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Planta Med 2014; 80(07): 533-543
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1368399
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
Original Papers
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Andrographis paniculata Extracts and Major Constituent Diterpenoids Inhibit Growth of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis

Tawit Suriyo
1   Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Nanthanit Pholphana
1   Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Nuchanart Rangkadilok
1   Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
2   Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Apinya Thiantanawat
1   Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
2   Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Piyajit Watcharasit
1   Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
2   Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Jutamaad Satayavivad
1   Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
2   Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
3   Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 05 February 2014
revised 03 March 2014

accepted 17 March 2014

Publication Date:
29 April 2014 (online)

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Abstract

Andrographis paniculata is an important herbal medicine widely used in several Asian countries for the treatment of various diseases due to its broad range of pharmacological activities. The present study reports that A. paniculata extracts potently inhibit the growth of liver (HepG2 and SK-Hep1) and bile duct (HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1) cancer cells. A. paniculata extracts with different contents of major diterpenoids, including andrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, neoandrographolide, and 14-deoxyandrographolide, exhibited a different potency of growth inhibition. The ethanolic extract of A. paniculata at the first true leaf stage, which contained a high amount of 14-deoxyandrographolide but a low amount of andrographolide, showed a cytotoxic effect to cancer cells about 4 times higher than the water extract of A. paniculata at the mature leaf stage, which contained a high amount of andrographolide but a low amount of 14-deoxyandrographolide. Andrographolide, not 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, neoandrographolide, or 14-deoxyandrographolide, possessed potent cytotoxic activity against the growth of liver and bile duct cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect of the water extract of A. paniculata at the mature leaf stage could be explained by the present amount of andrographolide, while the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata at the first true leaf stage could not. HuCCA-1 cells showed more sensitivity to A. paniculata extracts and andrographolide than RMCCA-1 cells. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata at the first true leaf stage increased cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, and induced apoptosis in both HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1 cells. The expressions of cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and the inactive proenzyme form of caspase-3 were reduced by the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata in the first true leaf stage treatment, while a proapoptotic protein Bax was increased. The cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase was also found in the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata in the first true leaf stage treatment. This study suggests that A. paniculata could be a promising herbal plant for the alternative treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Key words

Andrographis paniculata - Acanthaceae - andrographolide - cholangiocarcinoma - bile duct cancer - apoptosis - cell cycle arrest
 

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