Zusammenfassung
Die PNH ist klinisch durch eine Trias aus hämolytischer
Anämie, Thrombophilie und Zytopenie gekennzeichnet. Ursache
der PNH ist eine Mutation des PIG (Phosphatidyl-Inositol-Glykan)-A-Gens
der pluripotenten hämatopoetischen Stammzelle, wodurch
es zum Verlust des GPI (Glykosylphosphatidylinositol)-Ankers und
entsprechend verankerter Proteine auf der Oberfläche der
betroffenen Zellreihen kommt. Die Diagnose wird mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie gestellt,
wodurch auch Art und Größe des PNH-Klons bestimmt
werden können. Im Vordergrund steht die symptomatische
Therapie. Bei schweren Verläufen bietet die allogene Knochenmarktransplantation
eine kurative Option. Einen neuen Ansatz in der Behandlung der PNH
stellt die Hemmung des terminalen Komplement-Weges durch einen monoklonalen
Antikörper (Eculizumab) dar. Hierdurch konnte in Studien
die Komplement-vermittelte intravasale Hämolyse gehemmt,
der Transfusionsbedarf gesenkt, die Lebensqualität der
Patienten verbessert und auch das Risiko für thromboembolische
Ereignisse gesenkt werden, welche die Haupttodesursache der PNH
darstellen.
Summary
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by
the classic clinical triad of corpuscular hemolytic anemia, thrombophilia
and cytopenia. This is caused by an acquired mutation of the PIG(phosphatidylinositol
glycan)-A gene of the pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell. This results
in a deficiency of GPI(glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchors and
GPI-anchored proteins on the surface of affected blood cells. Flow cytometry
is the standard for diagnosis and measurement of type and size of
the PNH clone. Treatment of PNH is mainly symptomatic. Allogeneic
bone marrow transplantation is the only curative option in case
of severe complications during the course of the diseases. A new
targeted treatment strategy is the inhibition of the terminal complement
cascade with a monoclonal antibody (eculizumab). As shown in clinical
studies this is efficient to reduce complement mediated intravascular
hemolysis, reduce the need for transfusions, improve the quality
of life in patients with PNH and reduce the risk for thromboembolic
complications, which are the main cause of mortality in PNH.
Schlüsselwörter
paroxysmale nächtliche Hämoglobinurie - korpuskuläre hämolytische Anämie - Komplementinhibition - Eculizumab
Keywords
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - corpuscular hemolytic anemia - complement inhibition - eculizumab
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Dr. med. Alexander Röth
Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität
Duisburg-Essen
Hufelandstr. 55
45122 Essen
Phone: 0201/723-84219
Fax: 0201/723-5934
Email: alexander.roeth@uni-due.de