Download PDF
Thromb Haemost 1995; 74(01): 197-203
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642676
Symposium
Venous Thromboembolism:Diagnosis and Therapy
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

Jan W ten Cate
Center for Thrombosis, Hemostasis, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Maria M W Koopman
Center for Thrombosis, Hemostasis, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Martin H Prins
Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Harry R Büller
Center for Thrombosis, Hemostasis, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
09 July 2018 (online)

Also available at
  PDF Download  Permissions and Reprints
 

  • References

  • 1 Murray DW G, Jacques LB, Perrett TS, Best CH. Heparin and the thrombosis of veins following injury. Surgery 1937; 2: 163-187
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Stahman MA, Hiibner CF, Link KP. Studies on the hemorrhagic Sweet clover disease V. Identification and synthesis of the hemorrhagic agent J BiolChem 1941; 138: 513-527
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. A controlled study Lancet 1960; 1: 1309-1312
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Carson JL, Kelley MA, Duff A. et al. The clinical course of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1240-1245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Prandoni P, Lensing AW A, Buller HR. et al. Comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with intravenous standard heparin in proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1992; 339: 441-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF. et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 975-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Kniffin WD, Baron JA, Barrett J. et al. The epidemiology of diagnosed pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 861-866
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Lilienfeld DE, Chan E, Ekland J. et al. Mortality from pulmonary embolism in the United States: 1962 to 1984. Chest 1990; 98: 1067-1072
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Brandjes DP M, Heijboer H, Buller HR. et al. Acenocoumarol and heparin compared with acenocoumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximal- vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1485-1489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Bentley PG, Kakkar VV, Scully MF. et al. An objective study of alternative methods of heparin administration. Thromb Res 1980; 18: 177-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Wilson JR, Lampman J. Heparin therapy: a randomized prospective study. Am Heart J 1979; 97: 155-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Andersson G, Fagrell B, Holmgren K. et al. Subcutaneous administration of heparin. A randomized comparison with intravenous administration of heparin to patients with deep vein thrombosis Thromb Res 1982; 27: 631-639
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J. et al. Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal vein thrombosis. New Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1109-1114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Doyle DJ, Turpie AG G, Hirsh J. et al. Adjusted subcutaneous heparin or continuous intravenous heparin in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 441-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Walker MC, Shaw JW, Thomson GJ L. et al. Subcutaneous calcium heparin versus intravenous sodium heparin in treatment of established acute deep vein thrombosis of the legs: a multicentre prospective randomized trial. Brit Med J 1987; 294: 1189-1192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Pini M, Pattacini C, Quintavalla R. et al. Subcutaneous vs intravenous heparin in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis - A randomized clinical trial. Thromb Haemost 1990; 64: 222-226
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Salzman EW, Deykin D, Mayer ShapiroR, Rosenberg R. Management of heparin therapy: controlled prospective trial. New Engl J Med 1975; 292: 1046-1050
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Glazier RL, Crowell EB. Randomized prospective trial of continuous vs intermittent heparin therapy. JAMA 1976; 236: 1365-1367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Wilson JE, Bynum LJ, Parkey RW. Heparin therapy in venous thromboembolism. Am J Med 1981; 70: 808vl6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Hirsh HeparinJ. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1565-1574
    CrossrefPubMed
  • 21 Cruickshank MK, Levine MN, Hirsh J. et al. A standard heparin nomogram for the management of heparin therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 333-337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Young E, Prins MH, Levine MN, Hirsh J. Heparin binding to plasma proteins. An important mechanism forheparin resistance Thromb Haemost 1992; 67: 639-643
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Basu D, Gallus A, Hirsh J, Cade J. A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time. New Engl J Med 1972; 287: 325-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M. et al. A randomized trial comparing the activated partial thromboplastin time with the heparin assay to monitor heparin therapy in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin. Thromb Haemost 1993; 69: 1122 (abstract)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Gallus A, Jackaman J, Tillet J. et al. Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986; 2: 1293-1296
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D. et al. Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1260-1266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Handeland GF, Abildgaard U, Holm HA, Amesen KE. Dyose adjusted heparin treatment of deep venous thrombosis: A comparison of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 39: 107-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Oxman AD. Checklist for review articles. BrMed J 1994; 309: 648-651
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Lopaciuk S, Meissner AJ, Filipecki S. et al. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin versus subcutaneous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosi s: a Polish multicenter trial. Thromb Haemost 1992; 68: 14-18
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Simonneau G, Charbonnier B, Decousus H. et al. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of proximal vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1541-1546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lindmaiker P, Holmstrom M, Granqvist S. et al. Comparison of once-daily subcutaneous Fragmin with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 186-190
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lensing AW A, Prins MH, Davidson BL, Hirsh J. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis with low molecular weight heparins, A Meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. (in press)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Hirsh J, Levine MN. Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992; 79: 1-17
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Alhenc-Gelas M, Hestin le, Guemic C, Vitoux JF. et al. Adjusted versus fixed doses of low molecular weight heparin Fragmin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 698-702
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Davies JJ, Merick MV, Sharp AA, Holt JM. A controlled trial of ancrod and heparin in treatment of deep vein thrombosis of lower limb. Lancet 1972; i: 113-115
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Sharp AA, Warren BA, Raxton AM. et al. Anticoagulant therapy with a purified fraction of Malayan pit viper venom. Lancet 1968; i: 493-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Robertson BR, Nilsson IM, Nylander GM. Value of streptokinase and heparin in treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. A coded investigation Acta Chir Scand 1968; 136: 203-208
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Porter JM, Seaman AJ, Common HH. et al. Comparison of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of venous thrombosis. Am Surg 1975; 41: 511-519
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Goldhaber SZ, Buring JE, Lipnick RJ, Hennekens CH. Pooled analysis of randomized trials of streptokinase and heparin in phlebographically documented acute deep vein thrombosis. Am J Med 1984; 76: 393-397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 OMeara JJ, McNut RA, Evans AT. et al. A decision analysis of a streptokinase plus heparin as compared with heparin alone for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 117-123
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Goldhaber SZ, Polak JF, Feldstein ML. et al. Efficacy and safety of repeated boluses of urokinase in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Am J Card 1994; 73: 75-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Becker DM, Philbrick IT, Selby B. Inferior vena cava filters. Indications, safety, effectiveness Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1985-1994
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Dorfman GS. Percutaneous inferior vena cava filters. Radiology 1990; 174: 987-992
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Calligato KD, Bergen WS, Haur MJ. et al. Thromboembolic complications in patients with advanced cancer, anticoagulation versus Greenfield filter placement. Ann Vase Surg 1991; 5: 186-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Plate G, Einarsson E, Ohlin P. et al. Thrombectomy with temporary arteriovenous fistula: the treatment of choice in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. J Vase Surg 1984; 1: 867-876
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Lagerstedt Cl, Olsson CG, Fagher BO. et al. Need forlong-teim anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1985; 11: 515-518
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E. et al. Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 855-858
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Coon WW, Willis PW. Recurrence of venous thromboembolism. Surg 1973; 73: 823-827
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Holmgren K, Andersson G, Fagrell B. et al. One month versus six month therapy with oral anticoagulants after symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med Scand 1985; 218: 279-284
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Schulman S, Lockner D, Juhlin-Danfelt A. The duration of oral anticoagulant treatment after deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med Scand 1985; 217: 547-552
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M. et al. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1993; 69: 982 (Abstrac)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anti coagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992; 340: 873-876
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Sarasin FP, Bounameaux H. Duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after proximal deep vein thrombosis: a decision analysis. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 286-291
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hull R, Delmore T, Carter C. et al. Adjusted subcutaneous heparin versus warfarin sodium in the long-terni treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 189-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Pini M, Aiello S, Manotti C. et al. Low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of recurrences after deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 191-197
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Monreal M, Lafoz E, Olive A. et al. Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications for coumarin. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 7-11
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Hull R, Hirsh J, Carter C. et al. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy of proximal vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1676-1681
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Thery C, Simmonneau G, Meyer G. et al. Randomized trial of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin CY216 (Fraxiparine) compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin in the curative treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism A dose-ranging study. Circulation 1992; 85: 1380-1389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Pulmonary Embolism. Trial: a national cooperative study. Circulation 1973; 47: 7-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Tibutt DA, Davies JA, Anderson JA. et al. Comparison by controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in treatment of life-threatening pulmonary emoblism. Brit Med J 1974; 1: 343-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Ly B, Amesen H, Eie H, Hoi R. A controlled trial of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of major pulmonary embolism. Acta Med Scand 1978; 203: 465-470
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Levine M, Hirsh J, Weitz J. et al. A randomized trial of a single bolus dosage regimen of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute pulmonary embplism. Chest 1990; 98: 1473-1478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Sharma CR K, Burleson VA, Sasahara AA. Effect of thrombolytic therapy on pulmonary capillary blood volume in patients with pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 842-845
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Goldhaber SZ, Haire WD, Feldstein ML. et al. Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: randomized trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusions. Lancet 1993; 341: 507-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Meyer G, Tamisier D, Sors H. et al. Pulmonary embolectomy: a 20-year experience at one centre. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 232-236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Gray HH, Morgan JM, Paneth M, Miller GA M. Pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism: an analysis of 71 cases. Brit Heart J 1988; 60: 196-200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Miller GA H, Hall RJ C, Paneth M. Pulmonary embolectomy, heparin and streptokinase: their place in the treatment of acute massive pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 1972; 93: 568-574
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Lund O, Nielsen TT, Ronne K, Schifter S. Pulmonary embolism: long-term follow-up after treatment with full-dose heparin, streptokinase or embolectomy. Acta Med Scand 1987; 221: 61-71
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Gulba DC, Schmid CS, Borst HG. et al. Medical compared with surgical treatment for massive pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1994; 343: 576-577
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Greenfield LJ. Catheter embolectomy. Chest 1991; 100: 593-594
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Timsit JF, Reynaud P, Meyer G, Sors H. Pulmonary embolectomy by catheter device in massive pulmonary embolism. Chest 1991; 100: 655-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Brady AJ B, Crake T, Oakly CM. Percutanuous catheter fragmentation and distal dipersion of proximal pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1991; 338: 1186-1189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Essop MR, Middlemost S, Skoularigis J, Sareli P. Simultaneous mechanical clot fragmentation and pharmacologic thrombolysis in acute massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 427-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Lensing AW A, Prins M, Koopman MM W, Biiller HR. Which heparin for proximal deep-vein thrombosis?. Lancet 1992; 340: 311-312
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Green D, Hull RD, Brant R, Pineo GF. Lower mortality in cancer patients treated with low-molecular-weight versus standard heparin. Lancet 1992; 339: 1476
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Palareti G, Legnani C, Guazzaloca M. et al. Activation of blood coagulation after abrupt or stepwise withdrawal of oral anticoagulant - A prospective study. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 222-226
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar