG): A comparison of outcomes at an Australian teaching hospital. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2018; 23: 136-140
• 215 Odedra D, Nasirzadeh R, Menard A. Safety of Outpatient vs Inpatient Percutaneous Radiological Gastrostomy Tubes in Patients with Head and Neck Cancers. Can Assoc Radiol J 2016; 67: 416-419
• 216 Mühlebach S. Feeding tube. In: Sobotka L, Hrsg. Basics in clinical nutrition. 5. Aufl. Prague: Galén; 2019: 317-323
• 217 Reber E, Messerli M, Stanga Z. et al. Pharmaceutical Aspects of Artificial Nutrition. Journal of clinical medicine 2019; 8: 2017
• 218 Williams T. Nasogastric tube feeding: a safe option for patients. Br J Community Nurs 2016; Suppl Nutrition S28-31
• 219 Thomas DR. Enterale Ernährung über Sonden In. 2020
• 220 Ao P, Sebastianski M, Selvarajah V. et al. Comparison of complication rates, types, and average tube patency between jejunostomy tubes and percutaneous gastrostomy tubes in a regional home enteral nutrition support program. Nutr Clin Pract 2015; 30: 393-397
• 221 Barone M, Viggiani MT, Amoruso A. et al. Influence of age and type of underlying disease on complications related to home enteral nutrition: a single Italian center experience. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 991-995
• 222 Cuerda C, Planas M, Gomez Candela C. et al. Trends in home enteral nutrition in Spain: analysis of the NADYA registry 1992-2007. Nutr Hosp 2009; 24: 347-353
• 223 Judges D, Beverly S, Rio A. et al. Clinical guidelines and enteral nutrition support: a survey of dietetic practice in the United Kingdom. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 130-135
• 224 Arribas L, Frias L, Creus G. et al. Document of standardization of enteral nutrition access in adults. Nutr Hosp 2014; 30: 1-14
• 225 Loser C, Aschl G, Hebuterne X. et al. ESPEN guidelines on artificial enteral nutrition--percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 848-861
• 226 Itkin M, DeLegge MH, Fang JC. et al. Multidisciplinary practical guidelines for gastrointestinal access for enteral nutrition and decompression from the Society of Interventional Radiology and American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute, with endorsement by Canadian Interventional Radiological Association (CIRA) and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE). Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 742-765
• 227 Miller KR, McClave SA, Kiraly LN. et al. A tutorial on enteral access in adult patients in the hospitalized setting. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 282-295
• 228 Roveron G, Antonini M, Barbierato M. et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Nursing Management of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and Jejunostomy (PEG/PEJ) in Adult Patients: An Executive Summary. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2018; 45: 326-334
• 229 Aschl G, Kirchgatterer A, Fleischer M. et al. [The frequency of wound infections after PEG-placement and utilization of glycogel wound dressing: a randomized controlled trial]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 120: 224-227
• 230 Pars H, Cavusoglu H. Effects of 3 Different Methods of Care on the Peristomal Skin Integrity of Children with Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tubes: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Adv Skin Wound Care 2018; 31: 172-181
• 231 Scott R, Bowling TE. Enteral tube feeding in adults. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2015; 45: 49-54
• 232 Ojo O, Keaveney E, Wang X-H. et al. The Effect of Enteral Tube Feeding on Patients’ Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11: 1046
• 233 Schneider PJ. Nutrition support teams: an evidence-based practice. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21: 62-67
• 234 Carreira Villamor JM, Reyes Pérez R, Pulido-Duque JM. et al. Percutaneous implant of Hickman catheters and reservoirs. Long-term experience. Rev Clin Esp 1997; 197: 740-744
• 235 Steiger E. Obtaining and maintaining vascular access in the home parenteral nutrition patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26: 17-20
• 236 Verso M, Agnelli G, Kamphuisen PW. et al. Risk factors for upper limb deep vein thrombosis associated with the use of central vein catheter in cancer patients. Intern Emerg Med 2008; 3: 117-122
• 237 Petersen J, Delaney JH, Brakstad MT. et al. Silicone venous access devices positioned with their tips high in the superior vena cava are more likely to malfunction. The American Journal of Surgery 1999; 178: 38-41
• 238 Cadman A, Lawrance JA, Fitzsimmons L. et al. To clot or not to clot? That is the question in central venous catheters. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 349-355
• 239 Kuizon D, Gordon SM, Dolmatch BL. Single-lumen subcutaneous ports inserted by interventional radiologists in patients undergoing chemotherapy: incidence of infection and outcome of attempted catheter salvage. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 406-410
• 240 Raman M, Gramlich L, Whittaker S. et al. Canadian home total parenteral nutrition registry: preliminary data on the patient population. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 643-648
• 241 Kovacevich DS, Corrigan M, Ross VM. et al. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Guidelines for the Selection and Care of Central Venous Access Devices for Adult Home Parenteral Nutrition Administration. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 43: 15-31
• 242 Bischoff SC, Nachbar J, Fux R. et al. Leitfaden–Parenterale Ernährung im ambulanten Bereich. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2022; 47: 289-308
• 243 Mateo-Lobo R, Riveiro J, Vega-Piñero B. et al. Infectious Complications in Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Peripherally-Inserted Central Catheters with Other Central Catheters. Nutrients 2019; 11
• 244 Santacruz-Cerdan E, Arcano K, Arrieta Blanco F. et al. Efectiveness of long-term home parenteral nutrition with peripherally inserted central catheter: a case report. Nutr Hosp 2016; 33: 185-187
• 245 Christensen LD, Holst M, Bech LF. et al. Comparison of complications associated with peripherally inserted central catheters and Hickman catheters in patients with intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition. Six-year follow up study. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 912-917
• 246 Cotogni P, Barbero C, Garrino C. et al. Peripherally inserted central catheters in non-hospitalized cancer patients: 5-year results of a prospective study. Support Care Cancer 2015; 23: 403-409
• 247 Bech LF, Drustrup L, Nygaard L. et al. Environmental Risk Factors for Developing Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection in Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients: A 6-Year Follow-up Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 40: 989-994
• 248 Ross VM, Guenter P, Corrigan ML. et al. Central venous catheter infections in home parenteral nutrition patients: Outcomes from Sustain: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition's National Patient Registry for Nutrition Care. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44: 1462-1468
• 249 Opilla M. Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Experience in Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients. Journal of the Association for Vascular Access 2017; 22: 42-45
• 250 Hon K, Bihari S, Holt A. et al. Rate of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Between Tunneled Central Venous Catheters Versus Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Adult Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 43: 41-53
• 251 Hurt RT, Steiger E. Early History of Home Parenteral Nutrition: From Hospital to Home. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33: 598-613
• 252 Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D. et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28: 39-70
• 253 Ayers P, Adams S, Boullata J. et al. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition safety consensus recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 296-333
• 254 Auty B. The DHSS evaluation programme for infusion control instruments. Eng Med 1986; 15: 175-183
• 255 Saqui O, Fernandes G, Allard JP. Quality of life analysis during transition from stationary to portable infusion pump in home parenteral nutrition patients: a Canadian experience. Nutr Clin Pract 2014; 29: 131-141
• 256 Boutin J, Hagan E. Patientsʼ preference regarding portable pumps. J Intraven Nurs 1992; 15: 230-232
