PDF herunterladen
ergoscience 2009; 4(4): 162-170
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109804
Originalarbeit

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Entwicklungsbedingte Koordinationsstörung (Developmental coordination disorder DCD): ein Update aus der englischsprachigen Fachliteratur

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD): an update from the English-language literatureA. Kennedy-Behr1 , S. Rodger1 , S. Mickan1
  • 1The University of Queensland, Australia
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

eingereicht: 16.6.2009

angenommen: 3.9.2009

Publikationsdatum:
20. Oktober 2009 (online)

    Lizenzen und Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Jede in der Pädiatrie tätige Ergotherapeutin ist in der Lage, Schwierigkeiten mit der grob- oder feinmotorischen Koordination bei einem Kind zu erkennen; der Ausdruck „Developmental coordination disorder” (DCD) jedoch ist in deutschsprachigen Ländern nur wenigen Therapeuten geläufig. DCD ist eine – häufig trivialisierte – Störung mit langfristigen Folgen für Kinder und ihre Familien. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, zunächst die Ergebnisse einer international angelegten Literatursuche zu DCD-Studien zu präsentieren, zu denen deutschsprachige Therapeuten möglicherweise ansonsten keinen Zugang haben. Sodann sollen die Auswirkungen des Störungsbilds auf Entwicklung und Teilhabe des Kindes an bedeutungsvollen Lebensrollen beschrieben und schließlich aufgezeigt werden, in welchen Bereichen mehr Forschung notwendig ist.

Abstract

Although every paediatric occupational therapist would recognise a child with gross- or fine- motor coordination difficulties, the term Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is less well-known in German-speaking countries. Often trivialised, DCD is a disorder with long-term consequences for the child and his/her family. This article aims to (1) present the results of a literature review of international studies on DCD to which German–language therapists might not otherwise have access, (2) describe the impact of the condition on the child’s development and participation in meaningful life roles, and (3) indicate where more research is needed.

Schlüsselwörter

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) - entwicklungsbedingte Koordinationsstörung - Literaturstudie - Teilhabe - Dyspraxie - motorische Koordination

Key words

Developmental coordination disorder - literature review - participation - dyspraxia - motor coordination

