Stand- und Ganganalyse bei Schwindel

Zusammenfassung

Bei etwa 1/3 der Patienten mit dem Leitsymptom Schwindel steht die Stand- und Gangunsicherheit dauerhaft im Vordergrund der Beschwerden. Dies betrifft insbesondere Patienten mit sensorischen Defiziten (vestibulär, somatosensorisch, visuell), neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen (zerebelläre Ataxie, Parkinson-Syndrome) und funktionellen Störungen (somatoformer und phobischer Schwindel). Zur Diagnosestellung ist eine strukturierte Erfassung der Defizite eine wichtige Voraussetzung. Dazu gehören im Bereich des Stehens und Gehens die Testung unter verschiedenen Bedingungen, also mit offenen und geschlossenen Augen, im Tandemstand, beim Gehen mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten, beim Stehen und Gehen während eines kognitiven Dual task. Die qualitative Beurteilung kann sehr gut anhand der geschulten klinischen Beobachtung erfolgen, die durch etablierte Tests und Scores ergänzt wird (z. B. Timed-up-and-go Test). Apparative Methoden dienen vor allem (1) der Unterstützung der differentialdiagnostischen Einordnung mit Erfassung von Parametern, die der klinischen Beobachtung entgehen (z. B. 14 Hz Schwanken beim orthostatischen Tremor), (2) der Abschätzung des Sturzrisikos durch Quantifizierung relevanter Parameter (z. B. Schritt-zu-Schritt Variabilität) und (3) der Verlaufsbeurteilung mit oder ohne Intervention (z. B. Ganggeschwindigkeit und –variabilität nach Liquorablassversuch bei Normaldruckhydrozephalus). Die Methoden zur apparativen Testung entwickeln sich aktuell sehr dynamisch. Die für Schwindelpatienten wichtigsten Methoden sind die Stabilometrie/Posturografie mit Kraftmessplatten für die Erfassung der Körperschwankungen, Sensorteppiche für die Erfassung räumlicher und zeitlicher Schrittparameter und tragbare Sensoren für die Erfassung der Mobilität und Sturzfrequenz außerhalb der Klinik im Alltag. Ohne klinische Einordnung basierend auf Anamnese und klinischer Untersuchung haben die apparativen Zusatzuntersuchungen allerdings keinen Wert. Sie liefern aber – gezielt eingesetzt – sehr wertvolle Informationen über die individuellen Einschränkungen und können damit die Diagnostik und Therapieentscheidungen unterstützen.

Abstract

In about one third of patient with the chief complaint of vertigo and dizziness the instability of stance and gait is the leading symptom. This is in particular true for patients suffering from sensory deficits (vestibular, somatosensory, visual), from neurodegeneration (cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonian syndromes), and from functional disorders (somatoform and phobic dizziness). To make a correct diagnosis, it is essential assessing all deficits in a structured manner. This includes tests of postural control and gait under different conditions, i.e. eyes open and closed, tandem stance, walking at different velocities, stance and gait during cognitive dual tasks. A qualitative assessment can easily be done by skilled clinical observation, complemented by established tests and scores (e.g. timed-up-and-go test). Instrumented stance and gait tests support (1) the differential diagnosis by providing parameters invisible for the clinical eye (e.g. 14 Hz sway in orthostatic tremor), (2) the estimation of the fall risk by quantification of relevant parameters (e.g. stride to stride gait variability), and (3) the assessment of the disease course with and without intervention (e.g. gait velocity and gait variability after spinal tap in normal pressure hydrocephalus). Methods for apparative testing currently develop rapidly and in a dynamic manner. Currently, the most relevant methods used in patients suffering from vertigo and dizziness are stabilometry/posturography with force plates for the quantification of body sway, sensor carpets for the assessment of spatial and temporal stride parameters, and wearable sensors for the assessment of mobility and fall frequency in daily life, outside the laboratory. Instrumented tests, however, are of no value without state of the art clinical workup based on the patient’s history and clinical bedside examination. Used with clear focus, laboratory tests for stance and gait deliver valuable information on the individual impairment, thus supporting diagnostics and therapeutic decisions.

Schlüsselwörter

Ganganalyse - Gangstörung - Neurodegeneration - Posturografie - Vestibuläre Störung

Keywords

gait analysis - gait disorder - neurodegeneration - posturography - vestibular deficit

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