• 257 National Nurses Nutrition Group (NNNG). Exit Site Management for Gastrostomy Tubes in Adults and Children. UK. 2013
• 258 National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA). Rapid Response Report NPSA/2010/RRR010: Early detection of complications after gastrostomy. UK. 2010
• 259 Cyrany J, Rejchrt S, Kopacova M. et al. Buried bumper syndrome: A complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 618-627
• 260 Blumenstein I, Borger D, Loitsch S. et al. A glycerin hydrogel-based wound dressing prevents peristomal infections after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): a prospective, randomized study. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27: 422-425
• 261 Bennell J. Buried bumper syndrome: do we have enough evidence?. Br J Community Nurs 2018; 23: S28-S30
• 262 Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP. et al. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 407-418
• 263 McClave SA, Jafri NS. Spectrum of morbidity related to bolster placement at time of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: buried bumper syndrome to leakage and peritonitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2007; 17: 731-746
• 264 Zopf Y, Konturek P, Nuernberger A. et al. Local infection after placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes: a prospective study evaluating risk factors. Can J Gastroenterol 2008; 22: 987-991
• 265 Lansdown AB, Mirastschijski U, Stubbs N. et al. Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15: 2-16
• 266 Tsang TK, Eaton D, Falconio MA. Percutaneous ostomy dilation: a technique for dilating the closed percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy sites and reinserting gastrostomies. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35: 336-337
• 267 Lynch CR, Fang JC. Prevention and management of complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. Pract Gastroenterol 2004; 28: 66-77
• 268 Rahnemai-Azar AA, Rahnemaiazar AA, Naghshizadian R. et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: indications, technique, complications and management. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 7739-7751
• 269 Villela EL, Sakai P, Almeida MR. et al. Endoscopic gastrostomy replacement tubes: long-term randomized trial with five silicone commercial models. Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 221-225
• 270 Lee JH, Kim JJ, Kim YH. et al. Increased risk of peristomal wound infection after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Dig Liver Dis 2002; 34: 857-861
• 271 Boullata JI, Carrera AL, Harvey L. et al. ASPEN Safe Practices for Enteral Nutrition Therapy [Formula: see text]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 15-103
• 272 Crosby J, Duerksen DR. A prospective study of tube- and feeding-related complications in patients receiving long-term home enteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31: 274-277
• 273 Motta APG, Rigobello MCG, Silveira RCDCP. et al. Nasogastric/nasoenteric tube-related adverse events: an integrative review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021; 29: e3400-e3400
• 274 Rassias AJ, Ball PA, Corwin HL. A prospective study of tracheopulmonary complications associated with the placement of narrow-bore enteral feeding tubes. Critical Care 1998; 2: 1-4
• 275 Stroud M, Duncan H, Nightingale J. et al. Guidelines for enteral feeding in adult hospital patients. Gut 2003; 52 vii1-vii12
• 276 Westaby D, Young A, O'Toole P. et al. The provision of a percutaneously placed enteral tube feeding service. Gut 2010; 59: 1592-1605
• 277 Halliday V, Baker M, Thomas AL. et al. Patient and Family Caregiversʼ Experiences of Living With a Jejunostomy Feeding Tube After Surgery for Esophagogastric Cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 837-843
• 278 2 Hemandas AK, McPhail M. et al. A comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of different methods of tube placement for enteral feeding following major pancreatic resection. A non-randomized study. JOP 2010; 11: 8-13
• 279 Han-Geurts IJ, Hop WC, Verhoef C. et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing feeding jejunostomy with nasoduodenal tube placement in patients undergoing oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 31-35
• 280 Weijs TJ, Berkelmans GH, Nieuwenhuijzen GA. et al. Routes for early enteral nutrition after esophagectomy. A systematic review. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 1-6
• 281 Lord LM. Enteral Access Devices: Types, Function, Care, and Challenges. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33: 16-38
• 282 Löser C, Wolters S, Fölsch U. Enteral long-term nutrition via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in 210 patients: a four-year prospective study. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 2549
• 283 Rabeneck L, Wray NP, Petersen NJ. Long-term outcomes of patients receiving percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes. J Gen Intern Med 1996; 11: 287-293
• 284 Crosby J, Duerksen D. A Retrospective Survey of Tube-Related Complications in Patients Receiving Long-Term Home Enteral Nutrition. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 1712-1717
• 285 Rosenberger LH, Newhook T, Schirmer B. et al. Late accidental dislodgement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube: an underestimated burden on patients and the health care system. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 3307-3311
• 286 Phillips NM, Endacott R. Medication administration via enteral tubes: a survey of nurses’ practices. J Adv Nurs 2011; 67: 2586-2592
• 287 Dandeles LM, Lodolce AE. Efficacy of Agents to Prevent and Treat Enteral Feeding Tube Clogs. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45: 676-680
• 288 Behnken I, Gaschott T, Stein J. Enterale Ernährung: Medikamentenapplikation über Sonden. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 1231-1241
• 289 Williams NT. Medication administration through enteral feeding tubes. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65: 2347-2357
• 290 Marcuard SP, Stegall KS. Unclogging feeding tubes with pancreatic enzyme. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1990; 14: 198-200
• 291 Pfaff A. Anwendungshinweise zu Peroralia. München: Nestle. Clinical Nutrition. 2001
• 292 Hitchings H, Best C, Steed I. Home enteral tube feeding in older people: consideration of the issues. Br J Nurs 2010; 19: 1150-1154
• 293 Sharma VK, Howden CW. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis before percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2000; 95: 3133-3136
• 294 Ullman AJ, Cooke ML, Mitchell M. et al. Dressing and securement for central venous access devices (CVADs): A Cochrane systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2016; 59: 177-196
• 295 Gillies D, O'Riordan E, Carr D. et al. Central venous catheter dressings: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2003; 44: 623-632
• 296 Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut. Prävention von Infektionen, die von Gefäßkathetern ausgehen: Teil 1–Nichtgetunnelte zentralvenöse Katheter Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 60: 171-206
• 297 Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut. Prävention von Infektionen, die von Gefäßkathetern ausgehen: Teil 2–Periphervenöse Verweilkanülen und arterielle Katheter Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 60: 207-215
• 298 Kolaček S, Puntis JWL, Hojsak I. ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Venous access. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 2379-2391
• 299 Olson K, Rennie RP, Hanson J. et al. Evaluation of a no-dressing intervention for tunneled central venous catheter exit sites. J Infus Nurs 2004; 27: 37-44
• 300 Austin PD, Hand KS, Elia M. Systematic review and meta-analyses of the effect of lipid emulsion on microbial growth in parenteral nutrition. J Hosp Infect 2016; 94: 307-319
• 301 Ullman AJ, Cooke ML, Gillies D. et al Optimal timing for intravascular administration set replacement. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD003588 d
• 302 Gillies D, O'Riordan L, Wallen M. et al. Timing of intravenous administration set changes: a systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25: 240-250
• 303 Brewer JD, Gonzalez AB, Baum CL. et al. Comparison of Sterile vs Nonsterile Gloves in Cutaneous Surgery and Common Outpatient Dental Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152: 1008-1014
