RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1335808
S2k-Leitlinie Chronische Obstipation: Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie
Gemeinsame Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS)1 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021/019Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
09. Juli 2013 (online)
Einleitung und Methodik
E-1 Hintergrund
Chronische Obstipationsbeschwerden zählen mit einer Prävalenz von 5 – 15 % zu den häufigen Gesundheitsstörungen in Deutschland, wobei die Prävalenz mit dem Alter zunimmt und Frauen deutlich häufiger betroffen sind als Männer [1] [2].
Die zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen sind komplex, uneinheitlich und nur z. T. aufgeklärt. Die verfügbare Evidenz hat aber die traditionelle Auffassung widerlegt, dass es sich lediglich um eine banale Befindlichkeitsstörung ohne Krankheitswert handele, welche überdies durch falsche Lebensgewohnheiten selbst verschuldet und daher auch leicht zu korrigieren sei. So wurde überzeugend belegt, dass die Betroffenen dabei unter einer Vielzahl von belästigenden Symptomen leiden und sie dadurch in ihrer Lebensqualität – z. T. deutlich – beeinträchtigt sind [3] [4].
Dessen ungeachtet wird die chronische Obstipation nur unzureichend als ein für die Patienten oft relevantes Gesundheitsproblem akzeptiert. Dies wird auch dadurch deutlich, dass etablierte und effektive medikamentöse Therapieansätze, deren regelmäßige Einnahme für schwerer Betroffene meist unverzichtbar ist, lediglich unter der undefinierten Etikettierung „Laxans“ in die Sparte der nicht verschreibungsfähigen Selbstmedikation verbannt und quasi allein in die Hände der Apotheker übergeben worden sind. Selbst neueren, innovativen und daher noch verschreibungspflichtigen Medikamenten wird allein aufgrund der Indikation „Obstipation“ ihre allgemeine Erstattungsfähigkeit genommen.
Tatsächlich mag diese Auffassung für milde, meist transiente Obstipationsbeschwerden, wie sie auch viele Gesunde im Rahmen von Änderungen ihrer Lebensumstände (z. B. Reisen, fremdländische Kost o. Ä.) erleben, angemessen sein. Demgegenüber untermauern sowohl wissenschaftliche Evidenz wie auch medizinische Realität, dass es sich bei der chronischen Obstipation in der Mehrzahl der Fälle um eine persistierende, nicht selten mit hohem Leidensdruck einhergehende Erkrankung handelt. Dabei kann der Symptomkomplex der Obstipation ganz unterschiedliche Ursachen haben, welche von unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen über Stoffwechselstörungen im Sinne von sekundären Obstipationsformen bis hin zu Erkrankungen des enterischen Nerven- und Muskelsystems (im Sinne primärer Obstipationsformen) reichen können.
#
E-2 Ziele der Leitlinie
Ziel der vorliegenden interdisziplinären S2k-Leitlinie war es, den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zu Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie der chronischen Obstipation bei Erwachsenen auf Basis der wissenschaftlichen Evidenz zusammenzufassen, im Experten-Konsens zu bewerten und daraus praxisrelevante Empfehlungen abzuleiten.
Hierzu seien einige erläuternde Vorbemerkungen vorausgeschickt:
-
Diese Leitlinie soll auch der allgemeinen Aufklärung darüber dienen, dass die chronische Obstipation eine Erkrankung ist, die grundsätzlich ein gewisses Maß an diagnostischer Abklärung sowie in der Mehrzahl der Fälle einer dauerhaften medikamentösen Therapie zugeführt werden muss. Ganz bewusst setzen die Leitlinienautoren sich daher auch dafür ein, den undefinierten und oft als negativ empfundenen Begriff des „Laxans“ zu verlassen. Vielmehr sollte der einer Erkrankung angemessene Begriff der medikamentösen Therapie bevorzugt werden. Die bisher als „Laxanzien“ bekannten Behandlungsformen werden in dieser Leitlinie daher als konventionelle medikamentöse Therapieansätze bezeichnet in historischer, aber bewusst nicht in formaler Abgrenzung zu den modernen Arzneimittel-Entwicklungen zur Obstipationsbehandlung.
-
Die erläuterten Therapiekonzepte beschränken sich dabei im Wesentlichen auf die primären Formen der chronischen Obstipation, da für die sekundären Obstipationsformen eine umfassende Darlegung der therapeutischen Optionen aller möglichen Grundkrankheiten/-störungen den Rahmen einer evidenzbasierten Leitlinie übersteigen würde.
-
Innerhalb der primären Obstipationsformen stellt das obstipationsprädominante Reizdarmsyndrom einen Sonderfall und dabei eine der wichtigsten Untergruppen dar. Die vorliegenden Empfehlungen richten sich jedoch primär auf die Behandlung der Obstipationssymptome und haben in diesem Rahmen in aller Regel auch für die Obstipation beim Reizdarmsyndrom Gültigkeit. Für umfassendere Informationen und Therapieempfehlungen zum polysymptomatischen Reizdarmsyndrom wird jedoch an dieser Stelle auf die kürzlich publizierte umfassende S3-Leitlinie zum Reizdarmsyndrom [5] verwiesen.
#
Methodik
Hinweis: Eine ausführliche Beschreibung der Methodik sowie die detaillierten Angaben zu potenziellen Interessenkonflikten der Leitlinienautoren sind dem separat veröffentlichten Methodik-Report der Leitlinie zu entnehmen (Preiss und Andresen, AWMF).
M-1 Versorgungsbereich und Zielgruppen
Die Empfehlungen gelten insbesondere für die ambulante medizinische Versorgung und richten sich an das gesamte Spektrum der an der Diagnostik und Therapie beteiligten Berufsgruppen (Allgemeinmediziner, Internisten, Gastroenterologen, Proktologen, Chirurgen, Psychologen, Psychosomatiker) ebenso wie an Betroffene.
