Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Die Sepsis verursacht eine hohe Morbidität und Mortalität von Intensivpatienten,
insbesondere getriggert durch eine nicht selten inadäquate antimikrobielle Initialtherapie.
Konventionelle mikrobiologische Standardverfahren sind selten in der Lage, schon innerhalb
der ersten Stunden des sich anbahnenden Sepsisgeschehens therapeutisch verwertbare
Informationen über bakterielle oder fungale Species von Sepsis-Erregern zu liefern.
Multiplex-PCR-Verfahren (PCR-M), ausgerichtet auf das Spektrum der wesentlichsten
Sepsis-Erreger, können dieses Zeitintervall entscheidend verkürzen. Diese Tests stehen
seit 2005 standardisiert und in kommerzieller Form zur Verfügung und wurden erfolgreich
in die klinische Praxis eingeführt, wobei im chirurgisch-operativen Fachgebiet hierzu
noch einschlägige Zusammenfassungen und schlussfolgernde Empfehlungen fehlen. Ziel, Material und Methode: Kompakte Kurzcharakteristik und selektiv-relevante Literaturübersicht zu kommerziell
verfügbaren Sepsis-Multiplex-PCR-Verfahren in kritischer Reflexion ihrer Inauguration,
klinischen Wertigkeit und Zukunftsoptionen unter Einbeziehung eigener praktischer
und Studienerfahrungen. Ergebnisse: Multiplex-PCR-Verfahren bei erwachsenen Sepsis-Patienten ergeben zwischen 13,7 und
39,9 % positive Befunde, Blutkulturen hingegen lediglich zwischen 8 und 29,9 %. Zwischen
8 und 16,9 % aller durchgeführten Untersuchungen führt ein positiver PCR-M-Befund
zur Änderung der antimikrobiellen Therapie. Eine prospektive Studie mit dem Endpunkt
der Reduktion der Sepsis-Mortalität existiert allerdings noch nicht. Positive PCR-M-Befunde
korrelieren mit einer erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität sowie mit klinischen und
paraklinischen Sepsis-Parametern. Bisher durchgeführte Studien folgen meist dem Ziel,
Multiplex-PCR-Verfahren auf Sepsis-Erreger hinsichtlich Spezifität und Sensitivität
mit dem „Goldstandard“ Blutkultur zu vergleichen. Einige Studien verzichten jedoch
wegen der Unterschiedlichkeit der Verfahren darauf, wobei der Bezug auf die Blutkultur
als Goldstandard inzwischen rein methodisch als problematisch angesehen wird. Bisher
publizierte Studien zur Multiplex-PCR bei häufig sehr heterogenen Patientengruppen
wurden meist mit dem Lightcycler-Septifast®-Test (LC-SF) erfolgreich durchgeführt.
Das Verfahren bewies eine verbesserte Nachweisrate von Sepsis-Erregern, gute Konkordanz
positiver PCR-M-Befunde mit klinischen und paraklinischen Sepsis-Parametern und erhebliche
Zeitersparnis bei der mikrobiellen Species-Bestimmung, einhergehend mit der weit zeitnäheren
Initiierung einer adäquaten antimikrobiellen Therapie. Schlussfolgerung: Die bisher verfügbaren Studiendaten plädieren dafür, Untersuchungen zu diesen molekularbiologischen
Verfahren zukünftig eher auf einen Standard, basierend auf dem LC-SF, zu beziehen.
Positive PCR-M-Befunde können mittlerweile als Sepsis-Marker gelten.
Abstract
Introduction: Sepsis causes a substantial rate of morbidity and mortality in intensive care patients,
which is, in particular, triggered by an inadequate antimicrobial treatment from the
beginning. Conventional microbiological standard procedures cannot provide valuable
information on bacterial or fungal species of sepsis-relevant microbes within the
first hours of a developing sepsis. However, multiplex PCR (PCR-M) focussing on the
spectrum of the most relevant sepsis-associated microbes can considerably shorten
the time period; the analytical tests have been standardised and, subsequently, inaugurated
into clinical practice; they also have thus been available since 2005. Interestingly,
in the surgical field an appropriate summary and concluding recommendation have been
lacking so far. Aim, Material and Methods: A compact short overview based on a characteristic selection of relevant references
from the literature is given on the commercially available sepsis-associated multiplex-PCR
methods, reflecting critically the time point of inauguration, clinical value and
future perspectives including our own experiences from clinical practice and medical
studies. Results: Multiplex PCR in adult sepsis patients yielded in a range from 13.7 to 39.9 % of
positive findings, whereas conventional blood cultures only range from 8 to 29.9 %.
From 8 to 16.9 % of all investigations performed prompted us to a change of the antimicrobial
treatment by using a positive PCR-M finding. A prospective study (end-point, reduction
of sepsis-associated mortality) has not yet been initiated. Positive PCR-M findings
correlate with an increased morbidity and mortality as well as clinical and laboratory
sepsis parameters. Recent studies have aimed for a comparison of PCR-M on sepsis-associated
microbes with regard to specificity and sensitivity with the current “gold standard”,
conventional blood culture. A few studies wrongly claimed to compare the methods because
of the difference in the procedures; in addition, blood culture as gold standard has
been increasingly considered as very problematic from a methodological point of view.
Recent publications on multiplex-PCR studies in frequently heterogenic groups of patients
have been mostly performed with the Lightcycler-Septifast® test (LC-SF) with great
success. The procedure has provided evidence of an improved detection rate of sepsis-associated
microbes, favourable concordance of positive PCR-M findings with clinical and laboratory
sepsis parameters and substantial time-saving in the microbiological analysis of the
specific microbial species, which is simultaneously associated with an earlier initiation
of an adequate antimicrobial treatment regimen. Conclusion: The available study data suggest that systrematic investigations on the molecular
biological procedures should be rather related to a different standard based on the
LC-SF. Positive PCR-M findings have been accepted as a sepsis marker in the mean time.
Schlüsselwörter
Molekularbiologie - Sepsis - Intensivmedizin - Multiplex-PCR - Lightcycler-Septifast®-Test
Key words
molecular biology - sepsis - intensive care medicine - multiplex PCR - Lightcycler-Septifast®
test
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Dr. U. Lodes
Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A. ö. R. · Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie
Leipziger Straße 44
39120 Magdeburg
Deutschland
Phone: 49 / 3 91 / 6 71 55 00
Fax: 49 / 3 91 / 6 71 55 70
Email: uwe.lodes@med.ovgu.de