• 304 Heal C, Sriharan S, Buttner PG. et al. Comparing non-sterile to sterile gloves for minor surgery: a prospective randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Med J Aust 2015; 202: 27-31
• 305 Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA. et al. Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 792-801
• 306 Mimoz O, Lucet J-C, Kerforne T. et al. Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine–alcohol versus povidone iodine–alcohol, with and without skin scrubbing, for prevention of intravascular-catheter-related infection (CLEAN): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, two-by-two factorial trial. The Lancet 2015; 386: 2069-2077
• 307 Lai NM, Lai NA, O'Riordan E. et al. Skin antisepsis for reducing central venous catheter-related infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 7: CD010140
• 308 Darouiche RO, Wall MJ, Itani KM. et al. Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus Povidone-Iodine for Surgical-Site Antisepsis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 18-26
• 309 Yasuda H, Sanui M, Komuro T. et al. Comparison of three cutaneous antiseptic solutions for the prevention of catheter colonization in an ICU for adult patients: a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial. Critical Care 2015; 19: 73
• 310 Blot K, Bergs J, Vogelaers D. et al. Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections through quality improvement interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 96-105
• 311 Gavin NC, Button E, Keogh S. et al. Does Parenteral Nutrition Increase the Risk of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection? A Systematic Literature Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 918-928
• 312 Santarpia L, Buonomo A, Pagano MC. et al. Central venous catheter related bloodstream infections in adult patients on home parenteral nutrition: Prevalence, predictive factors, therapeutic outcome. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 1394-1398
• 313 Edakkanambeth Varayil J, Whitaker JA, Okano A. et al. Catheter Salvage After Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection During Home Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 481-488
• 314 Cotogni P, Pittiruti M, Barbero C. et al. Catheter-related complications in cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition: a prospective study of over 51,000 catheter days. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 375-383
• 315 Dreesen M, Foulon V, Spriet I. et al. Epidemiology of catheter-related infections in adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: a systematic review. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 16-26
• 316 National Clinical Guideline Centre. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. In Infection: Prevention and Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Primary and Community Care: Partial Update of NICE Clinical Guideline 2. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK) Copyright © 2012, National Clinical Guideline Centre; 2012
• 317 Picheansathian W. A systematic review on the effectiveness of alcohol-based solutions for hand hygiene. Int J Nurs Pract 2004; 10: 3-9
• 318 Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P. et al. Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial. BMJ 2002; 325: 362
• 319 Kac G, Podglajen I, Gueneret M. et al. Microbiological evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine patient care: a randomized study. J Hosp Infect 2005; 60: 32-39
• 320 Casey AL, Burnell S, Whinn H. et al. A prospective clinical trial to evaluate the microbial barrier of a needleless connector. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65: 212-218
• 321 Yébenes JC, Vidaur L, Serra-Prat M. et al. Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in critically ill patients using a disinfectable, needle-free connector: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 2004; 32: 291-295
• 322 Casey AL, Worthington T, Lambert PA. et al. A randomized, prospective clinical trial to assess the potential infection risk associated with the PosiFlow® needleless connector. J Hosp Infect 2003; 54: 288-293
• 323 Btaiche IF, Kovacevich DS, Khalidi N. et al. The effects of needleless connectors on catheter-related bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39: 277-283
• 324 Williams A. Catheter Occlusion in Home Infusion: The Influence of Needleless Connector Design on Central Catheter Occlusion. J Infus Nurs 2018; 41: 52-57
• 325 Marschall J, Mermel LA, Fakih M. et al. Strategies to Prevent Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35: 753-771
• 326 Moureau NL, Flynn J. Disinfection of Needleless Connector Hubs: Clinical Evidence Systematic Review. Nurs Res Pract 2015; 2015: 796762
• 327 Menyhay SZ, Maki DG. Disinfection of needleless catheter connectors and access ports with alcohol may not prevent microbial entry: the promise of a novel antiseptic-barrier cap. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27: 23-27
• 328 Merrill KC, Sumner S, Linford L. et al. Impact of universal disinfectant cap implementation on central line – associated bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42: 1274-1277
• 329 O’Connell S, Dale M, Morgan H. et al. Curos™ Disinfection Caps for the Prevention of Infection When Using Needleless Connectors: A NICE Medical Technologies Guidance. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 2020; 19: 145-153
• 330 Chang L, Tsai JS, Huang SJ. et al. Evaluation of infectious complications of the implantable venous access system in a general oncologic population. Am J Infect Control 2003; 31: 34-39
• 331 Sitges-Serra A, Liñares J, Pérez JL. et al. A Randomized Trial on the Effect of Tubing Changes on Hub Contamination and Catheter Sepsis during Parenteral Nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1985; 9: 322-325
• 332 Maki DG. Prospective Study of Replacing Administration Sets for Intravenous Therapy at 48- vs 72-Hour Intervals. JAMA 1987; 258: 1777
• 333 Matlow AG, Kitai I, Kirpalani H. et al. A Randomized Trial of 72- Versus 24-Hour Intravenous Tubing Set Changes in Newborns Receiving Lipid Therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 487-493
• 334 Raad I, Hanna HA, Awad A. et al. Optimal frequency of changing intravenous administration sets: is it safe to prolong use beyond 72 hours?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22: 136-139
• 335 Fonseca G, Burgermaster M, Larson E. et al. The Relationship Between Parenteral Nutrition and Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections: 2009-2014. JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 2018; 42: 171-175
• 336 Blanco-Guzman MO. Implanted vascular access device options: a focused review on safety and outcomes. Transfusion 2018; 58: 558-568
• 337 Pittiruti M, Bertoglio S, Scoppettuolo G. et al. Evidence-based criteria for the choice and the clinical use of the most appropriate lock solutions for central venous catheters (excluding dialysis catheters): a GAVeCeLT consensus. The journal of vascular access 2016; 17: 453-464
• 338 Fornaro C, Piubeni M, Tovazzi V. et al Eight-week interval in flushing and locking port-a-cath in cancer patients: A single-institution experience and systematic review. European Journal of Cancer Care 2018; e12978 10.1111/ecc.12978
• 339 Diaz JA, Rai SN, Wu X. et al. Phase II Trial on Extending the Maintenance Flushing Interval of Implanted Ports. J Oncol Pract 2017; 13: e22-e28
• 340 López-Briz E, Ruiz Garcia V, Cabello JB. et al. Heparin versus 0.9% sodium chloride locking for prevention of occlusion in central venous catheters in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2018; 7 CD008462
• 341 Goossens GA, Jérôme M, Janssens C. et al. Comparing normal saline versus diluted heparin to lock non-valved totally implantable venous access devices in cancer patients: a randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 1892-1899
• 342 Dal Molin A, Allara E, Montani D. et al. Flushing the central venous catheter: is heparin necessary?. The journal of vascular access 2014; 15: 241-248
• 343 Zhong L, Wang H-L, Xu B. et al. Normal saline versus heparin for patency of central venous catheters in adult patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2017; 21: 5-5
• 344 Wu XH, Chen LC, Liu GL. et al. Heparin versus 0.9% saline solution to maintain patency of totally implanted venous access ports in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Pract 2021; 27
• 345 Bradford NK, Edwards RM, Chan RJ. Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in long-term central venous catheters in infants and children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2020; 4 CD010996