#
M-2 Zusammensetzung der Leitliniengruppe: Beteiligung von Interessengruppen
Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM) und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) beauftragten Viola Andresen und Christian Pehl mit der Koordination der Leitlinie. Diese legten die Eckpunkte des Konsentierungsverfahrens fest, luden andere Fachgesellschaften ein und wählten die Mitglieder der Arbeitsgruppen aus ([Tab. M-1]). Die Auswahl der AG-Mitglieder erfolgte dabei primär nach fachlicher Expertise. Es wurde Wert darauf gelegt, aus jeder Berufsgruppe, für die die Leitlinie gelten soll, mindestens einen Vertreter miteinzubeziehen. Alle beteiligten Fachgesellschaften hatten dabei die Möglichkeit, mindestens ein AG-Mitglied zu benennen. Auch eine Patientenvertreterin war beteiligt.
Inhaltsverzeichnis |
|
Einleitung und Methodik |
651 |
E-1 Hintergrund |
651 |
E-2 Ziele der Leitlinie |
652 |
M-1 Versorgungsbereich und Zielgruppen |
652 |
M-2 Zusammensetzung der Leitliniengruppe: Beteiligung von Interessengruppen |
652 |
M-3 Beteiligte Gruppierungen und Fachgesellschaften |
653 |
M-4 Durchführung |
653 |
a) Recherche, Auswahl und Bewertung wissenschaftlicher Belege (Evidenzbasierung) |
653 |
b) Formulierung der Empfehlungen und strukturierte Konsensfindung |
653 |
Kapitel 1: Definition und Epidemiologie (AG 1) |
654 |
Kapitel 2: Ätiologie und Pathophysiologie (AG 2) |
655 |
Kapitel 3: Diagnostik (AG 3) |
657 |
Kapitel 4: Therapie A: Allgemeine Empfehlungen zum Therapie-Management (AG 4) |
658 |
Kapitel 5: Therapie B: Konventionelle medikamentöse Therapie (konventionelle „Laxanzien“) (AG 5) |
660 |
Kapitel 6: Therapie C: Neue medikamentöse Therapieansätze (AG 6) |
662 |
Kapitel 7: Therapie D: Chirurgische Therapie (AG 7) |
663 |
Kapitel 8: Therapie E: Biofeedback (AG 8) |
665 |
Kapitel 9: Therapie F: Probiotika (AG 9) |
666 |
Kapitel 10: Therapie G: Komplementäre und alternativmedizinische Methoden (CAM) (AG 9) |
666 |
Literatur |
667 |
#
M-3 Beteiligte Gruppierungen und Fachgesellschaften
Federführung und Koordination
-
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM)
-
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS)
#
Mitarbeit
-
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM)
-
Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Coloproktologie (CACP) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV)
-
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Koloproktologie (DGK)
-
Deutsche Reizdarmselbsthilfe e. V. (Patientenorganisation)
#
#
M-4 Durchführung
a) Recherche, Auswahl und Bewertung wissenschaftlicher Belege (Evidenzbasierung)
Die DGNM hat 2011 gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) die S3-Leitlinie Reizdarmsyndrom herausgegeben [5]. Die im Rahmen der dort durchgeführten systematischen Literatursuche diente als Basis für diese Leitlinie. Die Literatur zur Obstipation sollte weitgehend durch die verwendete Suchstrategie abgedeckt sein. Die im Kapitel obstipationsbetontes Reizdarmsyndrom ausgewählte Literatur wurde ergänzt durch weitere und neuere Arbeiten, die den Arbeitsgruppenmitgliedern bekannt waren oder individuell neu recherchiert wurden. Eine erneute systematische Literatursuche erfolgte jedoch nicht.
#
b) Formulierung der Empfehlungen und strukturierte Konsensfindung
Die Konsentierung der Empfehlungen erfolgte in 3 Phasen ([Tab. M-2]). Über eine von den Arbeitsgruppen erstellte erste Version wurde von der gesamten Konsensgruppe per E-Mail abgestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Abstimmung und obligatorische Kommentare wurden an die Arbeitsgruppen zurückgespiegelt. Eine zweite Version wurde im Rahmen einer 2-tägigen Konsensuskonferenz diskutiert und bearbeitet. Einige Statements und Empfehlungen, für die kein ausreichender Konsens in der Plenarsitzung erreicht werden konnte, wurden erneut überarbeitet. In dieser Phase wurde erneut von der Konsensusgruppe per E-Mail abgestimmt. Persistierender Dissens oder Minderheitenmeinungen sind in den Kommentaren diskutiert. Die Konsensstärken sind in [Tab. M-3 ]dargestellt.
AG 1 |
Definition und Epidemiologie |
Prof. Dr. P. Enck, Tübingen (DGNM) |
AG 2 |
Ätiologie und Pathophysiologie |
M. Schemann, München |
AG 3 |
Diagnostik |
T. Frieling, Krefeld |
AG 4 |
Therapie A: Allgemeine Empfehlungen zum Therapie-Management |
C. Pehl, Vilsbiburg (DGNM, DGVS) |
AG 5 |
Therapie B: Konventionelle medikamentöse Therapie (konventionelle „Laxanzien“) |
A. Madisch, Hannover |
AG 6 |
Therapie C: Neue medikamentöse Therapieansätze |
V. Andresen, Hamburg (DGNM, DGVS, DGIM) |
AG 7 |
Therapie D: Chirurgische Therapie |
M. Kasparek, München |
AG 8 |
Therapie E: Biofeedback |
H. Mönnikes, Berlin |
AG 9 |
Therapie F: Probiotika |
H. Krammer, Mannheim (DGK) |
Patientenvertreter |
P. Ilgenstein, Burgdorf (Deutsche Reizdarmselbsthilfe e. V.) |
|
methodische Beratung |
J. C. Preiß, Berlin |
|
inhaltliche Beratung |
A. Herold, Mannheim (CACP-DGAV) |
|
Koordination |
V. Andresen, Hamburg (DGNM, DGVS, DGIM) |
|
redaktionelle Unterstützung |
D. Menge, Hamburg |
1 Beratung: J. Langhorst, Essen.
Da die Obstipation zwar mit einer deutlichen Lebensqualitätseinbuße verbunden sein kann, jedoch üblicherweise keine erhöhte Mortalität hat, sind Nutzen und Risiken besonders vorsichtig abzuwägen. In den Kapiteln zur medikamentösen Therapie sind potenzielle unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen jeweils gemeinsam mit der erwarteten Wirkung diskutiert. Bei allen Statements, die eine Handlungs-Empfehlung darstellen, ist die Stärke der Empfehlung anhand der Formulierung sowie anhand der Kennzeichnung durch ein Pfeilsymbol ersichtlich. Die Formulierungen und Bedeutung der Empfehlungsstärken sind in [Tab. M-4] dargelegt. In allen Kommentaren wurden die Empfehlungen mit der jeweils zugrunde liegenden Literatur verknüpft. Evidenz- oder Empfehlungsgrade wurden in dieser S2k-Leitlinie nicht vergeben.
