A Summary of Current Understanding Regarding Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Amy Szarkowski; Deborah Mood; Aaron Shield; Susan Wiley; Christine Yoshinaga-Itano

doi:10.1055/s-0034-1389097

Seminars in Speech and Language, Table of Contents

Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35(04): 241-259
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389097

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

A Summary of Current Understanding Regarding Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Amy Szarkowski

¹Deaf and Hard of Hearing Program, Boston Children's Hospital at Waltham, Waltham, Massachusetts

⁴Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

,

Deborah Mood

²Child Development Unit, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado

,

Aaron Shield

³Department of Psychology, Boston University

,

Susan Wiley

⁵Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

,

Christine Yoshinaga-Itano

⁶Department of Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

This article provides a consensus perspective based on the authors' expertise and the limited available literature regarding our understanding of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). The challenges in the accurate identification of an ASD in children who are D/HH, including red flags for a potential ASD and screening and assessment for ASD, are described in this article. Additionally, strategies to guide professionals in their communication about a possible ASD with families and to frame the need for expanding aspects of communication important for this group of children are suggested.

Keywords

Deaf - hard of hearing - autism spectrum disorder - assessment

Full Text

References

References
1 Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010 Full Text Rep. Available at: http://fulltextreports.com/2014/03/31/prevalence-of-autism-spectrum-disorder-among-children-aged-8-years-autism-and-developmental-disabilities-monitoring-network-11-sites-united-states-2010/ . Accessed May 28, 2014
2 Szymanski CA, Brice PJ, Lam KH, Hotto SA. Deaf children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 42 (10) 2027-2037
3 Rosenhall U, Nordin V, Sandström M, Ahlsén G, Gillberg C. Autism and hearing loss. J Autism Dev Disord 1999; 29 (5) 349-357
4 Thompson N, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Enhancing the development of infants and toddlers with dual diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and deafness. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 321-330
5 Klin A, Jones W. Altered face scanning and impaired recognition of biological motion in a 15-month-old infant with autism. Dev Sci 2008; 11 (1) 40-46
6 Pelphrey KA, Sasson NJ, Reznick JS, Paul G, Goldman BD, Piven J. Visual scanning of faces in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2002; 32 (4) 249-261
7 Shield A. Preliminary findings of similarities and differences in the signed and spoken language of children with autism. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 309-320
8 Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J , et al. Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics 2010; 125 (1) e17-e23
9 Szarkowski A, Flynn S, Clark T. Dually diagnosed: A retrospective study of the process of diagnosing autsim spectrum disorders in children who are deaf and hard of hearing. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 301-308
10 Meinzen-Derr J, Wiley S, Bishop S, Manning-Courtney P, Choo DI, Murray D. Autism spectrum disorders in 24 children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78 (1) 112-118
11 McLennan Y, Polussa J, Tassone F, Hagerman R. Fragile x syndrome. Curr Genomics 2011; 12 (3) 216-224
12 Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S , et al. Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86 (5) 749-764
13 Greenspan SI, Brazelton TB, Cordero J , et al. Guidelines for early identification, screening, and clinical management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2008; 121 (4) 828-830
14 Landa RJ, Gross AL, Stuart EA, Faherty A. Developmental trajectories in children with and without autism spectrum disorders: the first 3 years. Child Dev 2013; 84 (2) 429-442
15 Hartshorne TS, Grialou TL, Parker KR. Autistic-like behavior in CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A (3) 257-261
16 Yamashita Y, Fujimoto C, Nakajima E, Isagai T, Matsuishi T. Possible association between congenital cytomegalovirus infection and autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33 (4) 455-459
17 Dammeyer J. Children with Usher syndrome: mental and behavioral disorders. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8: 16
18 Stephens BE, Bann CM, Watson VE , et al. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Screening for ASD in extremely preterm infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2012; 33 (7) 535-541
19 Boothroyd A, Geers AE, Moog JS. Practical implications of cochlear implants in children. Ear Hear 1991; 12 (4, Suppl): 81S-89S
20 Geers AE, Moog JS, Biedenstein J, Brenner C, Hayes H. Spoken language scores of children using cochlear implants compared to hearing age-mates at school entry. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2009; 14 (3) 371-385
21 Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Coulter DK, Mehl AL. Language of early- and later-identified children with hearing loss. Pediatrics 1998; 102 (5) 1161-1171
22 Peterson CC, Wellman HM, Liu D. Steps in theory-of-mind development for children with deafness or autism. Child Dev 2005; 76 (2) 502-517
23 Goberis D, Beams D, Dalpes M, Abrisch A, Baca R, Yoshinaga-Itano C. The missing link in language development of deaf and hard of hearing children: pragmatic language development. Semin Speech Lang 2012; 33 (4) 297-309