• 346 Bisseling TM, Willems MC, Versleijen MW. et al. Taurolidine lock is highly effective in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients on home parenteral nutrition: A heparin-controlled prospective trial. Clin Nutr 2010; 29: 464-468
• 347 Touré A, Lauverjat M, Peraldi C. et al. Taurolidine lock solution in the secondary prevention of central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection in home parenteral nutrition patients. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 567-570
• 348 Lambe C, Poisson C, Talbotec C. et al. Strategies to Reduce Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: The Efficacy of Taurolidine-Citrate Prophylactic-Locking. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2018; 42: 1017-1025
• 349 Łyszkowska M, Kowalewski G, Szymczak M. et al. Effects of prophylactic use of taurolidine-citrate lock on the number of catheter-related infections in children under 2 years of age undergoing surgery. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103: 223-226
• 350 Tribler S, Brandt CF, Petersen AH. et al. Taurolidine-citrate-heparin lock reduces catheter-related bloodstream infections in intestinal failure patients dependent on home parenteral support: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106: 839-848
• 351 Wouters Y, Theilla M, Singer P. et al. Randomised clinical trial: 2% taurolidine versus 0.9% saline locking in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48: 410-422
• 352 Wouters Y, Roosenboom B, Causevic E. et al. Clinical outcomes of home parenteral nutrition patients using taurolidine as catheter lock: A long-term cohort study. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 2210-2218
• 353 Wouters Y, Causevic E, Klek S. et al. Use of Catheter Lock Solutions in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Individual-Patient Data Meta-Analysis. JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 2020; 44: 1198-1209
• 354 Vernon-Roberts A, Lopez RN, Frampton CM. et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of taurolidine in reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections for patients receiving parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2022; 46: 1535-1552
• 355 Gundogan K, Dave NJ, Griffith DP. et al. Ethanol Lock Therapy Markedly Reduces Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infections in Adults Requiring Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Medical Center. JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 2020; 44: 661-667
• 356 Luo X, Guo Y, Yu H. et al. Effectiveness, safety and comfort of StatLock securement for peripherally-inserted central catheters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurs Health Sci 2017; 19: 403-413
• 357 Macmillan T, Pennington M, Summers JA. et al. SecurAcath for Securing Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: A NICE Medical Technology Guidance. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2018; 16: 779-791
• 358 Goossens GA, Grumiaux N, Janssens C. et al. SecurAstaP trial: securement with SecurAcath versus StatLock for peripherally inserted central catheters, a randomised open trial. BMJ open 2018; 8: e016058-e016058
• 359 Hughes ME. Reducing PICC migrations and improving patient outcomes. Br J Nurs 2014; 23: S12-S18
• 360 Frykholm P, Pikwer A, HammarskjÖLd F. et al. Clinical guidelines on central venous catheterisation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58: 508-524
• 361 Rupp S, Apfelbaum J, Blitt C. et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous A; American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous A. Practice guidelines for central venous access: a report by the American Society of anesthesiologists task force on central venous access. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 539-573
• 362 Troianos CA, Hartman GS, Glas KE. et al. Guidelines for Performing Ultrasound Guided Vascular Cannulation. Anesth Analg 2012; 114: 46-72
• 363 Smit JM, Raadsen R, Blans MJ. et al. Bedside ultrasound to detect central venous catheter misplacement and associated iatrogenic complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2018; 22: 65-65
• 364 Chui J, Saeed R, Jakobowski L. et al. Is Routine Chest X-Ray After Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Catheter Insertion Choosing Wisely?. Chest 2018; 154: 148-156
• 365 Gavin NC, Button E, Castillo MI. et al. Does a Dedicated Lumen for Parenteral Nutrition Administration Reduce the Risk of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections? A Systematic Literature Review. J Infus Nurs 2018; 41: 122-130
• 366 Robbins J, Cromwell P, Korones DN. Swimming and central venous catheter-related infections in the child with cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 1999; 16: 51-56
• 367 Miller J, Dalton MK, Duggan C. et al. Going with the flow or swimming against the tide: should children with central venous catheters swim?. Nutr Clin Pract 2014; 29: 97-109
• 368 Ivy DD, Calderbank M, Wagner BD. et al. Closed-hub systems with protected connections and the reduction of risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection in pediatric patients receiving intravenous prostanoid therapy for pulmonary hypertension. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30: 823-829
• 369 Buchman AL, Opilla M, Kwasny M. et al. Risk factors for the development of catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 744-749
• 370 Munck A, Malbezin S, Bloch J. et al. Follow-up of 452 totally implantable vascular devices in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 430-434
• 371 Mermel LA. Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 391-402
• 372 Arenas-Marquez H, Anaya-Prado R, Barrera-Zepeda LM. et al. Complications of central venous catheters. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001; 4: 207-210
• 373 Bennegard K, Curelaru I, Gustavsson B. et al. Material Thrombogenicity in Central Venous Catheterization I. A Comparison Between Uncoated and Heparin-Coated, Long Antebrachial, Polyethylene Catheters. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1982; 26: 112-120
• 374 Mollenholt P, Eriksson I, Andersson T. Thrombogenicity of pulmonary-artery catheters. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 57-59
• 375 Bern MM. Very Low Doses of Warfarin Can Prevent Thrombosis in Central Venous Catheters. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 423
• 376 Richards DM, Deeks JJ, Sheldon TA. et al. Home parenteral nutrition: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 1997; 1: 1-59
• 377 Rijnders BJ, Peetermans WE, Verwaest C. et al. Watchful waiting versus immediate catheter removal in ICU patients with suspected catheter-related infection: a randomized trial. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 1073-1080
• 378 Gosbell I. Central venous catheter-related sepsis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Intensive Care World 1994; 11: 54-58
• 379 Krzywda EA, Edmiston CE. Central venous catheter infections. Clinical aspects of microbial etiology and pathogenesis. J Infus Nurs 2002; 25: 29-35
• 380 Forchielli ML, Gura K, Anessi-Pessina E. et al. Success rates and cost-effectiveness of antibiotic combinations for initial treatment of central-venous-line infections during total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000; 24: 119-125
• 381 Shirotani N, Iino T, Numata K. et al. Complications of central venous catheters in patients on home parenteral nutrition: an analysis of 68 patients over 16 years. Surg Today 2006; 36: 420-424
• 382 Buchman AL, Scolapio J, Fryer J. AGA technical review on short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1111-1134
• 383 Santarpia L, Alfonsi L, Tiseo D. et al. Central Venous Catheter Infections and Antibiotic Therapy During Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2010; 34: 254-262
• 384 Sitges-Serra A, Girvent M. Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections. World J Surg 1999; 23: 589-595
• 385 Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2009; 49: 1-45
• 386 Raad I, Hanna HA, Alakech B. et al. Differential Time to Positivity: A Useful Method for Diagnosing Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 18
• 387 Krzywda EA, Andris DA, Edmiston CE. et al. Treatment of Hickman Catheter Sepsis Using Antibiotic Lock Technique. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16: 596-598
