Common Pediatric Skin Lesions: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature

Abstract

The timely diagnosis and treatment of dermatologic disease in the pediatric population can be challenging. A basic, yet comprehensive knowledge of common lesions is essential for a successful practice in plastic surgery. In this article, the authors describe vascular, cystic, and pigmented cutaneous lesions that are commonly encountered in the pediatric population. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, and management options are discussed for each.

Keywords

dermatology - pediatrics - cyst - hemangioma - nevus

• References

• 1 Richter GT, Friedman AB. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations: current theory and management. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012 :Article ID 645678
• 2 Sepulveda A, Buchanan EP. Vascular tumors. Semin Plast Surg 2014; 28 (2) 49-57
• 3 Cox JA, Bartlett E, Lee EI. Vascular malformations: a review. Semin Plast Surg 2014; 28 (2) 58-63
• 4 Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Frieden IJ. Hemangiomas in children. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (3) 173-181
• 5 Pack GT, Miller PR. Hemangiomas: classification, diagnosis and treatment. Angiology 1950; 1 (5) 1405-1426
• 6 Bree AF, Siegfried E, Sotelo-Avila C, Nahass G. Infantile hemangiomas: speculation on placental trophoblastic origin. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137 (5) 573-577
• 7 Bischoff J. Progenitor cells in infantile hemangioma. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20 (Suppl. 01) 695-697
• 8 Kleinman ME, Greives MR, Churgin SS , et al. Hypoxia-induced mediators of stem/progenitor cell trafficking are increased in children with hemangioma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27 (12) 2664-2670
• 9 Yu Y, Flint AF, Mulliken JB, Wu JK, Bischoff J. Endothelial progenitor cells in infantile hemangioma. Blood 2004; 103 (4) 1373-1375
• 10 Mulliken JB. Update on vascular anomalies. Paper presented at: The 17 ^th International Workshop on Vascular Anomalies; June 21–24, 2008; Boston, MA
• 11 Jacobs AH. Strawberry hemangiomas; the natural history of the untreated lesion. Calif Med 1957; 86 (1) 8-10
• 12 Frieden IJ. Werner K Steifel keynote address. Infantile hemangiomas: past, present, future. Dermatology Focus 2014; 33 (1) 1-3
• 13 Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E , et al. Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment. Pediatrics 2006; 118 (3) 882-887
• 14 Bagazgoitia L, Torrelo A, Gutiérrez JCL , et al. Propranolol for infantile hemangiomas. Pediatr Dermatol 2011; 28 (2) 108-114
• 15 Volck AC, Suárez GA, Tasman AJ. Management of congenital midline nasofrontal masses: case report and review of literature. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2015 ; Article ID 159647
• 16 Ruszkowski A, Caouette-Laberge L, Bortoluzzi P, Egerszegi EP. Superior eyelid incision: an alternative approach for frontozygomatic dermoid cyst excision. Ann Plast Surg 2000; 44 (6) 591-594 , discussion 594–595
• 17 Bloom DC, Carvalho DS, Dory C, Brewster DF, Wickersham JK, Kearns DB. Imaging and surgical approach of nasal dermoids. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002; 62 (2) 111-122
• 18 Pensler JM, Bauer BS, Naidich TP. Craniofacial dermoids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988; 82 (6) 953-958
• 19 Haafiz AB, Sharma R, Faillace WJ. Congenital midline nasofrontal mass. Two case reports with a clinical review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1995; 34 (9) 482-486
• 20 Goins MR, Beasley MS. Pediatric neck masses. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2012; 24 (3) 457-468
• 21 Sistrunk WE. The surgical treatment of cysts of the thyroglossal tract. Ann Surg 1920; 71 (2) 121-124, 2
• 22 Heshmati HM, Fatourechi V, van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Goellner JR. Thyroglossal duct carcinoma: report of 12 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72 (4) 315-319
• 23 Weedon D. Weedon's Skin Pathology. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010
• 24 Yencha MW. Head and neck pilomatricoma in the pediatric age group: a retrospective study and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001; 57 (2) 123-128
• 25 Knight PJ, Reiner CB. Superficial lumps in children: what, when, and why?. Pediatrics 1983; 72 (2) 147-153
• 26 Noguchi H, Kayashima K, Nishiyama S, Ono T. Two cases of pilomatrixoma in Turner's syndrome. Dermatology 1999; 199 (4) 338-340
• 27 Pujol RM, Casanova JM, Egido R, Pujol J, de Moragas JM. Multiple familial pilomatricomas: a cutaneous marker for Gardner syndrome?. Pediatr Dermatol 1995; 12 (4) 331-335
• 28 Cambiaghi S, Ermacora E, Brusasco A, Canzi L, Caputo R. Multiple pilomatricomas in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol 1994; 11 (1) 21-25
• 29 Price HN, Schaffer JV. Congenital melanocytic nevi-when to worry and how to treat: Facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010; 28 (3) 293-302
• 30 Magaña M, Sánchez-Romero E, Magaña P, Beck-Magaña A, Magaña-Lozano M. Congenital melanocytic nevus: two clinicopathological forms. Am J Dermatopathol 2015; 37 (1) 31-37
• 31 Rokitansky J. Ein ausgezeichneter Fall von Pigment-mal mit ausgebreiteter Pigmentierung der inneren Hirn- und Ruchenmarkshaute. Allergy Wien Med Z 1861; 6: 113-116
• 32 Patterson WM, Lefkowitz A, Schwartz RA, Lambert WC, Rao BK. Melanoma in children. Cutis 2000; 65 (5) 269-272 , 275
• 33 Bittencourt FV, Marghoob AA, Kopf AW, Koenig KL, Bart RS. Large congenital melanocytic nevi and the risk for development of malignant melanoma and neurocutaneous melanocytosis. Pediatrics 2000; 106 (4) 736-741
• 34 Marghoob AA, Kopf AW, Bittencourt FV. Moles present at birth: their medical significance. Skin Cancer Foundation J 1999; 17: 36-98
• 35 Rhodes AR, Melski JW. Small congenital nevocellular nevi and the risk of cutaneous melanoma. J Pediatr 1982; 100 (2) 219-224
• 36 Kovalyshyn I, Braun R, Marghoob A. Congenital melanocytic naevi. Australas J Dermatol 2009; 50 (4) 231-240 , quiz 241–242
• 37 Lovett A, Maari C, Decarie JC , et al. Large congenital melanocytic nevi and neurocutaneous melanocytosis: one pediatric center's experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61 (5) 766-774
• 38 Kadonaga JN, Frieden IJ. Neurocutaneous melanosis: definition and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24 (5 Pt 1) 747-755
• 39 Mark GJ, Mihm MC, Liteplo MG, Reed RJ, Clark WH. Congenital melanocytic nevi of the small and garment type. Clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural studies. Hum Pathol 1973; 4 (3) 395-418
• 40 Rhodes AR, Silverman RA, Harrist TJ, Melski JW. A histologic comparison of congenital and acquired nevomelanocytic nevi. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121 (10) 1266-1273
• 41 Everett MA. Histopathology of congenital pigmented nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 1989; 11 (1) 11-12
• 42 Bauer BS, Vicari FA. An approach to excision of congenital giant pigmented nevi in infancy and early childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988; 82 (6) 1012-1021
• 43 Gosain AK, Santoro TD, Larson DL, Gingrass RP. Giant congenital nevi: a 20-year experience and an algorithm for their management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108 (3) 622-636
• 44 Ibrahimi OA, Alikhan A, Eisen DB. Congenital melanocytic nevi: where are we now? Part II. Treatment options and approach to treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67 (4) 515.e1-515.e13 , quiz 528–530
• 45 Franceschini D, Dinulos JG. Dermal melanocytosis and associated disorders. Curr Opin Pediatr 2015; 27 (4) 480-485
• 46 Que SK, Weston G, Suchecki J, Ricketts J. Pigmentary disorders of the eyes and skin. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33 (2) 147-158
• 47 Whitmore SE, Wilson BB, Cooper PH. Late-onset nevus of Ota. Cutis 1991; 48 (3) 213-216
• 48 Sinha S, Cohen PJ, Schwartz RA. Nevus of Ota in children. Cutis 2008; 82 (1) 25-29
• 49 Anderson RR. Lasers in dermatology—a critical update. J Dermatol 2000; 27 (11) 700-705
• 50 Watanabe S, Takahashi H. Treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched ruby laser. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (26) 1745-1750
• 51 Chan HH, Leung RS, Ying SY , et al. A retrospective analysis of complications in the treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched alexandrite and Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26 (11) 1000-1006
• 52 Wang HW, Liu YH, Zhang GK , et al. Analysis of 602 Chinese cases of nevus of Ota and the treatment results treated by Q-switched alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33 (4) 455-460
• 53 Liu J, Ma YP, Ma XG , et al. A retrospective study of q-switched alexandrite laser in treating nevus of Ota. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (10) 1480-1485
• 54 Ito M. Studies on melanin XXII. Nevus fuscocaeruleus acromio-deltoideus. Tohoku J Exp Med 1954; 60: 10
• 55 Gill M, Cohen J, Renwick N, Mones JM, Silvers DN, Celebi JT. Genetic similarities between Spitz nevus and Spitzoid melanoma in children. Cancer 2004; 101 (11) 2636-2640
• 56 Murphy ME, Boyer JD, Stashower ME, Zitelli JA. The surgical management of Spitz nevi. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28 (11) 1065-1069 , discussion 1069
• 57 Jaqueti G, Requena L, Sánchez Yus E. Trichoblastoma is the most common neoplasm developed in nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: a clinicopathologic study of a series of 155 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22 (2) 108-118
• 58 Idriss MH, Elston DM. Secondary neoplasms associated with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: a study of 707 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70 (2) 332-337
• 59 Ball EA, Hussain M, Moss AL. Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma arising in a naevus sebaceous of Jadassohn: case report and literature review. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005; 30 (3) 259-260
• 60 Warnke PH, Russo PA, Schimmelpenning GW , et al. Linear intraoral lesions in the sebaceous nevus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52 (2) (Suppl. 01) 62-64
• 61 Correale D, Ringpfeil F, Rogers M. Large, papillomatous, pedunculated nevus sebaceus: a new phenotype. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25 (3) 355-358
• 62 Ivker R, Resnick SD, Skidmore RA. Hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets, precocious puberty, and the epidermal nevus syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133 (12) 1557-1561
• 63 Mall V, Heinen F, Uhl M, Wellens E, Korinthenberg R. CNS lipoma in patients with epidermal nevus syndrome. Neuropediatrics 2000; 31 (4) 175-179
• 64 Vidaurri-de la Cruz H, Tamayo-Sánchez L, Durán-McKinster C, de la Luz Orozco-Covarrubias M, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Epidermal nevus syndromes: clinical findings in 35 patients. Pediatr Dermatol 2004; 21 (4) 432-439