RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1382948
Quantification of the Antiplasmodial Alkaloid Carpaine in Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves
Publikationsverlauf
received 19. März 2014
revised 23. Juni 2014
accepted 01. Juli 2014
Publikationsdatum:
25. August 2014 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/plantamedica/201413/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0034-1382948-1.jpg)
Abstract
Daily consumption of papaya (Carica papaya) leaves as greens and an herbal infusion is common in some parts of Indonesia as a means for preventing malaria. Antiplasmodial activity of the leaf extracts and of the main alkaloid carpaine were recently confirmed. A quantitative assay for determination of carpaine in papaya leaves was developed and validated. The assay involved pressurized liquid extraction and quantification with the aid of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Extraction conditions were optimized with respect to solvent, temperature, and number of extraction cycles. The ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy assay was validated over a range of 20–5000 ng/mL (R2 of 0.9908). A total of 29 papaya leaf samples were analyzed, and carpaine concentration in dry leaves was found to range from 0.02 to 0.31 %. No obvious dependence on geographic origin and leaf maturity was observed.
Key words
carpaine - Carica papaya - Caricaceae - quantification - pressurized liquid extraction - UHPLC-MS/MS-
References
- 1 Sastroamidjojo S. Obat asli Indonesia. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat; 2001
- 2 Tjahjadi FI. The influence of katu (Sauropus sndrogynus (L.) Merr.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaves consumption on volume, vitamin A level, and protein content of breast milk [master thesis]. Jakarta: Universitas of Indonesia; 1990
- 3 Rehena JF. The effect of papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf extracts on the growth of malaria parasite and the socialization of its use as antimalarial to the society in Kairatu sub-district – Western Seram district [doctoral thesis]. Malang: Malang State University; 2009
- 4 Head WF, Lauter WM. Phytochemical examination of the leaves of Carica papaya L. Econ Bot 1956; 10: 258-260
- 5 Yushaʼu M, Onuorah FC, Murtala Y. In-vitro sensitivity pattern of some urinary tract isolated to Carica papaya extracts. Bajopas 2009; 2: 75-78
- 6 Imaga NA, Gbenle GO, Okochi VI, Adenekan S, Duro-Emmanuel T, Oyeniyi B, Dokai PN, Oyenuga M, Otumara A, Ekeh FC. Phytochemical and antioxidant nutrient constituents of Carica papaya and Parquetina nigrescens extracts. SRE 2010; 16: 2201-2205
- 7 Singh O, Ali M. Phytochemical and antifungal profiles of the seeds of Carica papaya L. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 73: 447-451
- 8 Duke JA. Handbook of phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and other economic Plants. Herbal Reference Library. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2000
- 9 Govindachari TR, Pai BR, Narasimhan NS. Pseudocarpaine, a new alkaloid from Carica papaya L. J Chem Soc 1954; 1847
- 10 Tang CS. New macrocyclic Δ1-piperidine alkaloids from papaya leaves: dehydrocarpaine I and II*. Phytochemistry 1979; 18: 651-652
- 11 Murdiani SL. Uji identifikasi alkaloid secara kromatografi lapis tipis dan uji efek antimalaria ekstrak daun papaya gantung (Carica papaya L.) pada mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei [bachelor thesis]. Jakarta: Pancasila University; 2000
- 12 Potterat O, Hamburger M. Concepts and technologies for tracking bioactive compounds in natural product extracts: generation of libraries, and hyphenation of analytical processes with bioassays. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30: 546-564
- 13 Julianti T, de Mieri M, Zimmermann S, Ebrahimi S, Kaiser M, Neuburger M, Raith M, Brun R, Hamburger M. HPLC-based activity profiling for antiplasmodial compounds in the traditional Indonesian medicinal plant Carica papaya . J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155: 426-434
- 14 Benthin B, Danz H, Hamburger M. Pressurized liquid extraction of medicinal plants. J Chromatogr A 1999; 837: 211-219
- 15 Basalo C, Mohn T, Hamburger M. Are extraction method in quantitative assays of pharmacopoeia monograph exhaustive? A comparison with pressurized liquid extraction. Planta Med 2006; 72: 1157-1162
- 16 Mohn T, Suter K, Hamburger M. Seasonal changes and effect of harvest on glucosinolates in Isatis leaves. Planta Med 2008; 74: 582-587
- 17 Kaufmann B, Christen P. Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave-assisted extraction and pressurized solvent extraction. Phytochem Anal 2002; 13: 105-113
- 18 Waldebäck M. Pressurized fluid extraction. A sustainable technique with added values [dissertation]. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet; 2005
- 19 Afzan A, Abdullah NR, Halim SZ, Rashid BA, Semail RH, Abdullah N, Jantan I, Muhammad H, Ismail I. Repeated dose 28-days oral toxicity study of Carica papaya L. leaf extract in Sprague Dawley rats. Molecules 2012; 17: 4326-4342
- 20 Greshoff M. Carpaine, the alkaloid of papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.). Mededeel uitʼs lands plant. Batavia: Batavia; 1890
- 21 Barger G. The constitution of carpaine. Part I. J Chem Soc 1910; 97: 466
- 22 Barger G, Girardet A, Robinson R. Constitution of carpaine. Part II. Helv Chim Acta 1933; 16: 90-99
- 23 Barger G, Robinson R, Work TS. Constitution of carpaine. Part III. J Chem Soc 1937; 711
- 24 Burdick EM. Carpaine: An alkaloid of Carica papaya–its chemistry and pharmacology. Econ Bot 1971; 25: 363-365
- 25 Ogan AU. The basic constituents of the leaves of Carica papaya . Phytochemistry 1971; 10: 2544-2547
- 26 Bukhori MFM, Rahman NA, Khalid N, Pillai V. Carpaine from Carica papaya L. var. eksotika I. Johor Bahru, Malaysia: e-Prosiding, Simposium Kimia Analisis Malaysia Kelapan Belas; 2005