• 388 Capdevila J, Segarra A, Planes A. et al. Successful treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related sepsis without catheter removal. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993; 8: 231-234
• 389 Messing B, Man F, Colimon R. et al. Antibiotic-lock technique is an effective treatment of bacterial catheter-related sepsis during parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 1990; 9: 220-225
• 390 Gaillard J-L, Merlino R, Pajot N. et al. Conventional and Nonconventional Modes of Vancomycin Administration to Decontaminate the Internal Surface of Catheters Colonized with Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1990; 14: 593-597
• 391 Schwartz C, Henrickson KJ, Roghmann K. et al. Prevention of bacteremia attributed to luminal colonization of tunneled central venous catheters with vancomycin-susceptible organisms. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1591-1597
• 392 Dugdale DC, Ramsey PG. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with Hickman catheters. The American Journal of Medicine 1990; 89: 137-141
• 393 Bennett K, Hjelmgren B, Piazza J. Blenderized Tube Feeding: Health Outcomes and Review of Homemade and Commercially Prepared Products. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35: 417-431
• 394 Arzneimittel-Richtlinie(AM-RL) veröffentlicht im Bundesanzeiger Nr. 49a zuletzt geändert am 20.März 2020 (BAnz AT 12.05.2020 B1)
• 395 Brown T, Zelig R, Radler DR. Clinical Outcomes Associated With Commercial and Homemade Blenderized Tube Feedings: A Literature Review. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35: 442-453
• 396 Breaks A, Smith C, Bloch S. et al. Blended diets for gastrostomy fed children and young people: a scoping review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31: 634-646
• 397 Johnson TW, Spurlock AL, Epp L. et al. Reemergence of Blended Tube Feeding and Parent's Reported Experiences in Their Tube Fed Children. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2018; 24: 369-373
• 398 Ojo O, Adegboye ARA, Ojo OO. et al. An Evaluation of the Nutritional Value and Physical Properties of Blenderised Enteral Nutrition Formula: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1840
• 399 Milton DL, Johnson TW, Johnson K. et al. Accepted Safe Food-Handling Procedures Minimizes Microbial Contamination of Home-Prepared Blenderized Tube-Feeding. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35: 479-486
• 400 Madden AM, Baines S, Bothwell S. et al. A laboratory-based evaluation of tube blocking and microbial risks associated with one blended enteral feed recipe. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32: 667-675
• 401 Elia M, Engfer MB, Green CJ. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the clinical and physiological effects of fibre-containing enteral formulae. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 120-145
• 402 Kamarul Zaman M, Chin K-F, Rai V. et al. Fiber and prebiotic supplementation in enteral nutrition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 5372-5381
• 403 Zhao R, Wang Y, Huang Y. et al. Effects of fiber and probiotics on diarrhea associated with enteral nutrition in gastric cancer patients: A prospective randomized and controlled trial. Medicine 2017; 96: e8418-e8418
• 404 McRae MP. Effectiveness of Fiber Supplementation for Constipation, Weight Loss, and Supporting Gastrointestinal Function: A Narrative Review of Meta-Analyses. J Chiropr Med 2020; 19: 58-64
• 405 Mundi MS, Velapati S, Kuchkuntla AR. et al. Reduction in Healthcare Utilization With Transition to Peptide-Based Diets in Intolerant Home Enteral Nutrition Patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35: 487-494
• 406 Plauth M, Schütz T, Pirlich M. et al. S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE und der DGVS. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2014; 39: e1-e42
• 407 Plauth M, Bernal W, Dasarathy S. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 485-521
• 408 Rhee CM, Ahmadi S-F, Kovesdy CP. et al. Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle 2018; 9: 235-245
• 409 Lee SW, Kim Y-S, Kim YH. et al. Dietary Protein Intake, Protein Energy Wasting, and the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis from the KNOW-CKD Study. Nutrients 2019; 11: 121
• 410 Chiavaroli L, Mirrahimi A, Sievenpiper JL. et al. Dietary fiber effects in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69: 761-768
• 411 Landgraf R, Aberle J, Birkenfeld AL. et al. Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2020; 15: S65-S92
• 412 Laesser CI, Cumming P, Reber E. et al. Management of Glucose Control in Noncritically Ill, Hospitalized Patients Receiving Parenteral and/or Enteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review. Journal of clinical medicine 2019; 8: 935
• 413 Hise ME, Fuhrman MP. The effect of diabetes-specific enteral formulae on clinical and glycemic indicators. Pract Gastroenterol 2009; 20
• 414 Ojo O, Weldon SM, Thompson T. et al. The Effect of Diabetes-Specific Enteral Nutrition Formula on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11: 1905
• 415 Craig LD, Nicholson S, Silverstone FA. et al. Use of a reduced-carbohydrate, modified-fat enteral formula for improving metabolic control and clinical outcomes in long-term care residents with type 2 diabetes: results of a pilot trial. Nutrition 1998; 14: 529-534
• 416 Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Infektionsprävention in Heimen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 2005; 48: 1061-1080
• 417 Didier ME, Fischer S, Maki DG. Total Nutrient Admixtures Appear Safer than Lipid Emulsion Alone as Regards Microbial Contamination: Growth Properties of Microbial Pathogens at Room Temperature. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998; 22: 291-296
• 418 Durand-Zaleski I, Delaunay L, Langeron O. et al. Infection Risk and Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial Bags or Glass Bottles for Total Parenteral Nutrition. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 183-188
• 419 Frei A, Dinkel R, Kemen M. et al A new model for economic studies of therapies exemplified by postoperative parenteral nutrition. Zentralbl Chir 1997; 122: 358-365 discussion 366
• 420 Pichard C, Schwarz G, Frei A. et al. Economic investigation of the use of three-compartment total parenteral nutrition bag: prospective randomized unblinded controlled study. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 245-251
• 421 Mühlebach S. Practical aspects of multichamber bags for total parenteral nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8: 291-295
• 422 Zhao B, Gao R, Jiao L. et al. Physical Stability of Medium-Chain Triglyceride/Long-Chain Triglyceride Emulsion Injections From 5 Manufacturers in High-Concentration Electrolyte–Based Total Nutrient Admixtures. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2020; 45: 1275-1284
• 423 Boullata JI, Gilbert K, Sacks G. et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: parenteral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling, and dispensing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38: 334-377
• 424 Pietka M, Szczepanek K, Szybinski P. et al. Pp209-Mon Ready-to-Use (Rtu) Bags Versus Compounded Parenteral Nutrition: Battle for Microbiological Safety. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: S199-S200
• 425 Yu J, Wu G, Tang Y. et al. Efficacy, Safety, and Preparation of Standardized Parenteral Nutrition Regimens: Three-Chamber Bags vs Compounded Monobags-A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Single-Blind Clinical Trial. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32: 545-551
• 426 Hall JW. Safety, cost, and clinical considerations for the use of premixed parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2015; 30: 325-330
• 427 Berlana D, Sabin P, Rius J. et al. DSL-006 Cost Analysis of Adult Parenteral Nutrition Systems: Three-Compartment Bag Versus Customised. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2013; 20: A89.82-A89
• 428 Turpin RS, Canada T, Liu FX. et al. Nutrition therapy cost analysis in the US: pre-mixed multi-chamber bag vs compounded parenteral nutrition. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2011; 9: 281-292
• 429 Turpin RS, Solem C, Pontes-Arruda A. et al. The impact of parenteral nutrition preparation on bloodstream infection risk and costs. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 953-958