Die Leitlinie wurde unmittelbar von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität finanziert. Eine inhaltliche Beeinflussung erfolgte dabei nicht. Alle Mitglieder der Konsensusgruppe mussten potenzielle Interessenkonflikte entsprechend der AWMF-Vorgaben offenlegen. Die jeweiligen Ausführungen der einzelnen Leitlinienmitglieder sind in einer Übersichtstabelle unter Punkt 9 des Methodikreports zusammengefasst. Nach Einschätzung der Koordinatoren ergab sich dabei kein Interessenkonflikt, der die Empfehlungen der Leitlinie hätte relevant verzerren können.
#
#
#
1 In Zusammenarbeit mit Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM), Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Coloproktologie (CACP) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Koloproktologie (DGK), Deutsche Reizdarmselbsthilfe e. V. (Patientenorganisation)
-
Literatur
- 1 Suares NC, Ford AC. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106 (09) 1582-1591
- 2 Wald A et al. A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28 (07) 917-930
- 3 Wald A et al. The burden of constipation on quality of life: results of a multinational survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26 (02) 227-236
- 4 Sun SX et al. Impact of chronic constipation on health-related quality of life, work productivity, and healthcare resource use: an analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56 (09) 2688-2695
- 5 Layer P et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: German consensus guidelines on definition, pathophysiology and management. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49 (02) 237-293
- 6 Probert CS et al. Evidence for the ambiguity of the term constipation: the role of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1994; 35 (10) 1455-1458
- 7 Peppas G et al. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8: 5
- 8 Russo M et al. Stool Consistency, but Not Frequency, Correlates with Total Gastrointestinal Transit Time in Children. J Pediatr 2013; 162: 1188-1182
- 9 Longstreth GF et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006; 130 (05) 1480-1491
- 10 Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (01) 3-18
- 11 Higgins PD, Johanson JF. Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99 (04) 750-759
- 12 Pare P et al. An epidemiological survey of constipation in Canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96 (11) 3130-3137
- 13 Galvez C et al. Healthcare seeking for constipation: a population-based survey in the Mediterranean area of Spain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24 (02) 421-428
- 14 Fosnes GS, Lydersen S, Farup PG. Constipation and diarrhoea – common adverse drug reactions? A cross sectional study in the general population. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2011; 11: 2
- 15 Campbell AJ, Busby WJ, Horwath CC. Factors associated with constipation in a community based sample of people aged 70 years and over. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47 (01) 23-26
- 16 Bytzer P et al. Low socioeconomic class is a risk factor for upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms: a population based study in 15 000 Australian adults. Gut 2001; 49 (01) 66-72
- 17 Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ. Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population. Am J Public Health 1990; 80 (02) 185-189
- 18 Muller-Lissner SA et al. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (01) 232-242
- 19 Wald A, Sigurdsson L. Quality of life in children and adults with constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (01) 19-27
- 20 Choung RS et al. Direct medical costs of constipation from childhood to early adulthood: a population-based birth cohort study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52 (01) 47-54
- 21 Mohaghegh ShalmaniH et al. Direct and indirect medical costs of functional constipation: a population-based study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26 (04) 515-522
- 22 Mitra D, Davis KL, Baran RW. All-cause health care charges among managed care patients with constipation and comorbid irritable bowel syndrome. Postgrad Med 2011; 123 (03) 122-132
- 23 Keller J et al. S3 guideline of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) and the German Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (DGNM) to the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of intestinal motility. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49 (03) 374-390
- 24 Leung FW. Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52 (02) 313-316
- 25 Lindeman RD et al. Do elderly persons need to be encouraged to drink more fluids?. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55 (07) M361-M365
- 26 Meshkinpour H et al. Effects of regular exercise in management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43 (11) 2379-2383
- 27 Robson KM, Kiely DK, Lembo T. Development of constipation in nursing home residents. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43 (07) 940-943
- 28 Towers AL et al. Constipation in the elderly: influence of dietary, psychological, and physiological factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42 (07) 701-706
- 29 Dukas L, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Association between physical activity, fiber intake, and other lifestyle variables and constipation in a study of women. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98 (08) 1790-1796
- 30 Lindberg G et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guideline: Constipation – a global perspective. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45 (06) 483-487
- 31 Deen KI, Seneviratne SL, de Silva HJ. Anorectal physiology and transit in patients with disorders of thyroid metabolism. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14 (04) 384-387
- 32 Dinning PG et al. Paediatric and adult colonic manometry: a tool to help unravel the pathophysiology of constipation. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (41) 5162-5172
- 33 Dinning PG, Di Lorenzo C. Colonic dysmotility in constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (01) 89-101
- 34 Knowles CH et al. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology: guidelines for histological techniques and reporting on behalf of the Gastro 2009 International Working Group. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118 (02) 271-301
- 35 Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (01) 43-57
- 36 Knowles CH et al. Quantitation of cellular components of the enteric nervous system in the normal human gastrointestinal tract – report on behalf of the Gastro 2009 International Working Group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23 (02) 115-124
- 37 Wedel T et al. Enteric nerves and interstitial cells of Cajal are altered in patients with slow-transit constipation and megacolon. Gastroenterology 2002; 123 (05) 1459-1467
- 38 Rao SS, Welcher KD, Leistikow JS. Obstructive defecation: a failure of rectoanal coordination. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93 (07) 1042-1050
- 39 Rao SS. Dyssynergic defecation. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001; 30 (01) 97-114
