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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109572
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
In-vivo Examples of Flow Patterns With The Fast Vector Velocity Ultrasound Method
Fallbeschreibung: Beispiele für die Bestimmung von In-vivo-Strömungsmustern mithilfe der Flussgeschwindigkeitsvektor-SonografiePublication History
received: 8.12.2008
accepted: 18.5.2009
Publication Date:
17 September 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Die herkömmlichen Ultraschallverfahren zur Erfassung von Color-Flow-Bildern der Blutströmung sind durch eine relativ geringe Vollbildübertragungsrate begrenzt und beschränken sich auf die Schätzung von Geschwindigkeiten entlang eines Schallstrahls. Als Ansatz zur Umgehung dieser Einschränkungen wurde die Plane-Wave-Excitation-Methode (PWE-Methode) vorgeschlagen. Material und Methoden: Mithilfe der PWE-Methode kann die 2-D-Vektorgeschwindigkeit des Blutes mit einer hohen Vollbildübertragungsrate bestimmt werden. Die Schätzung der Vektorgeschwindigkeiten erfolgt folgender Maßen: Der Ultraschall wird während der Schallübertragung nicht gebündelt, wodurch ein Speckle-Vollbild des Blutes für jede gepulste Emission erhalten wird. Der Puls ist ein 13-bit-Barker-Code, der zeitgleich von jeder Transducer-Einheit übertragen wird. Die 2-D-Vektorgeschwindigkeit des Blutes wird durch die Aufarbeitungung des 2-D-Speckle-Nachlaufs zwischen den Segmenten aufeinander folgender Speckle-Bilder bestimmt. Dieses Prinzip wurde bei einem experimentellen RASMUS-Scanner mit einem 100-CPU-Linux-Cluster für die Nacharbeitung angewendet. Bei der PWE-Methode kann somit ein Vollbild von 100 Hz erlangt werden, bei dem eine Vektorgeschwindigkeitssequenz von ca. 3 s 10 h zur Speicherung und 48 h zur Nacharbeitung benötigt wird. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Fallstudie über die Schätzung der Vektorgeschwindigkeit in verschiedenen komplexen In-vivo-Gefäßstrukturen beschrieben. Ergebnisse: Die Flussmuster von 6 Bifurkationen und 2 Venen wurden untersucht. Nachgewiesen wurde Folgendes: 1. Ein stabiler Wirbel ist im Bulbus carotis im Gegensatz zu den anderen untersuchten Gefäßen immer anwesend. 2. Ein retrograder Fluss konnte im R. superficialis der A. femoralis während der Diastole nachgewiesen werden. 3. In der A. subclavia konnte ein retrograder Fluss, in der A. carotis communis konnte ein anterograder Fluss in der Diastole festgestellt werden. 4. Wirbel wurden in den Sinustaschen hinter den venösen Klappen bei anterogradem sowie bei retrogradem Fluss erzeugt. 5. Sekundärer Fluss konnte in den verschiedenen Gefäßen nachgewiesen werden. Schlussfolgerung: Durch die Anwendung der schnellen Vektorgeschwindigkeitsmethode können In-vivo-Aufnahmen erstellt werden, die komplexe Flussmuster mit einer größeren Genauigkeit darstellen, welche mit den herkömmlichen Color-Flow-Methoden bisher nicht möglich gewesen ist.
Abstract
Purpose: Conventional ultrasound methods for acquiring color flow images of the blood motion are limited by a relatively low frame rate and are restricted to only giving velocity estimates along the ultrasound beam direction. To circumvent these limitations, the Plane Wave Excitation (PWE) method has been proposed. Material and Methods: The PWE method can estimate the 2D vector velocity of the blood with a high frame rate. Vector velocity estimates are acquired by using the following approach: The ultrasound is not focused during the ultrasound transmission, and a full speckle image of the blood can be acquired for each pulse emission. The pulse is a 13 bit Barker code transmitted simultaneously from each transducer element. The 2D vector velocity of the blood is found using 2D speckle tracking between segments in consecutive speckle images. Implemented on the experimental scanner RASMUS and using a 100 CPU linux cluster for post processing, PWE can achieve a frame of 100 Hz where one vector velocity sequence of approximately 3 sec, takes 10 h to store and 48 h to process. In this paper a case study is presented of in-vivo vector velocity estimates in different complex vessel geometries. Results: The flow patterns of six bifurcations and two veins were investigated. It was shown: 1. that a stable vortex in the carotid bulb was present opposed to other examined bifurcations, 2. that retrograde flow was present in the superficial branch of the femoral artery during diastole, 3. that retrograde flow was present in the subclavian artery and antegrade in the common carotid artery during diastole, 4. that vortices were formed in the sinus pockets behind the venous valves in both antegrade and retrograde flow, and 5. that secondary flow was present in various vessels. Conclusion: Using a fast vector velocity ultrasound method, in-vivo scans have been recorded where complex flow patterns were visualized in greater detail than previously visualized by conventional color flow imaging techniques.
Key words
vascular - ultrasound-doppler - blood
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Kristoffer Lindskov Hansen
Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen
Blegdamsvej 9
2100 Copenhagen Ø
Denmark
Phone: ++ 45/3 54 56 89 4
Fax: ++ 45/3 54 52 05 8
Email: lindskov@gmail.com