• 430 Liu FX, Mercaldi K, Reynolds MW. et al. Pin50 Methods to Identify and Compare Bloodstream Infection Rates among Patients Administered Parenteral Nutrition Via Hospital Compounded Vs. Premixed Multi-Chamber Bags. Value Health 2010; 13: A195-A196
• 431 Beattie C, Allard J, Raman M. Comparison Between Premixed and Compounded Parenteral Nutrition Solutions in Hospitalized Patients Requiring Parenteral Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31: 229-234
• 432 Milicevic L, Kernan W, Ukleja A. Pp260-Sun Standardized Two-Compartment Parenteral Nutrition Utilization at a Tertiary Referral Hospital. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2012; 7: 127-128
• 433 Alfonso JE, Berlana D, Ukleja A. et al. Clinical, Ergonomic, and Economic Outcomes With Multichamber Bags Compared With (Hospital) Pharmacy Compounded Bags and Multibottle Systems: A Systematic Literature Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 1162-1177
• 434 Turpin RS, Canada T, Rosenthal VD. et al. Bloodstream Infections Associated With Parenteral Nutrition Preparation Methods in the United States. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2011; 36: 169-176
• 435 Arhip L, Serrano-Moreno C, Romero I. et al. The economic costs of home parenteral nutrition: Systematic review of partial and full economic evaluations. Clin Nutr 2021; 40: 339-349
• 436 Berlana D, Almendral MA, Abad MR. et al. Cost, Time, and Error Assessment During Preparation of Parenteral Nutrition: Multichamber Bags Versus Hospital-Compounded Bags. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2018; 43: 557-565
• 437 Banko D, Rosenthal N, Chung J. et al. Comparing the risk of bloodstream infections by type of parenteral nutrition preparation method: A large retrospective, observational study. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2019; 30: 100-106
• 438 Blaauw R, Osland E, Sriram K. et al. Parenteral Provision of Micronutrients to Adult Patients: An Expert Consensus Paper. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2019; 43: S5-S23
• 439 Pearson M, Brundrett D, Gabe SM. et al. PT10.3: Micronutrients-are Our Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients Getting Enough?. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: S51
• 440 White R. Quality parenteral nutrition: an ideal mixed bag. Proc Nutr Soc 2011; 70: 285-292
• 441 Kochevar M, Guenter P, Holcombe B. et al. ASPEN statement on parenteral nutrition standardization. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31: 441-448
• 442 Stawny M, Gostyńska A, Olijarczyk R. et al. Stability of high-dose thiamine in parenteral nutrition for treatment of patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 2929-2932
• 443 Watrobska-Swietlikowska D. Compatibility of Maximum Inorganic and Organic Calcium and Phosphate Content in Neonatal Parenteral Solutions. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 10525-10525
• 444 Aeberhard C, Steuer C, Saxer C. et al. Physicochemical stability and compatibility testing of levetiracetam in all-in-one parenteral nutrition admixtures in daily practice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96: 449-455
• 445 Mühlebach S, Driscoll H, Hardy G. Pharmaceutical aspects of parenteral nutrition support. In: Sobotka L, Hrsg. Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5^th. Aufl. Prague: 2018: 373-400
• 446 Mirtallo JM, Ayers P, Boullata J. et al ASPEN Lipid Injectable Emulsion Safety Recommendations, Part 1: Background and Adult Considerations. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 10.1002/ncp.10496
• 447 Martindale RG, Berlana D, Boullata JI. et al. Summary of Proceedings and Expert Consensus Statements From the International Summit “Lipids in Parenteral Nutrition”. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2020; 44
• 448 Mühlebach S. Parenteral Nutrition. In: Ferranti P, Berry E, Jock A, Hrsg. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. 1. Aufl. Elsevier; 2018: 131-142
• 449 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Appropriate Dosing for Parenteral Nutrition:ASPEN Recommendations. In. 2019
• 450 Lamprecht G, Pape U-F, Witte M. et al. S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin e. V. in Zusammenarbeit mit der AKE, der GESKES und der DGVS. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2014; 39: e57-e71
• 451 Iacone R, Scanzano C, Santarpia L. et al. Macronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Amino Acids. Nutrients 2020; 12: 772
• 452 Hartl W, Parhofer K, Kuppinger D. et al. S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES und der AKE. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2013; 38: e90-e100
• 453 Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionspravention Robert Koch-Institut. Prävention Gefäßkatheter-assoziierter Infektionen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz 2002; 45: 907-924
• 454 Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionspravention Robert Koch-Institut. Public health requirements in punctures and injections. 2011; 54: 1135-1144
• 455 Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionspravention Robert Koch-Institut. Händehygiene. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz 2000; 43: 230-233
• 456 Schmutz C. Microbiological safety and stability of TPN mixtures. XVIII ESPEN Congress on Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Geneva. 1996
• 457 Angelico M, Guardia PD. Review article: hepatobiliary complications associated with total parenteral nutrition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 54-57
• 458 Chung C, Buchman AL. Postoperative jaundice and total parenteral nutrition-associated hepatic dysfunction. Clin Liver Dis 2002; 6: 1067-1084
• 459 Maroulis J, Kalfarentzos F. Complications of parenteral nutrition at the end of the century. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 295-304
• 460 McNeice A, Scott R, Rafferty GP. et al. The hepatobiliary complications of malnutrition and nutritional support in adults. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 2018; 188: 109-117
• 461 Lal S, Pironi L, Wanten G. et al. Clinical approach to the management of Intestinal Failure Associated Liver Disease (IFALD) in adults: A position paper from the Home Artificial Nutrition and Chronic Intestinal Failure Special Interest Group of ESPEN. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 1794-1797
• 462 Lakananurak N, Tienchai K. Incidence and risk factors of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in hospitalized adults: A prospective cohort study. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2019; 34: 81-86
• 463 Mundi MS, Klek S, Martindale RG. Use of Lipids in Adult Patients Requiring Parenteral Nutrition in the Home Setting. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2020; 44
• 464 Wengler A, Micklewright A, Hebuterne X. et al. Monitoring of patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in Europe: a questionnaire based study on monitoring practice in 42 centres. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 693-700
• 465 Remesar X, Alemany M. Dietary Energy Partition: The Central Role of Glucose. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 7729
• 466 Hardy K, Brand-Miller J, Brown KD. et al. The Importance of Dietary Carbohydrate in Human Evolution. The Quarterly Review of Biology 2015; 90: 251-268
• 467 Laura R, Degl'Innocenti M, Mocali M. et al. Comparison of two different time interval protocols for central venous catheter dressing in bone marrow transplant patients: results of a randomized, multicenter study. The Italian Nurse Bone Marrow Transplant Group (GITMO). Haematologica 2000; 85: 275-279
• 468 Sitzmann J, Pitt H, Steinborn P. et al. Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990; 170: 25-31
• 469 Doty JE, Pitt HA, Porter-Fink V. et al. Cholecystokinin prophylaxis of parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 76
• 470 Arenas Villafranca JJ, Nieto Guindo M, Álvaro Sanz E. et al. Effects of cyclic parenteral nutrition on parenteral-associated liver dysfunction parameters. Nutr J 2017; 16: 66-66
• 471 Stout SM, Cober MP. Metabolic Effects of Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition Infusion in Adults and Children. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25: 277-281
• 472 Nandivada P, Carlson SJ, Chang MI. et al. Treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease: the role of lipid emulsions. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md) 2013; 4: 711-717
• 473 Pironi L, Guidetti M, Verrastro O. et al. Functional lipidomics in patients on home parenteral nutrition: Effect of lipid emulsions. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 4604-4614