- 40 Bharucha AE, Wald AM. Anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105 (04) 786-794
- 41 Muller-Lissner S. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of constipation. quiz 431-432 Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106 (25) 424-431
- 42 Tack J et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation – a European perspective. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23 (08) 697-710
- 43 Qureshi W et al. ASGE guideline: guideline on the use of endoscopy in the management of constipation. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62 (02) 199-201
- 44 Wald A. Diagnosis of constipation in primary and secondary care. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2004; 4 (Suppl. 02) S28-S33
- 45 Lembo A, Camilleri M. Chronic constipation. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (14) 1360-1368
- 46 Locke 3rd GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation. Gastroenterology 2000; 119 (06) 1761-1766
- 47 Locke 3rd GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF. AGA technical review on constipation. American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology 2000; 119 (06) 1766-1778
- 48 Brandt LJ et al. Systematic review on the management of chronic constipation in North America. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (Suppl. 01) S5-S21
- 49 Johanson JF, Kralstein J. Chronic constipation: a survey of the patient perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25 (05) 599-608
- 50 Mertz H, Naliboff B, Mayer EA. Symptoms and physiology in severe chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (01) 131-138
- 51 Schmiegel W et al. S3 guidelines for colorectal carcinoma: results of an evidence-based consensus conference on February 6/7, 2004 and June 8/9, 2007 (for the topics IV, VI and VII). Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48 (01) 65-136
- 52 Rao SS, Ozturk R, Laine L. Clinical utility of diagnostic tests for constipation in adults: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (07) 1605-1615
- 53 Camilleri M et al. American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society consensus statement on intraluminal measurement of gastrointestinal and colonic motility in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20 (12) 1269-1282
- 54 Suares NC, Ford AC. Systematic review: the effects of fibre in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33 (08) 895-901
- 55 Muller-Lissner SA. Effect of wheat bran on weight of stool and gastrointestinal transit time: a meta analysis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296 (6622) 615-617
- 56 Anderson AS, Whichelow MJ. Constipation during pregnancy: dietary fibre intake and the effect of fibre supplementation. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1985; 39 (03) 202-207
- 57 Badiali D et al. Effect of wheat bran in treatment of chronic nonorganic constipation. A double-blind controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40 (02) 349-356
- 58 Graham DY, Moser SE, Estes MK. The effect of bran on bowel function in constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 1982; 77 (09) 599-603
- 59 Müller-Lissner SA, Wald A. Constipation in adults. Clin Evid ; Handbook American Family Physician (online), April 15, 2011
- 60 Ashraf W et al. Effects of psyllium therapy on stool characteristics, colon transit and anorectal function in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9 (06) 639-647
- 61 Hongisto SM et al. A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60 (03) 319-324
- 62 Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet 1994; 344 (8914) 39-40
- 63 Parisi GC et al. High-fiber diet supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a multicenter, randomized, open trial comparison between wheat bran diet and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG). Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47 (08) 1697-1704
- 64 Klauser AG et al. Low fluid intake lowers stool output in healthy male volunteers. Z Gastroenterol 1990; 28 (11) 606-609
- 65 Chien LY, Liou YM, Chang P. Low defaecation frequency in Taiwanese adolescents: association with dietary intake, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47 (06) 381-386
- 66 Anti M et al. Water supplementation enhances the effect of high-fiber diet on stool frequency and laxative consumption in adult patients with functional constipation. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45 (21) 727-732
- 67 Arnaud MJ. Mild dehydration: a risk factor of constipation?. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57 (Suppl. 02) S88-S95
- 68 Bae SH, Son JS, Lee R. Effect of fluid intake on the outcome of constipation in children: PEG 4000 versus lactulose. Pediatr Int 2010; 52 (04) 594-597
- 69 Chung BD, Parekh U, Sellin JH. Effect of increased fluid intake on stool output in normal healthy volunteers. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 28 (01) 29-32
- 70 Tuteja AK et al. Is constipation associated with decreased physical activity in normally active subjects?. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (01) 124-129
- 71 Brown WJ et al. Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well being and symptoms. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000; 71 (03) 206-216
- 72 Liu F, Kondo T, Toda Y. Brief physical inactivity prolongs colonic transit time in elderly active men. Int J Sports Med 1993; 14 (08) 465-467
- 73 Donald IP et al. A study of constipation in the elderly living at home. Gerontology 1985; 31 (02) 112-118
- 74 Bingham SA, Cummings JH. Effect of exercise and physical fitness on large intestinal function. Gastroenterology 1989; 97 (06) 1389-1399
- 75 Robertson G et al. Effects of exercise on total and segmental colon transit. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 16 (04) 300-303
- 76 Coenen C et al. Does physical exercise influence bowel transit time in healthy young men?. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87 (03) 292-295
- 77 De Schryver AM et al. Effects of regular physical activity on defecation pattern in middle-aged patients complaining of chronic constipation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40 (04) 422-429
- 78 Klauser AG et al. Behavioral modification of colonic function. Can constipation be learned?. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35 (10) 1271-1275
- 79 Lee-Robichaud H et al. Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 7: CD007570
- 80 Di Palma JA et al. A randomized, multicenter comparison of polyethylene glycol laxative and tegaserod in treatment of patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102 (09) 1964-1971
- 81 Neri I et al. Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (Isocolan) for constipation during pregnancy: an observational open-label study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2004; 49 (04) 355-358
- 82 DiPiro JT et al. Absorption of polyethylene glycol after administration of a PEG-electrolyte lavage solution. Clin Pharm 1986; 5 (02) 153-155