Literatur

  • 1 Achenbach T M, Rescorla L A. Child behaviour checklist for ages 11 / 2–5. Burlington, VT; University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Ahern K. „Something is wrong with my child”: A phenomenological account of a search for a diagnosis.  Early Education & Development. 2000;  11 (2) 187-201
    Google Scholar
  • 3 American Psychiatric Association .Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC; Author 1994
    Google Scholar
  • 4 American Psychiatric Association .Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th text revision ed.). Washington, DC; Author 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Archibald L MD, Alloway T P. Comparing language profiles: children with specific language impairment and developmental coordination disorder.  International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2008;  43 (2) 165-180
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York; W. H. Freeman and Company 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Beery K E, Buktenica N A. Developmental test of visual motor integration. Austin, TX; Proed 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Bernie C, Rodger S. Cognitive strategy use in school-aged children with developmental coordination disorder.  Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2004;  24 (4) 23-45
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Bouffard M, Watkinson E J, Thompson L P. et al . A test of the activity deficit hypothesis with children with movement difficulties.  Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 1996;  13 61-73
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Bruininks R H. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Circle Pines, MN; American Guidance Service 1978
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Bundy A, Shia S, Qi L. et al . How does sensory processing dysfunction affect play?.  American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2007;  61 (1) 201-208
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Cairney J, Hay J A, Faught B E. et al . Developmental coordination disorder and overweight and obesity in children aged 9 – 14 years.  International Journal of Obesity. 2005;  29 369-372
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Cairney J, Hay J A, Faught B E. et al . Developmental coordination disorder, generalised self-efficacy toward physical activity, and participation in organized and free play activities.  Journal of Pediatrics. 2005;  147 515-520
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Cantell M H, Crawford S G, Doyle-Baker P K. Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 344-362
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Cantell M H, Smyth M M, Ahonen T P. Clumsiness in adolescence: Educational, motor and social outcomes of motor delay detected at 5 years.  Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 1994;  11 115-129
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Cantell M H, Smyth M M, Ahonen T P. Two distinct pathways for developmental coordination disorder: Persistence and resolution.  Human Movement Science. 2003;  22 413-431
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Cantin N, Polatajko H J, Thach W T. et al . Developmental coordination disorder: Exploration of a cerebellar hypothesis.  Human Movement Science. 2007;  26 (3) 491-509
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Chambers M E, Sugden D A. The identification and assessment of young children with movement difficulties.  International Journal of Early Years Education. 2002;  10 (3) 157-176
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Christiansen A S. Persisting motor control problems in 11- to 12-year-old boys previously diagnosed with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP).  Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2000;  42 4-7
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Cousins M, Smyth M M. Developmental coordination impairments in adulthood.  Human Movement Science. 2003;  22 433-459
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Crawford S G, Dewey D. Co-occurring disorders: A possible key to visual perceptual deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder?.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 154-169
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Cummins A, Piek J P, Dyck M J. Motor coordination, empathy, and social behaviour in school-aged children.  Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2005;  47 437-442
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Dawkins J L. Bullying, physical disability and the paediatric patient.  Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1996;  38 603-612
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Dewey D, Kaplan B J, Crawford S G. et al . Developmental coordination disorder: Associated problems in attention, learning, and psychosocial adjustment.  Human Movement Science. 2002;  21 905-918
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Diamond A. Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex.  Child Development. 2000;  71 (1) 44-56
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Dunn L M, Dunn L M. The British Picture Vocabulary Scale (2nd ed.). Windsor, UK; Nfer Nelson Publications Co 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Dyck M, Ferguson K, Shochet I. Do autism spectrum disorders differ from each other and from non-spectrum disorders on emotion recognitions tests?.  European Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;  10 105-116
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Faught B E, Hay J A, Cairney J. et al . Increased risk for coronary vascular disease in children with developmental coordination disorder.  Journal of Adolescent Health. 2005;  37 376-380
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Fitzpatrick D A, Watkinson E J. The lived experience of physical awkwardness: Adults’ retrospective views.  Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 2003;  20 279-297
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Fliers E, Rommelse N, Vermeulen S. et al . Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender.  Journal of Neural Transmission. 2008;  115 (2) 211-220