• 474 Jones CJ, Calder PC. Influence of different intravenous lipid emulsions on fatty acid status and laboratory and clinical outcomes in adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: A systematic review. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 285-291
• 475 Pradelli L, Mayer K, Klek S. et al. ω-3 Fatty-Acid Enriched Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Patients: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 2020; 44: 44-57
• 476 Osowska S, Kunecki M, Sobocki J. et al. Effect of changing the lipid component of home parenteral nutrition in adults. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 1355-1361
• 477 Mundi MS, Kuchkuntla AR, Salonen BR. et al. Long-term use of mixed-oil lipid emulsion in soybean oil–intolerant home parenteral nutrition patients. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2020; 44: 301-307
• 478 Klek S, Szczepanek K, Scislo L. et al. Intravenous lipid emulsions and liver function in adult chronic intestinal failure patients: Results after 5 y of home parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 2021; 82: 111029
• 479 Ferrone M, Geraci M. A Review of the Relationship Between Parenteral Nutrition and Metabolic Bone Disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22: 329-339
• 480 Haderslev KV, Tjellesen L, Haderslev PH. et al. Assessment of the longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2004; 28: 289-294
• 481 Pironi L, Morselli Labate AM, Pertkiewicz M. et al. Prevalence of bone disease in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2002; 21: 289-296
• 482 Napartivaumnuay N, Gramlich L. The Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Their Relationship with Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Adults Receiving Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition. Nutrients 2017; 9: 481
• 483 Cohen-Solal M, Baudoin C, Joly F. et al. Osteoporosis in Patients on Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Longitudinal Study. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 1989-1994
• 484 Dibb M, Lal S. Monitoring long-term parenteral nutrition. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2019; 35: 119-125
• 485 Nygaard L, Skallerup A, Olesen SS. et al. Osteoporosis in patients with intestinal insufficiency and intestinal failure: Prevalence and clinical risk factors. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 1654-1660
• 486 Rondaij T, Kozjek NR, Popovič P. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic intestinal failure on home parenteral nutrition. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2021; 42: 258-261
• 487 Holick MF. Vitamin D Deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266-281
• 488 Acca M, Ragno A, Francucci C. et al. Metabolic bone diseases during long-term total parenteral nutrition. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30: 54-59
• 489 Wanten G, Calder PC, Forbes A. Managing adult patients who need home parenteral nutrition. BMJ 2011; 342: d1447-d1447
• 490 Cauley JA, Black D, Boonen S. et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid and days of disability, bed rest, and back pain: randomized, controlled HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2011; 26: 984-992
• 491 Haderslev KV, Tjellesen L, Sorensen HA. et al. Effect of cyclical intravenous clodronate therapy on bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002; 76: 482-488
• 492 Hernández MV, Monegal A, Reyes R. et al. Effects of Intravenous Pamidronate on Renal Function, Bone Mineral Metabolism and Bone Mass in Patients With Severe Osteoporosis. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2010; 339: 225-229
• 493 Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N. et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. The New England journal of medicine 2009; 361: 745-755
• 494 Cummings SR, Martin JS, McClung MR. et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 756-765
• 495 Szczepanek K, Pedziwiatr M, Klek S. Denosumab Improves Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Intestinal Failure Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2017; 014860711769524. 10.1177/0148607117695247
• 496 Nishikawa R, Siepler S, Siepler J. et al. Intravenous pamidronate improves bone mineral density in home parenteral nutrition patients. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: 88
• 497 Raman M, Aghdassi E, Baun M. et al. Metabolic bone disease in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: a Canadian study and review. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2006; 30: 492-496
• 498 McCulloch A, Bansiya V, Woodward JM. Addition of Insulin to Parenteral Nutrition for Control of Hyperglycemia. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42: 846-854
• 499 McCulloch A, Bansiya V, Woodward JM. The addition of insulin to home parenteral nutrition for the control of hyperglycaemia: A case series. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2019; 30: 204-207
• 500 Olveira G, Abuín J, López R. et al. Regular insulin added to total parenteral nutrition vs subcutaneous glargine in non-critically ill diabetic inpatients, a multicenter randomized clinical trial: INSUPAR trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 388-394
• 501 Rothärmel S, Bischoff S, Bockenheimer-Lucius G. et al. 12 Ethische und rechtliche Gesichtspunkte. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2007; 32: 69-71
• 502 Phillips NM, Nay R. Nursing administration of medication via enteral tubes in adults: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2007; 5: 324-353
• 503 Joos E, Verbeke S, Mehuys E. et al. Medication administration via enteral feeding tube: a survey of pharmacistsʼ knowledge. Int J Clin Pharm 2016; 38: 10-15
• 504 Roulet L, Benoit E. Letter: Medication administration via enteral feeding tube. Int J Clin Pharm 2016; 38: 747-748
• 505 Joos E, Mehuys E, Van Bocxlaer J. et al. Knowledge of staff members of residential care facilities for individuals with intellectual disability on medication administration via enteral feeding tube. J Intellect Disabil Res 2016; 60: 1066-1072
• 506 Joos E, Mehuys E, Van Bocxlaer J. et al. Drug administration via enteral feeding tubes in residential care facilities for individuals with intellectual disability: an observational study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2015; 59: 215-225
• 507 Joos E, Mehuys E, Remon JP. et al. Analysis of drug use in institutionalized individuals with intellectual disability and tube feeding. Acta Clin Belg 2016; 71: 76-80
• 508 Joos E, Van Tongelen I, Wijnants K. et al. Drug administration via enteral feeding tube in residential care facilities for individuals with intellectual disability: A focus group study on guideline implementation. J Intellect Disabil 2016; 20: 329-340
• 509 Vincent J, Teng R, Pelletier SM. et al. The bioavailability of nasogastric versus tablet-form oral trovafloxacin in healthy subjects. Am J Surg 1998; 176: 23S-26S
• 510 Fleisher D, Sheth N, Kou JH. Phenytoin interaction with enteral feedings administered through nasogastric tubes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14: 513-516
• 511 Alsaeed D, Furniss D, Blandford A. et al. Carersʼ experiences of home enteral feeding: A survey exploring medicines administration challenges and strategies. J Clin Pharm Ther 2018; 43: 359-365
• 512 Burns DL, Gill BM. Reversal of Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease With a Fish Oil–Based Lipid Emulsion (Omegaven) in an Adult Dependent on Home Parenteral Nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2012; 37: 274-280
• 513 Culkin A, Gabe SM, Bjarnason I. et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover trial of glutamine supplementation in home parenteral nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62: 575-583
• 514 Goulet O, Antébi H, Wolf C. et al. A New Intravenous Fat Emulsion Containing Soybean Oil, Medium-Chain Triglycerides, Olive Oil, and Fish Oil. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2010; 34: 485-495
• 515 Li L, Irving M. The effectiveness of growth hormone, glutamine and a low-fat diet containing high-carbohydrate on the enhancement of the function of remnant intestine among patients with short bowel syndrome: a review of published trials. Clin Nutr 2001; 20: 199-204
• 516 Wu G-H, Wu Z-H, Wu Z-G. Effects of bowel rehabilitation and combined trophic therapy on intestinal adaptation in short bowel patients. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 2601-2604
