PDF herunterladen
Semin Reprod Med 2013; 31(04): 274-285
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1345275
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Optimizing Fertility Preservation for Pre- and Postpubertal Males with Cancer

Jonathan H. Wang
1   Department of Urology, University of Washington
,
Charles H. Muller
1   Department of Urology, University of Washington
,
Kathleen Lin
2   Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
17. Juni 2013 (online)

    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Advances in diagnostic techniques and therapies have drastically improved cancer survival rates. However, the testes are highly susceptible to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and spermatogenesis and semen parameters can be negatively impacted either permanently or transiently. Fertility preservation is an important issue to patients, and sperm banking has a positive psychological effect that helps patients cope emotionally with cancer. Innovations in sperm freezing and assisted reproductive technologies are improving the fecundity of males regardless of sperm parameters, and now even allow for fertility potential after gonadotoxic therapy. Experimental options also exist for prepubertal males, and hold promise for use in the future. At present, sperm cryopreservation is underutilized in the setting of a cancer diagnosis, and pretreatment referrals to fertility specialists are inconsistently offered. A multidisciplinary team approach is critical to educate families on the available options and help accomplish fertility preservation in a timely manner.

Keywords

ART - sperm - semen - cryopreservation - cancer - male infertility - andrology laboratory
 

  • References

  • 1 American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2013
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH , et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (18) 2917-2931
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility preservation and reproduction in cancer patients. Fertil Steril 2005; 83 (6) 1622-1628
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Schover LR, Brey K, Lichtin A, Lipshultz LI, Jeha S. Knowledge and experience regarding cancer, infertility, and sperm banking in younger male survivors. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (7) 1880-1889
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Tschudin S, Bitzer J. Psychological aspects of fertility preservation in men and women affected by cancer and other life-threatening diseases. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15 (5) 587-597
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Quinn GP, Vadaparampil ST, Lee JH , et al. Physician referral for fertility preservation in oncology patients: a national study of practice behaviors. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (35) 5952-5957
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 von Eyben FE. Laboratory markers and germ cell tumors. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40 (4) 377-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Foster RS, Rubin LR, McNulty A, Bihrle R, Donohue JP. Detection of antisperm-antibodies in patients with primary testicular cancer. Int J Androl 1991; 14 (3) 179-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Williams IV DH, Karpman E, Sander JC, Spiess PE, Pisters LL, Lipshultz LI. Pretreatment semen parameters in men with cancer. J Urol 2009; 181 (2) 736-740
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 van Casteren NJ, Boellaard WP, Romijn JC, Dohle GR. Gonadal dysfunction in male cancer patients before cytotoxic treatment. Int J Androl 2010; 33 (1) 73-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Rueffer U, Breuer K, Josting A , et al. Male gonadal dysfunction in patients with Hodgkin's disease prior to treatment. Ann Oncol 2001; 12 (9) 1307-1311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Nazmy MS, El-Taher MM, Attalla EM, El-Hosiny HA, Lotayef MM. Shielding for scattered radiation to the testis during pelvic radiotherapy: is it worth?. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2007; 19 (2) 127-132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Colpi GM, Contalbi GF, Nerva F, Sagone P, Piediferro G. Testicular function following chemo-radiotherapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 113 (Suppl. 01) S2-S6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Shalet SM, Tsatsoulis A, Whitehead E, Read G. Vulnerability of the human Leydig cell to radiation damage is dependent upon age. J Endocrinol 1989; 120 (1) 161-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Ståhl O, Eberhard J, Jepson K , et al. Sperm DNA integrity in testicular cancer patients. Hum Reprod 2006; 21 (12) 3199-3205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hansen PV, Trykker H, Svennekjaer IL, Hvolby J. Long-term recovery of spermatogenesis after radiotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Radiother Oncol 1990; 18 (2) 117-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Hypopituitarism following radiotherapy. Pituitary 2009; 12 (1) 40-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Finkel DM, Phillips JL, Snyder PJ. Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med 1985; 313 (11) 651-655
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Sarafoglou K, Boulad F, Gillio A, Sklar C. Gonadal function after bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia during childhood. J Pediatr 1997; 130 (2) 210-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 van Casteren NJ, van der Linden GH, Hakvoort-Cammel FG, Hählen K, Dohle GR, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Effect of childhood cancer treatment on fertility markers in adult male long-term survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52 (1) 108-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Totenberg N. Justices Weigh IVF Technology Against 1939 Law. National Public Radio 2012;
