Neuroinflammation bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Bei einigen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen kristallisieent sich inflammatorischer Mechanismen zunehmend als wesentliche Komponente der Krankheitsentstehung und -entwicklung heraus. Mikrogliazellen als Repräsentanten des angeborenen Immunsystems im ZNS werden dabei durch Aggregate aus fehlgefalteten Proteinen oder Nukleinsäuren stimuliert. Aus deren neuroprotektiver und homöostatischer Wirkung unter physiologischen Bedingungen entsteht ein chronischer Entzündungsprozess, der über proinflammatorische Zytokine zum neuronalen Zelluntergang beiträgt. In diesem Artikel geben wir eine Übersicht über den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand neuroinflammatorischer Mechanismen bei zentralen neurodegenerativen Krankheiten. Da Neuroinflammation schon früh und zum Teil vor dem Eintreten der manifesten Erkrankung einsetzt, sind die beteiligten Mechanismen attraktive Angriffspunkte für zukünftige Behandlungsansätze. Einige davon werden am Ende des Artikels kurz vorgestellt.

Abstract

Increasing evidence indicates that inflammatory mechanisms play a major role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Aggregates of misfolded proteins or nucleic acids stimulate microglial cells as representatives of the innate immune system in the central nervous system. This activation diverts microglia from their neuroprotective and homeostatic functions under physiological conditions to a chronic inflammatory state in which pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to neuronal cell death. In the present article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in major neurodegenerative diseases. As signs of neuroinflammation can be found before the onset of symptoms in many disorders, the underlying mechanisms offer promising targets for future therapeutic approaches. Some of them are briefly discussed at the end of the article.

Schlüsselwörter

Neuroinflammation - Neurodegeneration - Demenz - Alzheimer-Krankheit - Parkinson-Krankheit - amyotrophe Lateralsklerose - Chorea Huntington

Keywords

neuroinflammation - neurodegeneration - dementia - Alzheimer’s disease - Parkinson’s disease - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Huntington’s disease

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