• 517 Plauth M. Glutamin in der Ernährungstherapie–Welche Indikation bleibt?. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2020; 45: 40-52
• 518 Lloyd DAJ, Paynton SE, Bassett P. et al. Assessment of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and clinical outcome in adults receiving home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 822-831
• 519 Antebi H, Mansoor O, Ferrier C. et al. Liver function and plasma antioxidant status in intensive care unit patients requiring total parenteral nutrition: comparison of 2 fat emulsions. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2004; 28: 142-148
• 520 Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P. et al. Prevalence of Liver Disease and Contributing Factors in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition for Permanent Intestinal Failure. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 525
• 521 Ekema G, Falchetti D, Boroni G. et al. Reversal of severe parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in an infant with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids). J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43: 1191-1195
• 522 Fallon EM, Le HD, Puder M. Prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease: role of ω-3 fish oil. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 2010; 15: 334-340
• 523 Heller AR, Rössel T, Gottschlich B. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 611-616
• 524 Pradelli L, Mayer K, Klek S. et al. ω-3 Fatty-Acid Enriched Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Patients: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44: 44-57
• 525 Pietka M, Watrobska-Swietlikowska D, Szczepanek K. et al. Nutritional support teams: the cooperation among physicians and pharmacists helps improve cost-effectiveness of home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Nutr Hosp 2014; 31: 251-259
• 526 Lauverjat M, Hadj Aissa A, Vanhems P. et al. Chronic dehydration may impair renal function in patients with chronic intestinal failure on long-term parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 75-81
• 527 Konrad D, Roberts S, Corrigan ML. et al. Treating Dehydration at Home Avoids Healthcare Costs Associated With Emergency Department Visits and Hospital Readmissions for Adult Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Support. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32: 385-391
• 528 Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F. et al. Corrigendum to “ESPEN guidelines on chronic intestinal failure in adults” [Clin Nutr 35 (2) (2016) 247–307]. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 619
• 529 Orrevall Y, Tishelman C, Permert J. et al. The use of artificial nutrition among cancer patients enrolled in palliative home care services. Palliat Med 2009; 23: 556-564
• 530 Schneider SM, Pouget I, Staccini P. et al. Quality of life in long-term home enteral nutrition patients. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 23-28
• 531 Martin L, Blomberg J, Lagergren P. Patientsʼ perspectives of living with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12: 126
• 532 Faruquie SS, Parker EK, Talbot P. Evaluation of patient quality of life and satisfaction with home enteral feeding and oral nutrition support services: a cross-sectional study. Aust Health Rev 2016; 40: 605-612
• 533 Wanden-Berghe C, Nolasco A, Planas M. et al. Health-related quality of life according to the main caregiver in patients with home nutritional support. Med Clin (Barc). 2008. 131. 281-284
• 534 Fitzpatrick R, Davey C, Buxton MJ. et al Evaluating patient-based outcome measures for use in clinical trials. Health Technol Assess 1998; 2 i-iv 1-74
• 535 Guo Z, Wu R, Zhu W. et al. Effect of exclusive enteral nutrition on health-related quality of life for adults with active Crohn's disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28: 499-505
• 536 Stevens CS, Lemon B, Lockwood GA. et al. The development and validation of a quality-of-life questionnaire for head and neck cancer patients with enteral feeding tubes: the QOL-EF. Support Care Cancer 2011; 19: 1175-1182
• 537 Cuerda MC, Apezetxea A, Carrillo L. et al. Development and validation of a specific questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in patients with home enteral nutrition: NutriQoL((R)) development. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10: 2289-2296
• 538 Callahan CM, Haag KM, Weinberger M. et al. Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among older adults in a community setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 1048-1054
• 539 Hyltander A, Bosaeus I, Svedlund J. et al. Supportive nutrition on recovery of metabolism, nutritional state, health-related quality of life, and exercise capacity after major surgery: a randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 466-474
• 540 McWhirter JP, Hambling CE, Pennington CR. The nutritional status of patients receiving home enteral feeding. Clin Nutr 1994; 13: 207-211
• 541 Obara H, Tomite Y, Doi M. Serum trace elements in tube-fed neurological dysphagia patients correlate with nutritional indices but do not correlate with trace element intakes: case of patients receiving enough trace elements intake. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 587-593
• 542 Alivizatos V, Gavala V, Alexopoulos P. et al. Feeding Tube-related Complications and Problems in Patients Receiving Long-term Home Enteral Nutrition. Indian J Palliat Care 2012; 18: 31-33
• 543 Orlandoni P, Jukic Peladic N, Spazzafumo L. et al. Utility of video consultation to improve the outcomes of home enteral nutrition in a population of frail older patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 762-767
• 544 Sobotka L, Schneider SM, Berner YN. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 461-466
• 545 da Silva JSV, Seres DS, Sabino K. et al. ASPEN Consensus Recommendations for Refeeding Syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35: 178-195
• 546 Janssen G, Pourhassan M, Lenzen-Großimlinghaus R. et al. The Refeeding Syndrome revisited: you can only diagnose what you know. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73: 1458-1463
• 547 Friedli N, Stanga Z, Sobotka L. et al. Revisiting the refeeding syndrome: Results of a systematic review. Nutrition 2017; 35: 151-160
• 548 Doig GS, Simpson F, Heighes PT. et al. Restricted versus continued standard caloric intake during the management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill adults: a randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, single-blind controlled trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2015; 3: 943-952
• 549 Hofer M, Pozzi A, Joray M. et al. Safe refeeding management of anorexia nervosa inpatients: an evidence-based protocol. Nutrition 2014; 30: 524-530
• 550 Pape UF, Weylandt K, Knappe-Drzikova B. et al. Kurzdarmsyndrom und Darmversagen: Diagnostik und Therapie. Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2013; 38: 132-146
• 551 Morgan J, Dibb M, Lal S. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease in adult patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22: 383-388
• 552 Olthof LE, Koekkoek WACK, van Setten C. et al. Impact of caloric intake in critically ill patients with, and without, refeeding syndrome: A retrospective study. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 1609-1617
• 553 Boateng AA, Sriram K, Meguid MM. et al. Refeeding syndrome: Treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports. Nutrition 2010; 26: 156-167
• 554 Crook MA. Refeeding syndrome: Problems with definition and management. Nutrition 2014; 30: 1448-1455
• 555 Hamilton A. CNSG East Cheshire NHS Trust Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Refeeding Syndrome in Adults. In. 2018
• 556 Friedli N, Stanga Z, Culkin A. et al. Management and prevention of refeeding syndrome in medical inpatients: An evidence-based and consensus-supported algorithm. Nutrition 2018; 47: 13-20
• 557 Crook MA, Hally V, Panteli JV. The importance of the refeeding syndrome. Nutrition 2001; 17: 632-637
• 558 Rio A, Whelan K, Goff L. et al. Occurrence of refeeding syndrome in adults started on artificial nutrition support: prospective cohort study. BMJ open 2013; 3: e002173
• 559 Maiorana A, Vergine G, Coletti V. et al. Acute thiamine deficiency and refeeding syndrome: Similar findings but different pathogenesis. Nutrition 2014; 30: 948-952
• 560 Frank LL. Thiamin in clinical practice. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2015; 39: 503-520