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Padron OF, Sharma RK, Thomas Jr AJ, Agarwal A. Effects of cancer on spermatozoa quality after cryopreservation: a 12-year experience. Fertil Steril 1997; 67 (2) 326-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Alvarez C, Castilla JA, Martínez L, Ramírez JP, Vergara F, Gaforio JJ. Biological variation of seminal parameters in healthy subjects. Hum Reprod 2003; 18 (10) 2082-2088
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kuczyński W, Dhont M, Grygoruk C, Grochowski D, Wołczyński S, Szamatowicz M. The outcome of intracytoplasmic injection of fresh and cryopreserved ejaculated spermatozoa—a prospective randomized study. Hum Reprod 2001; 16 (10) 2109-2113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Palermo GD, Neri QV, Takeuchi T, Rosenwaks Z. ICSI: where we have been and where we are going. Semin Reprod Med 2009; 27 (2) 191-201
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Sønksen J, Ohl DA. Penile vibratory stimulation and electroejaculation in the treatment of ejaculatory dysfunction. Int J Androl 2002; 25 (6) 324-332
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Bennett CJ. Electroejaculation for recovery of semen in neurologically impaired men. West J Med 1989; 151 (4) 449-450
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 VerVoort SM, Donovan WH, Dykstra DD, Syers P. Increased current delivery and sperm collection using nifedipine during electroejaculation in men with high spinal cord injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69 (8) 595-597
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Nielsen CT, Skakkebaek NE, Richardson DW , et al. Onset of the release of spermatozoa (spermarche) in boys in relation to age, testicular growth, pubic hair, and height. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62 (3) 532-535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Klosky JL, Randolph ME, Navid F , et al. Sperm cryopreservation practices among adolescent cancer patients at risk for infertility. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 26 (4) 252-260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Schmiegelow ML, Sommer P, Carlsen E, Sønksen JO, Schmiegelow K, Müller JR. Penile vibratory stimulation and electroejaculation before anticancer therapy in two pubertal boys. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1998; 20 (5) 429-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Schrader M, Müller M, Sofikitis N, Straub B, Krause H, Miller K. “Onco-tese”: testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic cancer patients before chemotherapy-new guidelines?. Urology 2003; 61 (2) 421-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Hsiao W, Stahl PJ, Osterberg EC , et al. Successful treatment of postchemotherapy azoospermia with microsurgical testicular sperm extraction: the Weill Cornell experience. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 (12) 1607-1611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Ginsberg JP. New advances in fertility preservation for pediatric cancer patients. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23 (1) 9-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Keros V, Hultenby K, Borgström B, Fridström M, Jahnukainen K, Hovatta O. Methods of cryopreservation of testicular tissue with viable spermatogonia in pre-pubertal boys undergoing gonadotoxic cancer treatment. Hum Reprod 2007; 22 (5) 1384-1395
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ginsberg JP, Carlson CA, Lin K , et al. An experimental protocol for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys recently diagnosed with cancer: a report of acceptability and safety. Hum Reprod 2010; 25 (1) 37-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Brinster RL, Zimmermann JW. Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91 (24) 11298-11302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Jahnukainen K, Hou M, Petersen C, Setchell B, Söder O. Intratesticular transplantation of testicular cells from leukemic rats causes transmission of leukemia. Cancer Res 2001; 61 (2) 706-710
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Sato Y, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Arai M, Sasaki C, Iwamoto T. Xenografting of testicular tissue from an infant human donor results in accelerated testicular maturation. Hum Reprod 2010; 25 (5) 1113-1122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Sato T, Katagiri K, Gohbara A , et al. In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes. Nature 2011; 471 (7339) 504-507
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Chatterjee S, Gagnon C. Production of reactive oxygen species by spermatozoa undergoing cooling, freezing, and thawing. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 59 (4) 451-458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Bilodeau JF, Chatterjee S, Sirard MA, Gagnon C. Levels of antioxidant defenses are decreased in bovine spermatozoa after a cycle of freezing and thawing. Mol Reprod Dev 2000; 55 (3) 282-288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Baumber J, Ball BA, Gravance CG, Medina V, Davies-Morel MC. The effect of reactive oxygen species on equine sperm motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and membrane lipid peroxidation. J Androl 2000; 21 (6) 895-902