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Folio M R, Fewell R R. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales and Activity Cards. Hingham, MA; DLM Teaching Resources 1983
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Gaines R, Collins D, Boycott K. et al . Clinical expression of developmental coordination disorder in a large Canadian family.  Paediatrics & Child Health. 2008;  13 (9) 763-768
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Gaines R, Missiuna C. Early identification: Are speech/language-impaired toddlers at risk for developmental coordination disorder?.  Child: care, health and development. 2006;  33 325-332
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Geuze R H, Jongmans M J, Schoemaker M M. et al . Clinical research diagnostic criteria for developmental coordination disorder: A review and discussion.  Human Movement Science. 2001;  20 7-47
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Gillberg C. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in Swedish primary school children. Some child psychiatric aspects.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,. 1983;  24 (3) 377-403
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Gillberg C. Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review.  Arch Dis Child. 2003;  88 (10) 904-910
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Gillberg I C, Gillberg C. Children with preschool minor neurodevelopmental disorders IV: Behaviour and school achievement at age 13.  Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1989;  31 3-13
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Gillberg I C, Gillberg C, Groth J. Children with preschool minor neurodevelopmental disorders. V: Neurodevelopmental profiles at age 13.  Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1989;  31 14-24
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,. 1997;  38 581-586
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Goodman R, Scott S. Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: Is small beautiful?.  Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1999;  27 (1) 17-24
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Green, D, Baird G. et al . The severity and nature of motor impairment in Asperger’s syndrome: A comparison with Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002;  43 (5) 655-668
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Green D, Baird G, Sugden D. A pilot study of psychopathology in Developmental Coordination Disorder.  Child: care, health and development. 2006;  32 741-750
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Green D, Chambers M E, Sugden D A. Does subtype of developmental coordination disorder count: Is there a differential effect on outcome following intervention?.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 363-382
    Google Scholar
  • 44 Green D, Wilson B N. The importance of parent and child opinion in detecting change in movement capabilities.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2008;  75 (4) 208-219
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Gubbay S S. The management of developmental apraxia.  Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1978;  20 643-646
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Haley S M, Coster W J, Ludlow L H. et al .Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Boston, MA; New England Medical Centre 1992
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Harter S. Effectance motivation reconsidered.  Human Development. 1978;  21 34-64
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Harter S, Pike R. The pictorial scale of perceived competence and social acceptance for young children. Denver, CO; University of Denver 1983
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Hay J. Adequacy in and predilection for physical activity in children.  Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;  2 192-201
    Google Scholar
  • 50 Hay J, Missiuna C. Motor proficiency in children reporting low levels of participation in physical activity.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1998;  65 (2) 64-71
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Hemgren E, Persson K. Associations of motor co-ordination and attention with motor-perceptual development in 3-year-old preterm and full-term children who needed neonatal intensive care.  Child: care, health and development. 2007;  33 11-21
    Google Scholar
  • 52 Hemgren E, Persson K. Deficits in motor co-ordination and attention at 3 years of age predict motor deviations in 6.5-year-old children who needed neonatal intensive care.  Child: care, health and development. 2009;  35 120-129
    Google Scholar
  • 53 Henderson S E, Sugden D A. Movement assessment battery for children. London; The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1992
    Google Scholar
  • 54 Henderson S E, Sugden D A, Barnett A L. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children – second edition (Movement ABC-2). London; Harcourt Assessment 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 55 Hill E L. The nonspecific nature of specific language impairment: A review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments.  International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 2001;  36 149-171
    Google Scholar
  • 56 Kadesjö B, Gillberg C. Developmental coordination disorder in Swedish 7-year-old children.  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999;  38 820-828
    Google Scholar
  • 57 Kaplan B, Crawford S, Cantell M. et al . Comorbidity, co-occurrence, continuum: What’s in a name?.  Child: care, health and development. 2006;  32 723-731
    Google Scholar
  • 58 Kaplan B, Wilson B N, Dewey D M. et al . DCD may not be a discrete disorder.  Human Movement Science. 1998;  17 471-490
    Google Scholar
  • 59 Law M. Participation in the occupations of everyday life.  American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2002;  56 (6) 640-649
    Google Scholar
  • 60 Losse A, Henderson S A, Elliman D. et al . Clumsiness in children: Do they outgrow it? A 10-year follow up study.  Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1991;  33 55-68