- 83 Szojda MM, Mulder CJ, Felt-Bersma RJ. Differences in taste between two polyethylene glycol preparations. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16 (04) 379-381
- 84 Kienzle-Horn S et al. Comparison of bisacodyl and sodium picosulphate in the treatment of chronic constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23 (04) 691-699
- 85 Hardcastle JD, Mann CV. Study of large bowel peristalsis. Gut 1968; 9 (05) 512-520
- 86 Ewe K. Effect of bisacodyl on intestinal electrolyte and water net transport and transit. Perfusion studies in men. Digestion 1987; 37 (04) 247-253
- 87 Wulkow R et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the efficacy and safety of the acute use of sodium picosulphate in patients with chronic constipation. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61 (06) 944-950
- 88 Mueller-Lissner S et al. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sodium picosulfate in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105 (04) 897-903
- 89 Kamm MA et al. Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9 (07) 577-583
- 90 Ryan F et al. Effects of oral sodium picosulphate Picolax on urea and electrolytes. Nurs Stand 2005; 19 (45) 41-45
- 91 Ruidisch MH. Long-term care with the laxative bisacodyl: efficacy and tolerability in patients with spinal cord injuries. Ärztliche Forschung 1994; 41: 3-8
- 92 Flig E, Hermann TW, Zabel M. Is bisacodyl absorbed at all from suppositories in man?. Int J Pharm 2000; 196 (01) 11-20
- 93 Friedrich C et al. Absence of excretion of the active moiety of bisacodyl and sodium picosulfate into human breast milk: an open-label, parallel-group, multiple-dose study in healthy lactating women. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26 (05) 458-464
- 94 Bengtsson M, Ohlsson B. Retrospective study of long-term treatment with sodium picosulfate. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16 (04) 433-434
- 95 Hardcastle JD, Wilkins JL. The action of sennosides and related compounds on human colon and rectum. Gut 1970; 11 (12) 1038-1042
- 96 Leng-Peschlow E. Sennoside-induced secretion and its relevance for the laxative effect. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 14-21
- 97 Frexinos J et al. Effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34 (02) 214-219
- 98 Agra Y et al. Efficacy of senna versus lactulose in terminal cancer patients treated with opioids. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 15 (01) 1-7
- 99 Kinnunen O et al. Safety and efficacy of a bulk laxative containing senna versus lactulose in the treatment of chronic constipation in geriatric patients. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 253-255
- 100 Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Constipation in elderly long-stay patients: its treatment by magnesium hydroxide and bulk-laxative. Ann Clin Res 1987; 19 (05) 321-323
- 101 Fintelmann V, Haase W. Chronisch-habituelle Obstipation. Doppelblindprüfung eines Laxans mit bekannter Wirksamkeit. Ärztl Praxis 1977; 29: 132-136
- 102 Cheng CW et al. Efficacy of a Chinese herbal proprietary medicine (Hemp Seed Pill) for functional constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106 (01) 120-129
- 103 Passmore AP et al. Chronic constipation in long stay elderly patients: a comparison of lactulose and a senna-fibre combination. BMJ 1993; 307 (6907) 769-771
- 104 Passmore AP et al. A comparison of Agiolax and lactulose in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl. 01) 249-252
- 105 Rosprich G. Dauerbehandlung mit Laxantien. Therapiewoche 1980; 30: 5836-5837
- 106 Heiny BM. Langzeitbehandlung mit einem pflanzlichen Laxativum. Serumelektrolyte und Säurenbasenhaushalt. Ärztliche Praxis 1976; 28: 563-564
- 107 Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Toxicity of laxatives: how to discriminate between myth and fact?. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7 (01) 5-7
- 108 Cameron BD, Phillips MW, Fenerty CA. Milk transfer of rhein in the rhesus monkey. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl. 01) 221-225
- 109 Weist FR, Birkner H. Zur Pharmakokinetik von Bisacodyl nach oraler und rektaler Applikation. Therapiewoche 1974; 20: 2282-2284
- 110 Faber P, Strenge-Hesse A. Senna-containing laxatives: excretion in the breast milk?. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1989; 49 (11) 958-962
- 111 Odenthal KP, Ziegler D. In vitro effects of anthraquinones on rat intestine and uterus. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl. 01) 57-65
- 112 Garcia-Villar R. Evaluation of the effects of sennosides on uterine motility in the pregnant ewe. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl. 01) 203-211
- 113 Speare GS. Melanosis coll; experimental observations on its production and elimination in twenty-three cases. Am J Surg 1951; 82 (05) 631-637
- 114 Petticrew M, Watt I, Sheldon T. Systematic review of the effectiveness of laxatives in the elderly. Health Technol Assess 1997; 1 (13) i-iv , 1-52
- 115 Wesselius-De CasparisA et al. Treatment of chronic constipation with lactulose syrup: results of a double-blind study. Gut 1968; 9 (01) 84-86
- 116 Ustundag G et al. Can partially hydrolyzed guar gum be an alternative to lactulose in treatment of childhood constipation?. Turk J Gastroenterol 2010; 21 (04) 360-364
- 117 Kokke FT et al. A dietary fiber mixture versus lactulose in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47 (05) 592-597
- 118 Quah HM et al. Prospective randomized crossover trial comparing fibre with lactulose in the treatment of idiopathic chronic constipation. Tech Coloproctol 2006; 10 (02) 111-114
- 119 Dettmar PW, Sykes J. A multi-centre, general practice comparison of ispaghula husk with lactulose and other laxatives in the treatment of simple constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 1998; 14 (04) 227-233
- 120 Rouse M et al. An open, randomised, parallel group study of lactulose versus ispaghula in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. Br J Clin Pract 1991; 45 (01) 28-30
- 121 Banaszkiewicz A, Szajewska H. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus GG as an adjunct to lactulose for the treatment of constipation in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Pediatr 2005; 146 (03) 364-369
- 122 Urganci N, Akyildiz B, Polat TB. A comparative study: the efficacy of liquid paraffin and lactulose in management of chronic functional constipation. Pediatr Int 2005; 47 (01) 15-19
- 123 Perkin JM. Constipation in childhood: a controlled comparison between lactulose and standardized senna. Curr Med Res Opin 1977; 4 (08) 540-543
- 124 Lederle FA et al. Cost-effective treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose. Am J Med 1990; 89 (05) 597-601
- 125 Volicer L et al. Management of constipation in residents with dementia: sorbitol effectiveness and cost. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2005; 6 (Suppl. 03) S32-S34
- 126 Volicer L et al. Management of constipation in residents with dementia: sorbitol effectiveness and cost. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004; 5 (04) 239-241
- 127 Lederle FA. Epidemiology of constipation in elderly patients. Drug utilisation and cost-containment strategies. Drugs Aging 1995; 6 (06) 465-469