24 Hayes H, Geers AE, Treiman R, Moog JS. Receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants: achievement in an intensive auditory-oral educational setting. Ear Hear 2009; 30 (1) 128-135
25 Kellogg EC, Thrasher A, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Looking for early predictors of autism in young children who are deaf and hard of hearing: Three longitudinal case studies. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 276-287
26 Poizner H, Klima ES, Bellugi U. What the Hands Reveal about the Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1990
27 Jure R, Rapin I, Tuchman RF. Hearing-impaired autistic children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991; 33 (12) 1062-1072
28 Mood D, Shield A. Clinical use of the autism diagnostic observation schedule-second edition with deaf children. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 288-300
29 Ohta M. Cognitive disorders of infantile autism: a study employing the WISC, spatial relationship conceptualization, and gesture imitations. J Autism Dev Disord 1987; 17 (1) 45-62
30 Smith IM, Bryson SE. Gesture imitation in autism I: nonsymbolic postures and sequences. Cogn Neuropsychol 1998; 15 (6-8) 747-770
31 Whiten A, Brown J. Imitation and the reading of other minds: perspectives from the study of autism, normal children and non-human primates. In: Bråten S, , ed. Intersubjective Communication and Emotion in Early Ontogeny. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1998: 260-280
32 Shield A, Meier RP. Palm reversal errors in native-signing children with autism. J Commun Disord 2012; 45 (6) 439-454
33 Swisher V. Learning to converse: how deaf mothers support the development of attention and conversational skills in their young deaf children. In Spencer P, Erting CJ, Marschark M, , eds. The Deaf Child in the Family and at School. Mahwah, MJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000: 21-40
34 Harris M, Clibbens J, Chasin J, Tibbins R. The social context of early sign language development. First Lang 1989; 9 (25) 81-97
35 Denmark T, Atkinson J, Campbell R, Swettenham J. How do typically developing deaf children and deaf children with autism spectrum disorder use the face when comprehending emotional facial expressions in British Sign Language?. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44 (10) 2584-2592
36 Denmark T. Do Deaf Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Show Deficits in the Comprehension and Production of Emotional and Linguistic Facial Expressions in British Sign Language?. University College: London; 2011
37 Bharadwaj SV, Daniel LL, Matzke PL. Sensory-processing disorder in children with cochlear implants. Am J Occup Ther 2009; 63 (2) 208-213
38 Wiley S. Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing: Differential diagnosis. Frontiers in Hearing Symposium July 10–13 2013; Vail, CO
39 Gense and Gense: Autism and Deafness Workshop OCALLI 2002, 2005, 2007
40 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
41 Roper L, Arnold P, Monteiro B. Co-occurrence of autism and deafness: diagnostic considerations. Autism 2003; 7 (3) 245-253
42 Gal E, Dyck MJ, Passmore A. Relationships between stereotyped movements and sensory processing disorders in children with and without developmental or sensory disorders. Am J Occup Ther 2010; 64 (3) 453-461
43 Worley JA, Matson JL, Kozlowski AM. The effects of hearing impairment on symptoms of autism in toddlers. Dev Neurorehabil 2011; 14 (3) 171-176
44 Carr J, Xu D, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) Language and Autism Screen (LLAS) and the Child Development Inventory Social subscale as a possible autism screen for children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 266-275
45 Robins DL, Fein D, Barton ML, Green JA. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: an initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism and Dev Dis 2001; 31 (2) 131-144
46 Rutter M, Bailey A, Lord C. Social Communication Questionnaire. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 2003
47 Lord C, Rutter M, DiLavore PC, Risi S, Gotham K, Bishop SL. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed. (ADOS-2). Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012
48 Sullivan PM, Schulte LE. Factor analysis of the WISC-R with deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Psychol Assess 1992; 4 (4) 537-540
49 Wiley S, Innis H. Supporting families of children who are deaf or hard of hearing with an autism spectrum disorder. Semin Speech Lang 2014; 35 (4) 260-265
50 Wiley S, Gustafson S, Rozniak J. Needs of parents of children who are deaf/hard of hearing with autism spectrum disorder. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2014; 19 (1) 40-49
51 American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: Author; 1999
52 Izycky A. Skills required for effective social communication as measured by narrative ability: clinical implications for assessment of ASD in deaf children. Presentation at the international meeting on deaf children with autism. York, England, 11 Nov 2011
53 Garcia R, Turk J. The applicability of Webster-Stratton Parenting Programmes to deaf children with emotional and behavioural problems, and autism, and their families: annotation and case report of a child with autistic spectrum disorder. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007; 12 (1) 125-136
54 Malandraki G, Okalidou A. The application of PECS in a deaf child with autism: A case study. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 2007; 22 (1) 23-32
55 Warren Z, McPheeters ML, Sathe N, Foss-Feog JH, Glasser A, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. A systematic review of early intensive intervention for ASD. Pediatrics 2011; 127 (5) e1303-1311