    Google Scholar
  • 61 Magalhaes L C, Missiuna C, Wong S. Terminology used in research reports of developmental coordination disorder.  Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2006;  48 937-941
    Google Scholar
  • 62 Mathai J, Anderson P, Bourne A. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as a screening measure prior to admission to a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) [Electronic Version].  Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 2002;  1 , www.auseinet.com/journal/vol1iss3 /Mathai.pdf. (10.9.2007)
    Google Scholar
  • 63 McGrath M M, Sullivan M C, Lester B M. et al . Longitudinal neurologic follow-up in neonatal intensive care unit survivors with various neonatal morbidities.  Pediatrics. 2000;  106 1397-1405
    Google Scholar
  • 64 Miller L T, Missiuna C A, Macnab J J. et al . Clinical description of children with developmental coordination disorder.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2001;  68 (1) 5-15
    Google Scholar
  • 65 Missiuna C, Moll S, King G. et al . Life experiences of young adults who have coordination difficulties.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2008;  75 (3) 157-166
    Google Scholar
  • 66 Missiuna C, Moll S, King S. et al . A trajectory of troubles: Parent’s impressions of the impact of developmental coordination disorder.  Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2007;  27 (1) 81-101
    Google Scholar
  • 67 Missiuna C, Moll S, King S. et al . „Missed and misunderstood”: Children with coordination difficulties in the school system.  International Journal of Special Education. 2006;  21 (1) 53-67
    Google Scholar
  • 68 Missiuna C, Moll S, Law M. et al . Mysteries and mazes: Parents’ experiences of children with developmental coordination disorder.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2006;  73 (1) 7-17
    Google Scholar
  • 69 Missiuna C, Pollock N, Egan M. et al . Enabling occupation through facilitating the diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2008;  75 (1) 26-34
    Google Scholar
  • 70 Missiuna C, Rivard L, Bartlett D. Early identification and risk management of children with developmental coordination disorder.  Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2003;  15 32-38
    Google Scholar
  • 71 Miyahara M, Piek J. Self-esteem of children and adolescents with physical disabilities: Quantitative evidence from meta-analysis.  Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2006;  18 (3) 219-234
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Murray E A, Cermak S A, O’Brien V. The relationship between form and space perception, constructional abilities and clumsiness in children.  American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1989;  44 623-628
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Petermann F, Bös K, Kastner J. Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (Movement ABC-2): Deutschsprachige Adaptation nach S. E. Henderson, D. A. Sudgen und A. L. Barnett (German-language adaptation of Henderson, Sudgen and Barnett’s Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2). London; Pearson 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 74 Piek J P, Barrett N C, Allen L SR. et al . The relationship between bullying and self-worth in children with movement coordination problems.  British Journal of Educational Psychology. 2005;  75 453-463
    Google Scholar
  • 75 Piek J P, Baynam G B, Barrett N C. The relationship between fine and gross motor ability, self-perceptions and self-worth in children and adolescents.  Human Movement Science. 2006;  25 65-750
    Google Scholar
  • 76 Piek J P, Bradbury G S, Elsley S C. et al . Motor coordination and social-emotional behaviour in preschool-aged children.  International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 2008;  55 (2) 143-151
    Google Scholar
  • 77 Piek J P, Dawson L, Smith L M. et al . The role of early fine and gross motor development on later motor and cognitive ability.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 668-681
    Google Scholar
  • 78 Pless M, Carlsson M, Sundelin C. et al . Pre-school children with developmental co-ordination disorder: self-perceived competence and group motor skill intervention.  Acta Paediatrica. 2001;  90 532-538
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Pless M, Carlsson M, Sundelin C. et al . Preschool children with developmental cooridnation disorder: a short-term follow-up of motor status at seven to eight years of age.  Acta Paediatrica. 2002;  91 521-528
    Google Scholar
  • 80 Polatajko H J, Cantin N. Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the state of the art.  Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 2006;  12 250-258
    Google Scholar
  • 81 Polatajko H J, Fox A M, Missiuna C. An international consensus on children with developmental coordination disorder.  Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1995;  62 (1) 3-6
    Google Scholar
  • 82 Poulsen A A, Ziviani J, Cuskelly M. Leisure time physical activity energy expenditure in boys with developmental coordination disorder: The role of peer relations self-concept perceptions.  OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 2008;  28 (1) 30-39
    Google Scholar
  • 83 Poulsen A A, Ziviani J M, Cuskelly M. General self-concept and life satisfaction for boys with differing levels of physical coordination: The role of goal orientations and leisure participation.  Human Movement Science. 2006;  25 839-860
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Poulsen A A, Ziviani J M, Cuskelly M. Perceived freedom in leisure and physical co-ordination ability: impact on out-of-school activity participation and life satisfaction.  Child: care, health and development. 2007;  33 432-440
    Google Scholar
  • 85 Poulsen A A, Ziviani J M, Johnson H. et al . Loneliness and life satisfaction of boys with developmental coordination disorder: The impact of leisure participation and perceived freedom in leisure.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 325-343
    Google Scholar