- 128 Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Comparison of the effects of magnesium hydroxide and a bulk laxative on lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and E, and minerals in geriatric hospital patients in the treatment of constipation. J Int Med Res 1989; 17 (05) 442-454
- 129 Tatsuki M et al. Serum magnesium concentration in children with functional constipation treated with magnesium oxide. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17 (06) 779-783
- 130 Ashton MR, Sutton D, Nielsen M. Severe magnesium toxicity after magnesium sulphate enema in a chronically constipated child. BMJ 1990; 300 (6723) 541
- 131 Golzarian J, Scott HW Jr, Richards WO. Hypermagnesemia-induced paralytic ileus. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39 (05) 1138-1142
- 132 Kutsal E et al. Severe hypermagnesemia as a result of excessive cathartic ingestion in a child without renal failure. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23 (08) 570-572
- 133 Mendoza J et al. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26 (01) 9-20
- 134 Stiens SA, Luttrel W, Binard JE. Polyethylene glycol versus vegetable oil based bisacodyl suppositories to initiate side-lying bowel care: a clinical trial in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1998; 36 (11) 777-781
- 135 Lazzaroni M, Casini V, Bianchi PorroG. Role or carbon dioxide-releasing suppositories in the treatment of chronic functional constipation: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Drug Investig 2005; 25 (08) 499-505
- 136 Hochain P et al. Anorectal stenosis after prolonged use of glycerin suppositories. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992; 16 (11) 903
- 137 Muller-Lissner S, Pehl C. Laxative use and satisfaction of chronically constipated women – a survey of female patients and gastroenterologists in Germany. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50 (06) 573-577
- 138 Tack J et al. Prucalopride (Resolor) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives. Gut 2009; 58 (03) 357-365
- 139 Sloots CE et al. Effects of prucalopride on colonic transit, anorectal function and bowel habits in patients with chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 (04) 759-767
- 140 Quigley EM et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation – a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29 (03) 315-328
- 141 Muller-Lissner S et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prucalopride in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (09) 991-998 e255
- 142 Coremans G et al. Prucalopride is effective in patients with severe chronic constipation in whom laxatives fail to provide adequate relief. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Digestion 2003; 67 (01) 82-89
- 143 Camilleri M et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy of open-label prucalopride treatment in patients with chronic constipation – follow-up of patients from the pivotal studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32 (09) 1113-1123
- 144 Camilleri M et al. A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (22) 2344-2354
- 145 Camilleri M et al. Safety assessment of prucalopride in elderly patients with constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21 (12) 1256-e117.
- 146 Sloots CE et al. Efficacy and safety of prucalopride in patients with chronic noncancer pain suffering from opioid-induced constipation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55 (10) 2912-2921
- 147 Krogh K et al. Efficacy and tolerability of prucalopride in patients with constipation due to spinal cord injury. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37 (04) 431-436
- 148 Drossman DA et al. Clinical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipation-associated irritable bowel syndrome – results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29 (03) 329-341
- 149 Johanson JF et al. Clinical trial: phase 2 study of lubiprostone for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27 (08) 685-696
- 150 Johanson JF et al. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lubiprostone, a locally-acting type-2 chloride channel activator, in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103 (01) 170-177
- 151 Johanson JF, Ueno R. Lubiprostone, a locally acting chloride channel activator, in adult patients with chronic constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25 (11) 1351-1361
- 152 Iyer SS et al. Effect of subcutaneous methylnaltrexone on patient-reported constipation symptoms. Value Health 2011; 14 (01) 177-183
- 153 Portenoy RK et al. Subcutaneous methylnaltrexone for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with advanced illness: a double-blind, randomized, parallel group, dose-ranging study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35 (05) 458-468
- 154 Thomas J et al. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (22) 2332-2343
- 155 Yu CS et al. Safety and efficacy of methylnaltrexone in shortening the duration of postoperative ileus following segmental colectomy: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 54 (05) 570-578
- 156 Delaney CP et al. Postoperative upper and lower gastrointestinal recovery and gastrointestinal morbidity in patients undergoing bowel resection: pooled analysis of placebo data from 3 randomized controlled trials. Am J Surg 2006; 191 (03) 315-319
- 157 Gonenne J et al. Effect of alvimopan and codeine on gastrointestinal transit: a randomized controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3 (08) 784-791
- 158 Paulson DM et al. Alvimopan: an oral, peripherally acting, mu-opioid receptor antagonist for the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction – a 21-day treatment-randomized clinical trial. J Pain 2005; 6 (03) 184-192
- 159 Webster L et al. Alvimopan, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor (PAM-OR) antagonist for the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study in subjects taking opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. Pain 2008; 137 (02) 428-440
- 160 Smith K et al. Naloxone as part of a prolonged release oxycodone/naloxone combination reduces oxycodone-induced slowing of gastrointestinal transit in healthy volunteers. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20 (04) 427-439
- 161 Andresen V et al. Effect of 5 days linaclotide on transit and bowel function in females with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007; 133 (03) 761-768
- 162 Bryant AP et al. Linaclotide is a potent and selective guanylate cyclase C agonist that elicits pharmacological effects locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 2010; 86 (19) 760-765
- 163 Busby RW et al. Linaclotide, through activation of guanylate cyclase C, acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract to elicit enhanced intestinal secretion and transit. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649 (01) 328-335
- 164 Eutamene H et al. Guanylate cyclase C-mediated antinociceptive effects of linaclotide in rodent models of visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (03) 312-e84.
