Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1124013
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Paroxysmale nächtliche Hämoglobinurie (PNH)
Pathogenese, Diagnostik und TherapieParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatmentPublication History
eingereicht: 26.6.2008
akzeptiert: 27.11.2008
Publication Date:
17 February 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die PNH ist klinisch durch eine Trias aus hämolytischer Anämie, Thrombophilie und Zytopenie gekennzeichnet. Ursache der PNH ist eine Mutation des PIG (Phosphatidyl-Inositol-Glykan)-A-Gens der pluripotenten hämatopoetischen Stammzelle, wodurch es zum Verlust des GPI (Glykosylphosphatidylinositol)-Ankers und entsprechend verankerter Proteine auf der Oberfläche der betroffenen Zellreihen kommt. Die Diagnose wird mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie gestellt, wodurch auch Art und Größe des PNH-Klons bestimmt werden können. Im Vordergrund steht die symptomatische Therapie. Bei schweren Verläufen bietet die allogene Knochenmarktransplantation eine kurative Option. Einen neuen Ansatz in der Behandlung der PNH stellt die Hemmung des terminalen Komplement-Weges durch einen monoklonalen Antikörper (Eculizumab) dar. Hierdurch konnte in Studien die Komplement-vermittelte intravasale Hämolyse gehemmt, der Transfusionsbedarf gesenkt, die Lebensqualität der Patienten verbessert und auch das Risiko für thromboembolische Ereignisse gesenkt werden, welche die Haupttodesursache der PNH darstellen.
Summary
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by the classic clinical triad of corpuscular hemolytic anemia, thrombophilia and cytopenia. This is caused by an acquired mutation of the PIG(phosphatidylinositol glycan)-A gene of the pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell. This results in a deficiency of GPI(glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchors and GPI-anchored proteins on the surface of affected blood cells. Flow cytometry is the standard for diagnosis and measurement of type and size of the PNH clone. Treatment of PNH is mainly symptomatic. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the only curative option in case of severe complications during the course of the diseases. A new targeted treatment strategy is the inhibition of the terminal complement cascade with a monoclonal antibody (eculizumab). As shown in clinical studies this is efficient to reduce complement mediated intravascular hemolysis, reduce the need for transfusions, improve the quality of life in patients with PNH and reduce the risk for thromboembolic complications, which are the main cause of mortality in PNH.
Schlüsselwörter
paroxysmale nächtliche Hämoglobinurie - korpuskuläre hämolytische Anämie - Komplementinhibition - Eculizumab
Keywords
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - corpuscular hemolytic anemia - complement inhibition - eculizumab
Literatur
- 1 Dacie J V, Lewis S M. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: clinical manifestations, haematology, and nature of the disease. Ser Haematol. 1972; 5 3-23
-
2 Fachinformation Soliris® 2007.
- 3 Frickhofen N, Heimpel H, Kaltwasser J P, Schrezenmeier H. Antithymocyte globulin with or without cyclosporin A: 11-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing treatments of aplastic anemia. Blood. 2003; 101 1236-42
- 4 Hall C, Richards S, Hillmen P. Primary prophylaxis with warfarin prevents thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Blood. 2003; 102 3587-91
- 5 Hegenbart U, Niederwieser D, Forman S. et al . Hematopoietic cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors after minimal conditioning as a curative treatment modality for severe paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2003; 9 689-97
- 6 Hill A, Rother R P, Hillmen P. Improvement in the symptoms of smooth muscle dystonia during eculizumab therapy in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Haematologica. 2005; 90 ECR40
- 7 Hillmen P, Hall C, Marsh J C. et al . Effect of eculizumab on hemolysis and transfusion requirements in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350 552-9
- 8 Hillmen P, Lewis S M, Bessler M, Luzzatto L, Dacie J V. Natural history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333 1253-8
- 9 Hillmen P, Muus P, Dührsen U. et al . Effect of the complement inhibitor eculizumab on thromboembolism in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood. 2007; 110 4123-4128
- 10 Hillmen P, Young N S, Schubert J. et al . The complement inhibitor eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355 1233-43
- 11 Hugel B, Socié G, Vu T. et al . Elevated levels of circulating procoagulant microparticles in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and aplastic anemia. Blood. 1999; 93 3451-6
- 12 Issaragrisil S, Piankijagum A, Tang-naitrisorana Y. Corticosteroids therapy in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Am J Hematol. 1987; 25 77-83
- 13 Luzzatto L, Bessler M. The dual pathogenesis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Curr Opin Hematol. 1996; 3 101-10
- 14 Parker C, Omine M, Richards S. et al . Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood. 2005; 106 3699-709
- 15 Richards S J, Hill A, Hillmen P. Recent advances in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2007; 72 291-8
- 16 Rosse W F. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as a molecular disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997; 76 63-93
- 17 Rosse W F, Hillmen P, Schreiber A D. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program). 2004; 48-62
- 18 Rother R P, Bell L, Hillmen P, Gladwin M T. The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular plasma hemoglobin: a novel mechanism of human disease. JAMA. 2005; 293 1653-62
- 19 Saso R, Marsh J, Cevreska L. et al . Bone marrow transplants for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Br J Haematol. 1999; 104 392-6
- 20 Schubert J, Alvarado M, Uciechowski P. et al . Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria using immunophenotyping of peripheral blood cells. Br J Haematol. 1991; 79 487-92
- 21 Strübing P. Paroxysmale Haemoglobinurie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1882; 8 1-3
- 22 Strübing P. Paroxysmale Haemoglobinurie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1882; 8 17-19
Dr. med. Alexander Röth
Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität
Duisburg-Essen
Hufelandstr. 55
45122 Essen
Phone: 0201/723-84219
Fax: 0201/723-5934
Email: alexander.roeth@uni-due.de