  • 86 Puderbaugh J K, Fisher A G. Assessment of motor and process skills in normal young children and children with dyspraxia.  Occupational Therapy Journal of Research. 1992;  12 (4) 195-216
    Google Scholar
  • 87 Rasmussen P, Gillberg C. Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coodridnation disorder at age 22 years: A controlled, longitudinal, community-based study.  Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;  39 (11) 1424-1431
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Reiersen A M, Constantino J N, Todd R D. Co-occurrence of motor problems and autistic symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008;  47 (6) 662-672
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Rodger S, Mandich A. Getting the run around: accessing services for children with developmental co-ordination disorder.  Child: care, health & development. 2005;  31 449-457
    Google Scholar
  • 90 Rodger S, Ziviani J, Watter P. et al . Motor and functional skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot investigation of measurement issues.  Human Movement Science. 2003;  22 461-478
    Google Scholar
  • 91 Ruiz L M, Graupera J L, Gutiérrez. et al . The assessment of motor coordination in children with the Movement ABC test: A comparative study among Japan, USA and Spain.  International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. 2003;  15 22-35
    Google Scholar
  • 92 Schoemaker M M, Kalverboer A F. Social and affective problems of children who are clumsy.  Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 1994;  11 130-140
    Google Scholar
  • 93 Segal R, Mandich A, Polatajko H. et al . Stigma and its management: A pilot study of parental perceptions of the experiences of children with developmental coordination disorder.  American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2002;  56 (4) 422-428
    Google Scholar
  • 94 Sigurdsson E, Os van J, Fombonne E. Are impaired childhood motor skills a risk factor for adolescent anxiety? Results form the 1958U. K. birth cohort and the National Child Development Study.  American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;  159 1044-1046
    Google Scholar
  • 95 Skinner R, Piek J P. Psychosocial implications of poor motor coordination in children and adolescents.  Human Movement Science. 2001;  20 73-94
    Google Scholar
  • 96 Smits-Engelsman B CM, Niemeijer A S, Galen G P. Fine motor deficiencies in children diagnosed as DCD based on poor grapho-motor ability.  Human Movement Science. 2001;  20 161-182
    Google Scholar
  • 97 Smyth M M, Anderson H I. Coping with clumsiness in the school playground: Social and physical play in children with coordination impairments.  British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2000;  18 389-413
    Google Scholar
  • 98 Smyth M M, Anderson H I. Football participation in the primary school playground: The role of coordination impairments.  British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2001;  19 369-379
    Google Scholar
  • 99 Stephenson E A, Chesson R A. „Always the guiding hand”: parents’ accounts of the long-term implications of developmental co-ordination disorder for their children and families.  Child: care, health and development. 2008;  34 335-343
    Google Scholar
  • 100 Stott D H, Moyes F A, Henderson S E. The Henderson Revision of the Test of Motor Impairment. San Antonio; Psychological Corporation 1984
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Sugden van D, Kirby A, Dunford C. Issues surrounding children with developmental coordination disorder.  International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 2008;  55 (2) 173-187
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Summers J, Larkin D, Dewey D. Activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder: Dressing, personal hygiene, and eating skills.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 215-229
    Google Scholar
  • 103 Taylor S, Fayed N, Mandich A. CO-OP intervention for young children with developmental coordination disorder.  OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 2007;  27 (4) 124-130
    Google Scholar
  • 104 Tsai C L, Wilson P H, Wu S K. Role of visual-perceptual skills (non-motor) in children with developmental coordination disorder.  Human Movement Science. 2008;  27 (4) 649-664
    Google Scholar
  • 105 Tsoitra G D, Flouris A D, Koutedakis Y. et al . A comparison of developmental coordination disorder prevalence rates in Canadian and Greek children.  Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;  39 125-127
    Google Scholar
  • 106 Visser J. Developmental coordination disorder: a review of research on subtypes and comorbidities.  Human Movement Science. 2003;  22 479-493
    Google Scholar
  • 107 Watson L, Knott F. Self-esteem and coping in children with developmental coordination disorder.  British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2006;  69 (10) 450-456
    Google Scholar
  • 108 Wilson B N, Crawford S G, Green D. et al . Psychometric properties of the Revised Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire.  Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2009;  29 182-202
    Google Scholar
  • 109 Wilson B N, Kaplan B J, Crawford S G. et al . Reliability and validity of a parent questionnaire on childhood motor skills.  American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2000;  54 (5) 484-493
    Google Scholar
  • 110 World Health Organisation .International classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF). Geneva; Author 2001
    Google Scholar
  • 111 World Health Organisation .Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen: ICD-10 Kapitel V (F). Klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien (H. Dilling, W. Mombour, M. H. Schmidt, E. Schulte-Markwort, Trans. 5. Aufl). München; Hans Huber 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 112 Ziviani J, Macdonald D, Jenkins D. et al . Physical activity of young children.  OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 2006;  26 (1) 4-14
    Google Scholar

Ann Kennedy-Behr

BAppSc; MOccThy, Doktorandin

Schwaigerstr. 16, 85646 Anzing

eMail: ann.kennedy@fiduciade.com

      >