- 165 Johnston JM et al. Pilot study on the effect of linaclotide in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104 (01) 125-132
- 166 Johnston JM et al. Linaclotide improves abdominal pain and bowel habits in a phase IIb study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Gastroenterology 2010; 139 (06) 1877-1886
- 167 Lembo AJ et al. Efficacy of linaclotide for patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterology 2010; 138 (03) 886-895
- 168 Quigley EM et al. Randomised clinical trials: linaclotide phase 3 studies in IBS-C – a prespecified further analysis based on European Medicines Agency-specified endpoints. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37 (01) 49-61
- 169 Rao S et al. A 12-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107 (11) 1714-1724 quiz 1725
- 170 Chey WD et al. Linaclotide for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107 (11) 1702-1712
- 171 Chatoor D, Emmnauel A. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 23 (04) 517-530
- 172 Bharucha AE. Constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21 (04) 709-731
- 173 Pare P et al. Recommendations on chronic constipation (including constipation associated with irritable bowel syndrome) treatment. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 3B-22B
- 174 Wald A. Chronic constipation: advances in management. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19 (01) 4-10
- 175 Hsieh C. Treatment of constipation in older adults. Am Fam Physician 2005; 72 (11) 2277-2284
- 176 Douglas J. Constipation overview: evaluation and management. Curr Womens Health Rep 2002; 2 (04) 280-284
- 177 Borum ML. Constipation: evaluation and management. Prim Care 2001; 28 (03) 577-590, vi
- 178 Platell C et al. A long-term follow-up of patients undergoing colectomy for chronic idiopathic constipation. Aust N Z J Surg 1996; 66 (08) 525-529
- 179 Nyam DC et al. Long-term results of surgery for chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40 (03) 273-279
- 180 Pemberton JH, Rath DM, Ilstrup DM. Evaluation and surgical treatment of severe chronic constipation. Ann Surg 1991; 214 (04) 403-411 ; discussion 411-413
- 181 Costalat G et al. Subtotal colectomy with ceco-rectal anastomosis (Deloyers) for severe idiopathic constipation: an alternative to total colectomy reducing risks of digestive sequelae. Ann Chir 1997; 51 (03) 248-255
- 182 Iannelli A et al. Long-term results of subtotal colectomy with cecorectal anastomosis for isolated colonic inertia. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13 (18) 2590-2595
- 183 Lubowski DZ et al. Results of colectomy for severe slow transit constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39 (01) 23-29
- 184 Ripetti V et al. Is total colectomy the right choice in intractable slow-transit constipation?. Surgery 2006; 140 (03) 435-440
- 185 Jiang CQ et al. Subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecoproctostomy for selected patients with slow transit constipation-from Chinese report. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23 (12) 1251-1256
- 186 Marchesi F et al. Subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis in the treatment of slow-transit constipation: long-term impact on quality of life. World J Surg 2007; 31 (08) 1658-1664
- 187 Sarli L et al. Subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis. Tech Coloproctol 2002; 6 (01) 23-26
- 188 You YT et al. Segmental colectomy in the management of colonic inertia. Am Surg 1998; 64 (08) 775-777
- 189 Wong SW, Lubowski DZ. Slow-transit constipation: evaluation and treatment. ANZ J Surg 2007; 77 (05) 320-328
- 190 O’Brien S et al. Sexual abuse: a strong predictor of outcomes after colectomy for slow-transit constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52 (11) 1844-1847
- 191 Bani-Hani AH et al. The Malone antegrade continence enema: single institutional review. J Urol 2008; 180 (03) 1106-1110
- 192 Kurzrock EA, Karpman E, Stone AR. Colonic tubes for the antegrade continence enema: comparison of surgical technique. J Urol 2004; 172 (02) 700-702
- 193 Poirier M, Abcarian H, Nelson R. Malone antegrade continent enema: an alternative to resection in severe defecation disorders. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50 (01) 22-28
- 194 El-Tawil AM. Reasons for creation of permanent ileostomy for the management of idiopathic chronic constipation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19 (08) 844-846
- 195 Scarpa M, Barollo M, Keighley MR. Ileostomy for constipation: long-term postoperative outcome. Colorectal Dis 2005; 7 (03) 224-227
- 196 Ganio E et al. Short-term sacral nerve stimulation for functional anorectal and urinary disturbances: results in 40 patients: evaluation of a new option for anorectal functional disorders. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44 (09) 1261-1267
- 197 Kenefick NJ. Sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of lower bowel motility disorders. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006; 88 (07) 617-623
- 198 Malouf AJ et al. Short-term effects of sacral nerve stimulation for idiopathic slow transit constipation. World J Surg 2002; 26 (02) 166-170
- 199 Kamm MA et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for intractable constipation. Gut 2010; 59 (03) 333-340
- 200 Thomas GP et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for constipation. Br J Surg 2013; 100 (02) 174-181
- 201 Schwandner O, Furst A. Assessing the safety, effectiveness, and quality of life after the STARR procedure for obstructed defecation: results of the German STARR registry. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395 (05) 505-513
- 202 Boons P et al. Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for external rectal prolapse improves constipation and avoids de novo constipation. Colorectal Dis 2010; 12 (06) 526-532
- 203 Collinson R et al. Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for internal rectal prolapse: short-term functional results. Colorectal Dis 2010; 12 (02) 97-104
- 204 Wijffels N, Cunningham C, Lindsey I. Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for obstructed defecation syndrome. Surg Endosc 2009; 23 (02) 452 ; author reply 453
- 205 Camilleri M, Bharucha AE. Behavioural and new pharmacological treatments for constipation: getting the balance right. Gut 2010; 59 (09) 1288-1296
- 206 Enck P, Van der Voort IR, Klosterhalfen S. Biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21 (11) 1133-1141
- 207 Rao SS et al. Long-term efficacy of biofeedback therapy for dyssynergic defecation: randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105 (04) 890-896
- 208 Farid M et al. Comparative study between biofeedback retraining and botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of anismus patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24 (01) 115-120
- 209 Koutsomanis D et al. Prospective study of biofeedback treatment for patients with slow and normal transit constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 131-137
- 210 Chiotakakou-Faliakou E et al. Biofeedback provides long-term benefit for patients with intractable, slow and normal transit constipation. Gut 1998; 42 (04) 517-521
- 211 Chiarioni G, Salandini L, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback benefits only patients with outlet dysfunction, not patients with isolated slow transit constipation. Gastroenterology 2005; 129 (01) 86-97
