Sonografie der peripheren Lymphknoten Teil 1: Normalbefunde und B-Bild-Kriterien

Lernziele

Normalbefunde und deren Variabilität Normwerte B-Bild-Kriterien

Literatur/References

• 1 Leicher-Dueber A, Bleier R, Dueber C et al. Halslymphknotenmetastasen: Histologisch kontrollierter Vergleich von Palpation, Sonographie und Computertomographie.  Fortschr Röntgenstr. 1990;  153 575-579
• 2 Gritzmann N, Czembirek H, Hajek P et al. Sonographie bei cervicalen Lymphknotenmetastasen.  Radiologe. 1987;  27 118-122
• 3 Overhagen H, Lameris J S, Berger M Y et al. Supraclavicular lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: assessment with CT, US, and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.  Radiology. 1991;  179 155-158
• 4 Bruneton J N, Caramella E, Hery M et al. Axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer: preoperative detection with US.  Radiology. 1986;  158 325-326
• 5 Bondt R BJ, Nelemans P J, Hofman P AM et al. Detection of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis comparing US, USgFNAC, CT and MR imaging.  Eur J Radiol. 2007;  64 266-272
• 6 Sumi de M, Ohki M, Nakamura T. Comparison of sonography and CT for differentiation benign from malignant cervical lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.  AJR. 2001;  176 1019-1024
• 7 Som P M, Curtin H D, Mancuso A A. Imaging-based nodal classification for evaluation of neck metastatic adenopathy.  AJR. 2000;  174 837-844
• 8 Yang W T, Ahuja A, Tang A et al. Ultrasonographic detection of normal axillary lymph nodes: a learning curve.  J Ultrasound Med. 1995;  14 823-827
• 9 Esen G. Ultrasound of superficial lymph nodes.  Eur J Radiol. 2006;  58 345-359
• 10 Rubaltelli L, Proto E, Salmasco R et al. Sonography of abnormal lymph nodes in vitro: correlation of sonographic and histologic findings.  AJR. 1990;  155 1241-1244
• 11 Rettenbacher T, Fankhauser C, Sögner P et al. Sonographie peripherer Lymphknoten: Echoarmer Lymphknotenhilus – eine wichtige Normvariante.  Ultraschall in Med. 2003;  24 S55
• 12 Bruneton J N, Balu-Maestro C, Marcy P Y et al. Very high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasonographic examination of the normal neck: detection of normal lymph nodes and thyroid nodules.  J Ultrasound Med. 1994;  13 87-90
• 13 Ying M, Ahuja A, Brook F et al. Sonographic appearance and distribution of normal cervical lymph nodes in a Chinese population.  J Ultrasound Med. 1996;  15 431-436
• 14 Ying M, Ahuja A, Brook F et al. Sonographic appearances of cervical lymph nodes: variations by age and sex.  J Clin Ultrasound. 2002;  30 1-11
• 15 Gritzmann N, Hollerweger A, Macheiner P et al. Sonography of soft tissue masses of the neck.  J Clin Ultrasound. 2002;  30 356-373
• 16 Moore A, Hester M, Nam M W et al. Distinct lymph nodal sonographic characteristics in breast cancer patients at high risk for axillary metastases correlate with the final axillary stage.  Br J Radiol. 2008;  81 630-636
• 17 Gritzmann N. Sonography of the neck: current potentials and limitations.  Ultraschall in Med. 2005;  26 185-196
• 18 Brekel M WM, Stel H V, Castelijns J A et al. Cervical lymph node metastasis: assessment of radiologic criteria.  Radiology. 1990;  177 379-384
• 19 Steinkamp H J, Teske van den C, Knöbber E et al. Sonographie in der Tumornachsorge von Kopf-Hals-Tumorpatienten.  Ultraschall in Med. 1994;  15 81-88
• 20 Ying M, Ahuja A, Brook F et al. Nodal shape (S/L) and its combination with size for assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy: which cut-off should be used?.  Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999;  25 1169-1175
• 21 Tregnaghi A, De Candia A, Calderone M et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of superficial lymph node metastases in melanoma.  Eur J Radiol. 1996;  24 216-221
• 22 Vassallo P, Edel G, Roos N et al. In-vitro high-resolution ultrasonography of benign and malignant lymph nodes.  Invest Radiol. 1993;  28 698-705
• 23 Solbiati L, Rizzatto G, Bellotti E et al. High resolution sonography of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer: criteria for differentiation of reactive versus malignant nodes. Proceedings of the 74th Meeting of the Radiologic Society of North America. Chicago; 1988: 113
• 24 Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, Neureiter D et al. Außergewöhnlich zystisches Erscheinungsbild von Lymphknoten bei malignem Lymphom.  Ultraschall in Med. 2008;  29 308-310
• 25 Som P M. Lymph nodes of the neck.  Radiology. 1987;  165 593-600
• 26 Sakaguchi T, Yamashita Y, Katahira K et al. Differential diagnosis of small round cervical lymph nodes: comparison of power Doppler US with contrast-enhanced CT and pathologic results.  Radiation Medicine. 2001;  19 119-125
• 27 King A D, Tse G MK, Ahuja A et al. Necrosis in metastatic neck nodes: diagnostic accuracy of CT, MR imaging, and US.  Radiology. 2004;  230 720-726
• 28 Steinkamp H J, Beck A, Werk M et al. Extracapsular spread of cervical lymph node metastases: diagnostic relevance of ultrasound examinations.  Ultraschall in Med. 2003;  24 323-330