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Semin Neurol 2016; 36(01): 084-091
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1571952
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Blepharospasm, Orofacial/Oromandibular Dystonia, and Hemifacial Spasm

Barbara Illowsky Karp
1   Combined NeuroScience IRB, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
,
Katharine Alter
2   Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Warren Grant Magnusen Clinical Center and Eunice Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
11 February 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary, repetitive eye closure. Orofacial and oromandibular dystonia describe involuntary dystonic movements of orofacial and oromandibular musculature. Hemifacial spasm is characterized by repetitive synchronous contraction of facial nerve innervated muscles on one side of the face. In this article, the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and approaches to treatment are reviewed. Technical aspects of using botulinum toxin for treatment and reported outcomes are discussed.

Keywords

blepharospasm - orofacial dystonia - oromandibular dystonia - hemifacial spasm - Meige's syndrome - botulinum toxin
 

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