- 212 Rao SS, Welcher KD, Pelsang RE. Effects of biofeedback therapy on anorectal function in obstructive defecation. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42 (11) 2197-2205
- 213 Rao SS et al. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback, sham feedback, and standard therapy for dyssynergic defecation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5 (03) 331-338
- 214 Pourmomeny AA et al. Comparing the efficacy of biofeedback and balloon-assisted training in the treatment of dyssynergic defecation. Can J Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (02) 89-92
- 215 Parkes GC. An overview of probiotics and prebiotics. Nurs Stand 2007; 21 (20) 43-47
- 216 Oelschlaeger TA. Mechanisms of probiotic actions – A review. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 300 (01) 57-62
- 217 Reid G. The importance of guidelines in the development and application of probiotics. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11 (01) 11-16
- 218 Bansal T, Garg S. Probiotics: from functional foods to pharmaceutical products. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2008; 9 (04) 267-287
- 219 Mollenbrink M, Bruckschen E. Treatment of chronic constipation with physiologic Escherichia coli bacteria. Results of a clinical study of the effectiveness and tolerance of microbiological therapy with the E. coli Nissle 1917 strain (Mutaflor). Med Klin (Munich) 1994; 89 (11) 587-593
- 220 Koebnick C et al. Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17 (11) 655-659
- 221 Krammer HJ et al. Effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on colonic transit time in patients with chronic constipation. Coloproctology 2011; 33: 109-113
- 222 Marteau P et al. Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 shortens the colonic transit time in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 (03) 587-593
- 223 Meance S et al. A fermented milk with a probiotic strain DN-173 010 shortened oro-fecal gut transit time in elderly. Microbiol Ecology in Health and Diseases 2003; 13: 217-222
- 224 Dugoua JJ et al. Probiotic safety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces spp. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009; 31 (06) 542-552
- 225 Sackett DL et al. Evidence-based medicine. How th practice & teach EBM. New York, Edingburgh, London, Madrid: Churchill Livingstone; 1997: 1-250
- 226 Sackett DL et al. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 1996; 312 (7023) 71-72
- 227 Sackett DL. Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Lancet 1997; 349 (9051) 570-573 ; author reply 572
- 228 Ross C et al. Evaluation of integrative medicine supplements for mitigation of chronic insomnia and constipation in an inpatient eating disorders setting. Explore (NY) 2008; 4 (05) 315-320
- 229 van Tilburg MA et al. Complementary and alternative medicine use and cost in functional bowel disorders: a six month prospective study in a large HMO. BMC Complement Altern Med 2008; 8: 46
- 230 Matthes H. Morbus Crohn-Leitlinien der DGVS. Komplementäre Therapien. [Complementary therapies]. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41 (01) 52-53
- 231 Hoffmann JC et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Crohn’s disease. Z Gastroenterol 2008; 46 (09) 1094-1146
- 232 Kearney DJ, Brown-Chang J. Complementary and alternative medicine for IBS in adults: mind-body interventions. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5 (11) 624-636
- 233 Ostaszkiewicz J et al. The effects of conservative treatment for constipation on symptom severity and quality of life in community-dwelling adults. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2010; 37 (02) 193-198
- 234 Pescatori M. Holistic approach to chronic constipation. Acta Chir Iugosl 2006; 53 (02) 67-69
- 235 Ernst E. Abdominal massage therapy for chronic constipation: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Forsch Komplementarmed 1999; 6 (03) 149-151
- 236 McClurg D, Lowe-Strong A. Does abdominal massage relieve constipation?. Nurs Times 2011; 107 (12) 20-22
- 237 Lai TK et al. Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2011; 17 (01) 37-43
- 238 Albers B et al. Abdominal massage as intervention for patients with paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury – a pilot study. Pflege Z 2006; 59 (03) 2-8
- 239 McClurg D et al. Abdominal massage for the alleviation of constipation symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled feasibility study. Mult Scler 2011; 17 (02) 223-233
- 240 Ayas S et al. The effect of abdominal massage on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85 (12) 951-955
- 241 Shirreffs CM. Aromatherapy massage for joint pain and constipation in a patient with Guillian Barre. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 2001; 7 (02) 78-83
- 242 Lamas K et al. Effects of abdominal massage in management of constipation – a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2009; 46 (06) 759-767
- 243 Klauser AG et al. Abdominal wall massage: effect on colonic function in healthy volunteers and in patients with chronic constipation. Z Gastroenterol 1992; 30 (04) 247-251
- 244 Broide E et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture for treatment of childhood constipation. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46 (06) 1270-1275
- 245 Wang CW et al. Observation on therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture at Tianshu (ST 25) with deep needling technique on functional constipation. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2010; 30 (09) 705-708
- 246 Jin X et al. Clinical study on acupuncture for treatment of chronic functional constipation. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2010; 30 (02) 97-101
- 247 Klauser AG et al. Body acupuncture: effect on colonic function in chronic constipation. Z Gastroenterol 1993; 31 (10) 605-608
- 248 Wang LJ, Wang LL. Randomized controlled study on chronic functional constipation treated with grain-shaped moxibustion and acupuncture. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2011; 31 (04) 320-324
- 249 Lee MS et al. Effects of moxibustion for constipation treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chin Med 2010; 5: 28
- 250 Li MK, Lee TF, Suen KP. A review on the complementary effects of auriculotherapy in managing constipation. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16 (04) 435-447
- 251 Huang CH et al. Treatment of constipation in long-term care with Chinese herbal formula: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17 (07) 639-646
- 252 Huang CH et al. Comparison of a Chinese Herbal Medicine (CCH1) and Lactulose as First-Line Treatment of Constipation in Long-Term Care: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012: 923190
- 253 Lin LW et al. Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine for the management of constipation: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15 (12) 1335-1346
- 254 Cheng CW, Bian ZX, Wu TX. Systematic review of Chinese herbal medicine for functional constipation. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15 (39) 4886-4895
- 255 Iwai N et al. Effects of herbal medicine Dai-Kenchu-to on anorectal function in children with severe constipation. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2007; 17 (02) 115-118
- 256 Manabe N et al. Effect of daikenchuto (TU-100) on gastrointestinal and colonic transit in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298 (06) G970-G975