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Grischenko VI, Dunaevskaya AV, Babenko VI. Cryopreservation of human sperm using rapid cooling rates. Cryo Lett 2003; 24 (2) 67-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Agarwal A, Makker K, Sharma R. Clinical relevance of oxidative stress in male factor infertility: an update. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 59 (1) 2-11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Branco CS, Garcez ME, Pasqualotto FF, Erdtman B, Salvador M. Resveratrol and ascorbic acid prevent DNA damage induced by cryopreservation in human semen. Cryobiology 2010; 60 (2) 235-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Kalthur G, Raj S, Thiyagarajan A, Kumar S, Kumar P, Adiga SK. Vitamin E supplementation in semen-freezing medium improves the motility and protects sperm from freeze-thaw-induced DNA damage. Fertil Steril 2011; 95 (3) 1149-1151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Agarwal A, Sekhon LH. The role of antioxidant therapy in the treatment of male infertility. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2010; 13 (4) 217-225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Lombardo F, Sansone A, Romanelli F, Paoli D, Gandini L, Lenzi A. The role of antioxidant therapy in the treatment of male infertility: an overview. Asian J Androl 2011; 13 (5) 690-697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Demir B, Dilbaz B, Cinar O , et al. Factors affecting pregnancy outcome of intrauterine insemination cycles in couples with favourable female characteristics. J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 31 (5) 420-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Gao DY, Liu J, Liu C , et al. Prevention of osmotic injury to human spermatozoa during addition and removal of glycerol. Hum Reprod 1995; 10 (5) 1109-1122
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Isachenko V, Maettner R, Petrunkina AM , et al. Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa in large (up to 0.5 mL) volume: a novel technology. Clin Lab 2011; 57 (9–10) 643-650
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Isachenko V, Maettner R, Petrunkina AM , et al. Vitrification of human ICSI/IVF spermatozoa without cryoprotectants: new capillary technology. J Androl 2012; 33 (3) 462-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Petrunkina AM, Sanchez R. Human spermatozoa vitrified in the absence of permeable cryoprotectants: birth of two healthy babies. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24 (2) 323-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Curaba M, Poels J, van Langendonckt A, Donnez J, Wyns C. Can prepubertal human testicular tissue be cryopreserved by vitrification?. Fertil Steril 2011; 95 (6) e9-e12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Meistrich ML, Byrne J. Genetic disease in offspring of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer treated with potentially mutagenic therapies. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70 (4) 1069-1071
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Chow EJ, Kamineni A, Daling JR , et al. Reproductive outcomes in male childhood cancer survivors: a linked cancer-birth registry analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163 (10) 887-894
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Madanat-Harjuoja LM, Malila N, Lähteenmäki P , et al. Risk of cancer among children of cancer patients—a nationwide study in Finland. Int J Cancer 2010; 126 (5) 1196-1205
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Shin D, Lo KC, Lipshultz LI. Treatment options for the infertile male with cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005; (34) 48-50
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 De Mas P, Daudin M, Vincent MC , et al. Increased aneuploidy in spermatozoa from testicular tumour patients after chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin. Hum Reprod 2001; 16 (6) 1204-1208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Van Steirteghem A, Bonduelle M, Devroey P, Liebaers I. Follow-up of children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod Update 2002; 8 (2) 111-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Le Bouc Y, Rossignol S, Azzi S, Steunou V, Netchine I, Gicquel C. Epigenetics, genomic imprinting and assisted reproductive technology. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2010; 71 (3) 237-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Audrins P, Holden CA, McLachlan RI, Kovacs GT. Semen storage for special purposes at Monash IVF from 1977 to 1997. Fertil Steril 1999; 72 (1) 179-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Magelssen H, Haugen TB, von Düring V, Melve KK, Sandstad B, Fosså SD. Twenty years experience with semen cryopreservation in testicular cancer patients: who needs it?. Eur Urol 2005; 48 (5) 779-785
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Saito K, Suzuki K, Iwasaki A, Yumura Y, Kubota Y. Sperm cryopreservation before cancer chemotherapy helps in the emotional battle against cancer. Cancer 2005; 104 (3) 521-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Hallak J, Sharma RK, Thomas Jr AJ, Agarwal A. Why cancer patients request disposal of cryopreserved semen specimens posttherapy: a retrospective study. Fertil Steril 1998; 69 (5) 889-893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Crawshaw MA, Glaser AW, Hale JP, Sloper P. Young males' experiences of sperm banking following a cancer diagnosis—a qualitative study. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2008; 11 (4) 238-245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Schover LR, Brey K, Lichtin A, Lipshultz LI, Jeha S. Oncologists' attitudes and practices regarding banking sperm before cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (7) 1890-1897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Kelvin JF, Kroon L, Ogle SK. Fertility preservation for patients with cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2012; 16 (2) 205-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar