Spurenelemente und Knochengesundheit

Zusammenfassung

Spurenelemente sind dem Namen entsprechend nur in sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen im Organismus und in der täglichen Nahrung vorhanden. Einige von ihnen sind essentielle Bestandteile von Enzymen und Transkriptionsfaktoren und erfüllen lebenswichtige Funktionen. Für die Knochengesundheit sind neben anderen besonders Jod, Selen und Zink von großer Bedeutung. Sie wirken über Schilddrüsenhormone, antioxidative Enzyme und Transkriptionsfaktoren auf Prozesse in der Entwicklung und Regeneration. Hyperund Hypothyreose sind, wie auch oxidativer Stress, Risikofaktoren für die Osteoporose. Oxidative Schädigung von Zellen ist ein wichtiger Faktor der Gewebealterung, was für die Osteoporose des älteren Menschen bedeutend sein kann. Zink ist im Kontext mit dem perimenopausalen Östrogenverlust erniedrigt und kann im Tierversuch teilweise den mit Östrogenmangel assoziierten Knochenverlust kompensieren. Jod, Selen und Zink sind somit für den Knochenstoffwechsel wichtig, man kennt Mangelerscheinungen und sie können durch Ernährungsverhalten und Supplemente korrigiert werden. Auch für Bor deutet sich an, dass es in Bezug auf Ernährung und Knochenstoffwechsel eine Bedeutung erlangen könnte. Viele Spurenelemente haben aber im Zusammenhang mit Ernährung nach derzeitiger Kenntnis keine so herausragende Bedeutung. Kobalt, Mangan, Chrom und Vanadium sind wichtig bei der Biokompatibilität von Implantaten, einige andere wie Fluor, Lithium und Strontium werden als Arzneimittel bei der Behandlung der Osteoporose und der Depression eingesetzt. Die Erforschung besonders der Spurenelemente Selen und Zink bezüglich ihrer Einflüsse auf die Knochengesundheit sollte sicher mehr Aufmerksamkeit erfahren.

Summary

Trace elements, as the name implies, are found in very low concentrations in the organism and in our food. Some of them are functionally essential for enzymes and transcription factors and thus are vitally important. Besides some other essential trace elements bone health is especially modulated directly or indirectly by iodine, selenium and zinc. These trace elements elicit their influence on bone development and regeneration via thyroid hormones, antioxidative enzymes and transcription factors. Both hypo and hyperthyroidism as well as oxidative stress are risk factors for osteoporosis. Oxidative damage of cells is also an important propagator of ageing, a relevant clinical risk factor in osteoporosis of the elderly. Serum zinc levels are low in the context of postmenopausal loss of estrogens, and zinc replacement is partly effective for compensation of the associated bone loss in animal studies. Thus iodine, selenium and zinc are important for bone metabolism, we do know clinical deficiency syndromes and they can be modulated through nutritional habits and supplements. Boron may also be an upcoming trace element in terms of nutrition and bone metabolism. Many trace elements however, at least according to present knowledge, are of only minor importance with respect to nutrition. Cobalt, manganese, chromium and vanadium are relevant for the biocompatibility of implants, others like fluorine, lithium and strontium are used for therapy of osteoporosis and depression. Further research in the putative role of selenium and zinc for bone metabolism may be of special relevance for the future.

Schlüsselwörter

Spurenelemente - Knochenstoffwechsel - Osteoporose

Keywords

Trace elements - bone metabolism - osteoporosis

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