Nervenheilkunde 2012; 31(07/08): 536-542
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1628240
Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Schattauer GmbH

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörungen in der Lebensspanne

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the life span
C. Klein
1   Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter, Universität Freiburg
2   School of Psychology, Bangor University
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Eingegangen am: 27. März 2012

angenommen am: 10. Mai 2012

Publikationsdatum:
23. Januar 2018 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) gehört mit einer Prävalenzschätzung von etwa 5,3% zu den häufigsten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. ADHS ist eine Entwicklungsstörung, die mit dem typischen Entwicklungsverlauf beeinträchtigend interagiert. Dies bedeutet, dass neben dem Verlauf der Kernsymptome von Unaufmerksamkeit, Impulsivität und Hyperaktivität die im Verlauf der Entwicklung erworbenen sekundären Symptome und Defizite insbesondere im schulischen und sozialen Funktionsniveau für den Verlauf der Störung relevant sind. Die sehr häufigen komorbiden Störungen wir Störungen des Sozialverhaltens, oppositionelles Verhalten und Angststörungen sind zu berücksichtigen. Die Ursachen der AHDS sind vermutlich komplex und in genetischen Faktoren sowie Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen bzw. Gen-Umwelt-Korrelationen zu suchen. Bei der Behandlung der ADHS stehen pharmakologisch die Gabe von Stimulanzien im Vordergrund, während psychologisch bzw. psychotherapeutisch Verhaltenstherapien und spezielle Trainingsverfahren dominieren und seit einigen Jahren Neurofeedback-Verfahren zum Einsatz kommen.

Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperacitivity disorder (ADHD) belongs with a prevalence estimate of about 5.3% to the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. ADHD is a developmental disorder that interacts in an unfavourable manner with the typical course of development. This implies that, in addition to the core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity, secondary symptoms and deficits in academic and social functioning that are acquired during the course of development must be considered. Furthermore, comorbid disorders such as conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder or anxiety disorders need to be considered here. The aetiology of ADHD is presumably rather complex, with genetic factors, gene-environment interactions and gene-environment correlations being relevant. The treatment of ADHD involves pharmacologically the administration of psycho-stimulants, and psychologically or psycho-therapeutically behavioural therapy, specific training procedures and, more recently, neurofeedback techniques.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Ingram S. et al. Ourcome issues in ADHD: adolescent and adult long-term outcome. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Research Reviews 1999; 5: 243-50.
  • 2 Matza L. et al. Review of the economic burden of ADHD. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2005; 3: 5.
  • 3 Polanczyk G. et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 164: 942-8.
  • 4 Lauth GW, Schlottke PF. Training mit aufmerksamkeitsgestörten Kindern. Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union; 1999
  • 5 Biederman J. et al. Diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD: findings from a longitudinal clinical sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 1998; 37: 305-13.
  • 6 Gudjonsson GH. et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): how do ADHD symptoms relate to personality among prisoners. Personality and Individual Differences 2009; 47: 64-68.
  • 7 Pratt TC. et al. The relationship of ADHD to crime and delinquency: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Police Science and Management 2002; 4: 344-60.
  • 8 Young S. et al. Comorbidity and psychosocial profile of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences 2003; 35: 743-55.
  • 9 Campbell SB, Ewing LJ. Follow-up of hard-to-manage preschoolers: adjustment at age 9 and predictors of continuing symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1990; 31: 871-89.
  • 10 Daley DM, Thompson M. Parent training for ADHD in preschool children. Advances in ADHD 2007; 2: 11-6.
  • 11 Sonuga-Barke E. et al. Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms?. Journal of the American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 2003; 42: 1335-42.
  • 12 Lahey BB. et al. Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4 to 6 years of age. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 161: 2014-20.
  • 13 Sonuga-Barke J. et al. Varieties of preschool hyper-activity: multiple pathways from risk to disorder. Developmental Science 2005; 8: 141-50.
  • 14 Biederman J. et al. Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004; 72: 757-66.
  • 15 Biederman J. et al. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2011; 157: 816-8.
  • 16 Steinhausen HC. et al. Clinical course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood toward early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 2003; 42: 1085-92.
  • 17 Faraone SV. et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: an overview. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 48: 9-20.
  • 18 Biederman J. et al. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up. Psychological Medicine 2006; 36: 169-79.
  • 19 Zito J. et al. Trends in the prescribing of psycho-tropic medications to preschoolers. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 1025-30.
  • 20 Barkley R. et al. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 2006; 45: 192-202.
  • 21 Barkley RA. et al. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004; 45: 195-211.
  • 22 Faraone SV. et al. The age-dependent decline of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychological Medicine 2006; 36: 159-65.
  • 23 Das Banerjee T. et al. Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatrica 2007; 96: 1269-74.
  • 24 Thapar A, Stergiakouli E. An overview of the genetics of ADHD. Acta Psychological Sinica 2008; 40: 1088-98.
  • 25 Daley D. et al. Gene-social environment interplay in relation to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2008; 7: 520-4.
  • 26 Thapar A. et al. Advances in genetic findings on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and Allied Sciences 2007; 37: 1681-92.
  • 27 Faraone SV. et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1313-23.
  • 28 Steinhausen HC. The heterogeneity of causes and courses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009; 120: 392-9.
  • 29 Sharp SI. et al. Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropharmacology 2009; 57: 590-600.
  • 30 Langley K. et al. Molecular genetic contribution to the developmental course of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008 DOI 10.1007/s00787-008-0698-4.
  • 31 Castellanos FX. et al. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 2002; 288: 1740-8.
  • 32 Shaw P. et al. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006; 63: 540-9.
  • 33 Calkins ME. et al. Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes. Brain and Cognition 2008; 68: 436-61.
  • 34 Gottesman I, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1-10.
  • 35 Klein C, Ettinger U. A hundred years of eye movement research in psychiatry. Brain and Cognition 2008; 68: 215-8.
  • 36 Castellanos FX, Tannock R. Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Neuroscience 2002; 3: 617-28.
  • 37 Klein C, von Stralendorff I. Neuropsychologische Defizite bei ADS: Theorien und Ergebnisse. In Myrtek M. (Ed.) Die Person im biologischen und sozialen Kontext. Goettingen; Hogrefe: 2002
  • 38 Klein C. et al. Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 60: 1088-97.
  • 39 Kuntsi J, Klein C. Intra-individual variability in ADHD and its implications for research of causal links. In: SC Stanford, R Tannock (eds.): Behavioral Neurobiology of ADHD and its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 2011; 9: 67-91.
  • 40 Nigg JT. et al. Causal heterogeneity in ADHD: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes?. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1224-30.
  • 41 Sonuga-Barke E. et al. Dopamine and serotonin transporter genotypes moderate sensitivity to maternal expressed emotion: the case of conduct and emotional problems in ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009; 50: 1052-63.
  • 42 Propper C. et al. Parenting quality, DRD4, and the prediction of externalising and internalising behaviors in early childhood. Developmental Psychobiology 2007; 49: 619-32.
  • 43 Laucht M. et al. Interacting effects of the dopamine transporter gene and psychosocial adversity on ADHD symptoms among 15-year-olds from a high-risk community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007; 64: 585-90.
  • 44 Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. Gene-environment interaction of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology 2006; 48: 406-9.
  • 45 Sheese S. et al. Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor D4 to influence temperament in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology 2007; 19: 1039-46.
  • 46 Biederman J. et al. Effect of comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on responses to atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial data. Psychopharmacology 2007; 190: 31-41.
  • 47 Elia J. et al. ADHD characteristics I: concurrent comorbidity patterns in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2008; 2: 1-9.
  • 48 Bhatia M. et al. Attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity among pediatric outpatients. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008; 32: 297-306.
  • 49 Willcutt EG. et al. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1336-46.
  • 50 Barkley RA. Major life activity and health outcomes associated with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 10-5.
  • 51 Hurtig T. et al. ADHD and comorbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007; 16: 362-9.
  • 52 Jensen P. et al. ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of The American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 2001; 40: 147-58.
  • 53 Pliszka SR. The neuropsychopharmacology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1385-90.
  • 54 Jonkman LM. et al. Effects of methylphenidate on event-related potentials and performance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children in auditory and visual selective attention tasks. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 41: 690-702.
  • 55 DeVito EE. et al. Methylphenidate improves response inhibition but not reflection-impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology 2009; 202: 531-9.
  • 56 Klein C. et al. Effects of methylphenidate on saccadic respones in patients with ADHD. Experimental Brain Research 2002; 145: 121-5.
  • 57 Monteiro Musten L. et al. Effects of methylphenidate on preschool children with ADHD: cognitive and behavioral functions. Journal of The American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 1407-15.
  • 58 Hechtman L. et al. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. Journal of The American Academy of Child Psychiatry 1984; 23: 261-9.
  • 59 Elbert T. et al. Self-regulation of the brain and behavior. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1984
  • 60 Holtmann M. et al. Neurofeedback in der Behand-lung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 2004; 32: 187-200.
  • 61 Heinrich H. et al. Training of slow cortical potentials in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for positive behavioral and neurophysiological effects. Biological Psychiarty 2004; 55: 772-5.
  • 62 Drechsler R. et al. Controlled evaluation of a neurofeedack training of slow cortical potentials with children with ADHD. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2011: 3.
  • 63 The MTA Cooperative Group.. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 1073-86.
  • 64 Klingberg T. et al. Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD-A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005; 44: 177-86.
  • 65 Jones K. et al. Efficacy of the incredible years basic parent training programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD. Child: Care, Health and Development 2007; 33: 749-56.
  • 66 Webster-Stratton C. Preventing conduct problems in head start children: strengthening parenting competencies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998; 66: 715-30.
  • 67 Sanders M. et al. The development and dissemination of the triple P-positive parenting program: a multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Prevention Science 2002; 3: 173-89.
  • 68 Sonuga-Barke E. et al. Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of The American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry 2001; 40: 402-8.
  • 69 Bor W. et al. The effects of the triple P-positive parenting program on preschool children with coocurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2002; 30: 571-87.
  • 70 American Psychiatric Association.. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders. 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000