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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1219929
Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles: The Control of Enantio- and Regioselectivity
Publication History
Publication Date:
10 May 2010 (online)
Abstract
The asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles is a synthetic methodology that enables direct access to the enantiopure indole derivatives. In this review, work mainly carried out by You and his co-workers on the regio- and enantioselective synthesis of indole derivatives will be discussed. Chiral Brønsted acids or iridium complexes promote highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts reactions of indoles and 4,7-dihydroindoles starting with various electrophilic reagents, such as imines, N-tosyl-substituted amines, β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters, nitro-substituted olefins, aldehydes, and allyl carbonates. These methodologies can be used to readily prepare diverse enantioenriched indoles, such as indol-3-ylmethanamines, indol-2-ylmethanamines, unsymmetrical arylbis(indol-3-yl)methanes, 9-indol-3-ylfluorenes, tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indoles, tetrahydro-γ-carbolines, and tetrahydro-β-carbolines.
1 Introduction
2 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles at the 3-Position
2.1 Chiral Phosphoric Acids and Their Activation Mode
2.2 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Imines
2.3 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with N-Tosyl-Substituted Amines
2.4 Tandem Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Aldehydes and Alcohols
2.5 Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Allylic Alkylation of Indoles
3 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles at the 2-Position
3.1 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of 4,7-Dihydroindoles with Imines
3.2 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of 4,7-Dihydroindoles with Keto Esters
3.3 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of 4,7-Dihydroindoles with Nitro-Substituted Olefins
4 Sequential Catalysis for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Indoles
5 Conclusion and Outlook
Key words
chiral Brønsted acids - enantioselectivity - Friedel-Crafts reactions - indoles - organocatalysis
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