Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents Thromb Haemost 1995; 74(01): 329-337DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642698 Symposium Antiphospholipid Antibodies Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart Protean Clinical Presentation of Antiphospholipid-Protein Antibodies (APA) Douglas A Triplett School of Medicine, Indiana University, Muncie, IN, USA › Author Affiliations Recommend Article Abstract PDF Download Buy Article PDF (609 kb) References References 1 Alarcon-Segovia D, Sanchez-Guerrero J. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 482-488 2 Triplett DA. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies: laboratory detection and clinical relevance. Thromb Res. (in press) 3 Love PE, Santoro SA. Antiphospholipid antibodies; Anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non- SLE disorders. Ann Int Med 1990; 112: 682-698 4 Wassermann A, Neisser A, Brack C. Eine serodiagnostische reaktion bei syphilis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1906; 32: 745-746 5 Pangbom MC. A new serologically active phospholipid from beef heart. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1941; 48: 484-486 6 Davis BD. Biologic false positive serologic tests for syphilis. Medicine 1944; 23: 359-414 7 Arthur RD, Hale JM. Biologic false positive tests for syphilis associated with routine army immunization. Mil Surg 1943; 92: 53 8 Moore JE, Mohr CF. Biologically false positive serologic tests for syphilis. JAMA 1952; 150: 467-473 9 Moore JE, Lutz WB. The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false-positive reactions. J Chronic Dis 1955; 1: 297-316 10 Catterall RD. Collagen disease and chronic biologic false positive phenomenon. Quart J Med 1961; 30: 41-55 11 Fiumara NJ. Biologic false-positive reaction to syphilis. N Engl J Med 1963; 268: 402-405 12 Conley CL, Hartmann RC. A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulants in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus. J Lab Clin Invest 1952; 31: 621-622 13 Bowie EJ W, Thompson JH, Pascuzzi CA, Owen CA. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J Lab Clin Med 1963; 62: 416-430 14 Feinstein DI, Rapaport SI. Acquired inhibitors of blood coagulation. Prog Hemost Thromb 1972; 1: 75-95 15 Triplett DA, Brandt JT. Lupus anticoagulants: misnomer, paradox, riddle, epiphenomenon. Hematol Pathol 1988; 2: 121-143 16 Small P. Severe hemorrhage in a patient with circulating anticoagulant acquired hypoprothrombinemia and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 1210-1211 17 Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, Patel BM, Macworth-Young CG, Loizou S, Hughes GR. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1983; 2: 1211-1214 18 Triplett DA, Brandt JT, Musgrave KA, Orr C. Relationship between lupus anticoagulants and antibodies to phospholipids. JAMA 1988; 259: 550-554 19 Exner T, Sahman N, Trudinger B. Separation of anticardiolipin antibodies from lupus anticoagulant on a phospholipid-coated polystyrene column. Biochem Biophysic Res Commun 1988; 155: 1001-1007 20 McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Anticardiolipin antibodies aqd lupus anticoagulants comprise antibody subgroups with different phospholipid binding characteristics. Br J Haematol 1989; 73: 506-513 21 Galli M, Comfurius P, Barbui T, Zwall RF A, Bevers EM. Anticoagulant activity of B2Glycoprotein I is potentiated by a distinct subgroup of anticardiolipin antibodies. Thromb Haemost 1992; 68: 297-300 22 McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid binding inhibitor of coagulation: 2 Glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4120-4124 23 Galli M, Comfurius P, Maassen C, Hemker HC, DeBaets MH, Van Breda-Vriesman PJ C, Barbui T, Zwaal RF A, Bevers EM. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma cofactor. Lancet 1990; 335: 1544-1547 24 Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Fujimoto M, Ichikawa K, Koike T. Anticardiolipin cofactor(s) and differential diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Lancet 1990; 336: 177-178 25 Schultze HE, Heide K, Haupt H. Uber einbisher unbekanntes niedeimole kulares 2 globulin des human serums. Naturwissen Schaften 1961; 48: 719 26 Kato H, Enjyoji K. Amino acid sequence and location of the disulfide bonds in bovine Beta 2 glycoprotein I; the presence of five sushi domains. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 11687-11694 27 Lee NS, Brewer HB, Osborne JC J. Beta 2 glycoprotein I. Molecular properties of an unusual apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein H. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 4765-4770 28 Roubey RA S. Autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding plasma proteins: a new view of lupus anticoagulants and other “antiphospholipid” autoantibodies. Blood 1994; 84: 2854-2867 29 Arvieux I, Rousiel B, Jacob MC, Colomb MG. Measurement of antiphospholipid antibodies by ELISA using 2 glycoprotein I as an antigen. J Immunol Methods 1991; 143: 223-229 30 Ichikawa K, Khamashta MA, Koike T, Matsuura E, Hughes GR V. 2 Glycoprotein I reactivity of monoclonal anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1453-1461 31 Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Yasuda T, Triplett DA, Koike T. Anticardiolipin antibodies recognize B2 glycoprotein I structure altered to interact with an oxygen modified solid phase surface. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 457-462 32 Kandiah DA, Krilis SA. B2 glycoprotein I. Lupus 1994; 3: 207-212 33 Bevers EM, Galli M, Barbui T, Comfurius P, Zwaal RF A. Lupus anticoagulant IgG’s (LA) are not directed to phospholipids only but to a complex of lipid bound prothrombin. Thromb Haemost 1991; 66: 629-632 34 Hougie C. Naturally occurring species specific inhibitor of human prothrombin in lupus erythematosus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1964; 116: 359-361 35 Clyne LP, Honig CL, Dainiak N. Correction of clotting factor “deficiencies” in plasma from patients with lupus-like anticoagulant. Thromb Haemost 1984; 51: 317-320 36 Clyne L. Species specificity of lupus-like anticoagulant. Blut 1986; 53: 287-292 37 Oosting JD, Deiksen RH W M, Bobbick IW G, Hackeng TM, Bouma BN, DeGroot PG. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C or protein S. An explanation for their pathogenic mechanism Blood 1993; 81: 2618-2625 38 Matsuda J, Gotoh M, Saith M, Gohchi K, Tsukamoto M, Yamamoto T. Anti-annexin antibody in the sera of patients with habitual fetal loss or preeclampsia. Thromb Res 1994; 75: 105-106 39 Matsuda J, Saitoh N, Gohchi K, Gotoh M, Tsukamoto M. Anti-annexin V antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus anticoagulant and/or anticardiolipin antibody. Am J Hematol 1994; 47: 56-58 40 DeGroot PG, Oosting JD, Derksen RH W N. Antiphospholipid antibodies: specificity and pathophysiology. Bailliere’s Clin Haematol 1993; 6: 691-709 41 Sugi T, Vanderpuye OA, McIntyre JA. Partial purification of an anti- phosphatidylethanolamine antibody ELISA cofactor. Thromb Haemost. 1993 69. 596-596 (abstract) 42 Sugi T, McIntyre JA. Autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) recognize a kininogen-PE complex. Blood. 1995 (in press) 43 Barquinero J, Ordi-Ros J, Selva A, Perez-Peman P, Vilardell M, Khamashta M. Antibodies against platelet activating factor in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 1993; 3: 55-58 44 Vermylen J, Amout J. Is the antiphospholipid syndrome caused by antibodie s directed against physiologically relevant phospholipid-protein complexes. J Lab Clin Med 1991; 120: 10-12 45 Shi W, Krilis SA, Chong BH, Gordon S, Chesterman CN. Prevalance of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a healthy population. Aust N Z J Med 1990; 20: 231-236 46 Jaeger U, Kapiotis S, Pabinger I, Puchhammer E, Kyrle PA, Lechner K. Transient lupus anticoagulant associated with hypoprothrombinemia and factor XII deficiency following adenovirus infection. Ann Hematol 1993; 67: 95-99 47 Yamazaki M, Asakura H, Kawamura Y, Ohka T, Endo M, Matsuda T. Transient lupus anticoagulant induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1991; 2: 771-774 48 Daroca JC, Gutierrez-Cebollader J, Yazbeck H, Berges A, Rubies-Prat J. Anticardiolipin antibodies and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: prognostic marker or association with HIV infection. Infection 1992; 20: 140-142 49 Al-Saeed A, Makris M, Malia RG, Preston FE, Greaves M. The development of antiphospholipid antibodies in haemophilia is linked to infection with hepatitis C. Br J Haematol 1994; 88: 845-848 50 Rugman FP, Pinn G, Palmer MF, Waite M, Hay CR. Anticardiolipin antibodies in leptospirosis. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 517-519 51 Boey MD, Colaco CB, Gharavi AE, Elkon KB, Loizou S, Hughes GR. Thrombosis in SLE: Striking association with the presence of circulating “lupus anticoagulant". Br Med J 1983; 287: 1021-1023 52 Hughes GR V. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1983; 287: 1088-1089 53 Harris EN. Syndrome of the black swan. Br J Rheumatol 1987; 26: 324-326 54 Exner T, Triplett DA, Tabemer D, Machin SJ. Guidelines for testing and revised criteria for lupus anticoagulants. SSC Subcommittee for Standardization of Lupus Anticoagulants Thromb Haemost 1991; 65: 320-322 55 Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Patel SP, Hughes GR V. Evaluation of the anticardiolipin test: report of a standardized workshop held 4 April 1986. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 68: 215-222 56 Harris EN, Gharavi A, Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR V. Antiphospholipid antibodies -middle aged but robust. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 978-981 (editorial) 57 Asherson RA. A “primary” antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1742-1746 58 Metzer WS, Canoso RT, Newton JE O. Anticardiolipin antibodies in a sample of chronic schizophrenics receiving neuroleptic therapy. S Med J 1994; 87: 190-192 59 Triplett DA. Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis. A consequence, coincidence, or cause Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993; 117: 78-88 60 Alarcon-Segovia D. Clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1778-1781 61 Durant JM, Lefebre P, Kaplanski G, Soubeyrand J. Thrombotic microangiopathy and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J. Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1916-1918 62 Asherson RA. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 508-512 63 Levine SR, Deegan MJ, Futreu N, Welch KM A. Cerebrovascular and neurologic disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: 48 cases. Neurology 1990; 40: 1181-1189 64 Coull BM, Levine SR, Brey RL. The role of antiphospholipid antibodies in stroke. Neurol Clin 1992; 10: 125-143 65 Levine SR, Welch KM A. The spectrum of neurologic disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 873-886 66 Antiphospholipid antibodies in stroke study group clinical and laboratory findings in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1990; 21: 1268-1273 67 Brey RL, Hart RG, Sherman DG, Tegeler CH. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia in young people. Neurology 1990; 40: 1190-1196 68 Nencini P, Baruffi MC, Abbate R, Massai G, Amaducci L, Inizitari D. Lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in young adults with cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1992; 23: 189-193 69 The Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke Study Group (APASS). Anticardiolipin antibodies are an independent risk factor for first ischemic stroke. Neurology 1993; 43: 2069-2073 70 Sneddon IB. Cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis. Br J Dermatol 1965; 77: 180-185 71 Levine SR, Langer SL, Albers JW, Welch KM A. Sneddon’s syndrome: an antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Neurology 1988; 38: 798-800 72 Montalban J, Ordi J, Barquinero J, Vilardeu M. Sneddon’s syndrome and anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 1988; 19: 786-787 (letter) 73 Levine SR, Brey RL, Joseph CM L, Havstad S. Risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in patients with focal cerebral ischemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Stroke 1992; 23: 29-32 74 Triplett DA. Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 20: 52-67 75 Asherson RA, Cervera R. “Primary”, “secondary” and other variants of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1994; 3: 293-298 76 James PR J. Medical perspective antiphospholipid antibodies, thrombosis and atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a unifying “membrane stress syndrome” hypothesis. Lupus 1994; 3: 371 77 Andrews PA, Frampton G, Cameron JS. Antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1993; 342: 988-989 78 Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Hegde U, Derue G, Morgan SH, Englert H, Chan JK, Asherson RA, Hughes GR V. Anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1985; 59: 231-234 79 Out HJ, DeGroot PG, Van Vliet M, DeGast GC, Nieuwenhuis HK, Derksen RH. Antibodies to platelets in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Blood 1991; 77: 2655-2659 80 Vianna JL, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, Font J, Cervera R, Lopez-Soto A, Tolosa C, Franz J, Selva A, Ingelmo M, Vilardell M, Hughes GR V. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicentre study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3-9 81 Ginsburg KS, Liang MH, Newcomer L, Goldhaber SZ, Schur PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 997-1002 82 Morton KE, Gavahan TP, Krilis SA, Daggard GE, Baron DW, Hickie JB. Coronary artery bypass graft failure - an autoimmune phenomenon. Lancet 1986; 2: 1353-1357 83 Yilmaz E, Adalet K, Yilmaz G, Badur S, Erzengin F, Koylan N, Ozsaruhan O, Ertem G, Buyukozturk K. Importance of serum anticardiolipin antibody levels in coronary heart disease. Clin Cardiol 1994; 17: 117-121 84 Sletnes KE, Smith P, Abdelnoor M, Amesen H, Wisloff F. Antiphospholipid antibodies after myocardial infarction and their relation to mortality, reinfarction and non-haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1992; 339: 451-453 85 Taylor LM, Chitwood RW, Dalman RL, Sexton G, Goodnight SH, Porter JM. Antiphospholipid antibodies in vascular surgery patients. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 544-551 86 Vaarala O, Salo E, Pelkonen P, Palosuo T, Aho K. Anticardiolipin response in Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990; 79: 804-809 87 Ginsberg JS, Demers C, Brill-Edwards P, Johnston M, Bona R, Burrows RF, Weitz J, Denburg JA. Increased thrombin generation and activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and anticardiolipin antibodies: evidence for a prothrombotic state. Blood 1993; 81: 2958-2963 88 Ferro D, Quintarelli C, Valesini G, Violi F. Lupus anticoagulant and increased thrombin generation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood 1993; 82: 304 89 Derksen RH W N, Hasselaar P, Blokzijl L, Frits HJ, Meyling G, De Groot PG. Coagulation screen is more specific than the anticardiolipin antibody ELISA in defining a thrombotic subset of lupus patients. Ann Rheumatol Dis 1988; 47: 364-371 90 Nakase T, Wada H, Minamikawa K, Wakita Y, Shimura M, Hiroyama K, Tamaki S, Shirakawa S, Deguchi K, Nisioku J, Hayashi T, Suzuki K. Increased activated protein C - protein C inhibitor complex level in patients positive for lupus anticoagulant. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994; 5: 173-177 91 Carreras LO, Defreyn G, Machin SJ, Veimylen J, Deman R, Spitz B, Van Assche A. Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and “lupus” anticoagulant: detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1981; 1: 244-246 92 Carreras LO, Maclouf J. The lupus anticoagulant and Eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent fatty Acids 1993 49: 483-488 93 Schorer AE, Wickham NW R, Watson KV. Lupus anticoagulant induces a selective defect in thrombin mediated endothelial prostacyclin release and platelet aggregation. Br J Haematol 1989; 71: 399-407 94 Watson KV, Schorer AE. Lupus anticoagulant inhibition of in vitro porstacyclin release is associated with thrombosis prone subset of patients. Am J Med 1991; 90: 47-53 95 Schorer AE, Duane PG, Woods VL, Niewoehner DE. Some antiphospholipid antibodies inhibit phospholipase A2 activity. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 120: 67-77 96 Walker TS, Triplett DA, Javed N, Musgrave K. Evaluation of lupus anticoagulants: antiphospholipid antibodies, endothelium associated immunoglobulin, endothelial prostacyclin secretion, and antigenic protein S levels. Thromb Res 1988; 51: 267-281 97 Petraiuolo W, Bovill EG, Hoak J. The lupus anticoagulant stimulates the release of prostacyclin from human endothelial cells. Thromb Res 1988; 50: 847-855 98 Carreras LO, Maclouf J. Antiphospholipid antibodies and eicosanoids. Lupus 1994; 3: 271-273 1994 99 Lellouche F, Martinuzzo M, Said P, Maclouf J, Carreras LO. Imbalance of thromboxane/prostacyclin biosynthesis inpatients with lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1991; 78: 2894-2899 100 Rustin MH A, Bull HA, Machin SJ, Isenberg DA, Snaith ML, Dowd PM. Effects of lupus anticoagulant in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on endothelial cells prostacyclin release and procoagulant activity. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90: 744-748 101 Tannenbaum SH, Finko R, Cines DB. Antibody and immune complexes induce tissue factor production by human endothelial cells. J Immunol 1986; 137: 1532-1537 102 Hasselaar P, Derksen RH W N, sting JD, Blokzijl L, DeGroot PG. Synergistic effect of low doses of tumor necrosis factor and sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on the expression of procoagulant activity by cultured endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 1989; 62: 654-660 103 Ryan J, Brett J, Tijburg P, Bach RR, Kisiel W, Stem D. Tumor necrosis factor induced endothelial tissue factor is associated with subendothelial matrix vesicles but is not expressed on the apical surface. Blood 1992; 80: 966-979 104 Brandt JT. The effect of lupus anticoagulant on the expression of tissue factor activity by cultured endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 1991; 65: 673-673 (abstract) 105 Esmon CT. The protein C anticoagulant pathway. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 133-145 106 Comp PC, DeBault LE, Esmon NL, Esmon CT. Human thrombomodulin is inhibited by IgG from two patients with nonspecific anticoagulants. Blood 1983; 62: 299-299 (abstract) 107 Freyssinet JM, Wiesel ML, Gaughy J, Boneu B, Cazenave JP. An IgM lupus anticoagulant that neutralizes the enhancing effect of phospholipid on purified endothelial thrombomodulin activity a mechanism of thrombosis. Thromb Haemostat 1986; 55: 309-313 108 Freyssinet JM, Gauchy J, Cazenave JP. The effect of phospholipids on the activation of protein C by human thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Biochem J 1986; 238: 151-157 109 Marciniak E, Romond EH. Impaired catalytic function of activated protein C; a new in vitro manifestation of lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1989; 74: 2426-2432 110 Smirnov MD, Triplett DA, Comp PC, Esmon NL, Esmon CT. On the role of phosphatidylethanolamine in the inhibition of activated protein C activity by antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 309-316 111 LeRoux G, Wautier PM, Guillevin L, Wautier JL. IgG binding to endothelial cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Thromb Haemost 1986; 56: 144-146 112 Hasselaar P, Derksen RH W N, Blokzijl L, DeGroot PG. Cross reactivity of antibodies directed against cardiolipin, DNA, endothelial cells and blood platelets. Thromb Haemost 1990; 63: 169-173 113 Cines DB, Tomask A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial cell injury in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 581-589 114 Shibata S, Harpel PC, Gharavi A, Rand J, Fillit H. Autoantibodies to heparin from patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome inhibits formation of antithrombin III- thrombin complexes. Blood 1994; 83: 2532-2540 115 Angles-Cano E, Sultan Y, Clauvel JP. Predisposing factors to thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: possible relation to endothelial damage. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94: 317-323 116 Awada H, Barlowatz-Meimon G, Dougados M, Maisonneuve P, Sultan Y, Amor B. Fibrinolysis abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus and their relation to vasculitis. J Lab Clin Med 1988; 111: 229-236 117 Martinuzzzo ME, Maclouf J, Carreras LO, Levy Toledano S. Antiphospholipid antibodies enhance thrombin induced platelet activation and thromboxane formation. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 667-671 118 Lellouche F, Martinuzzo M, Said P, Maclouf J, Carreras LO. Imbalance of thromboxane/prostacyclin biosynthesis in patients with lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1991; 78: 2894-2899 119 Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Fujimoto M, Ichikawa K, Suzuki T, Sumida T, Yasuda T, Koike T. Heterogeneity of anticardiolipin antibodies defined by the anticardiolipin cofactor. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3885-3891 120 Matsuda J, Saitoh N, Gotchi K, Gotoh M, Isukamoto M. Distinguishing 2 glycoprotein I dependent (systemic lupus erythematosus type) and independent (syphilis type) anticardiolipin antibody with tween 20. Br J Haematol 1993; 85: 799-802 121 Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM. Beta2 glycoprotein I (apo-H) inhibits the release reaction of human platelets during ADP-induced aggregation. Atherosclerosis 1987; 63: 109-114 122 Viard JP, Amoura Z, Bach JF. Anti-B2 Glycoprotein-I antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus - a marker of thrombosis associated with lupus anticoagulant activity. C R Acad Sci [III] 1991; 313: 607-612 123 Shi W, Chong BH, Hogg PJ, Chesterman CN. Anticardiolipin antibodies block the inhibition of 2 GPI of the factor Xa generating activity of platelets. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 342-345 124 Oostmg JD, Derksen RH W N, Entjes HT I, Bouma BN, DeGroot PG. Lupus anticoagulant activity is frequently dependent on the presence of B2 Glycoprotein I. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67: 499-502 125 Schved JF, Gris JC, Ollivier V, Wautier JL, Tobelem G, Caen J. Procoagulant activity of endotoxin on TNF acitvated monocytes is enhanced by IgG from patients with lupus anticoauglant. Am J Hematol 1992; 41: 92-96 126 Miletich JP, Prescott SM, White R, Majeras PW, Bovill EG. Inherited predisposition to thrombosis. Cell 1993; 72: 477-480 127 Dahlback B. Inherited resistance to activated protein C, a major cause of venous thrombosis, is due to a mutation in the factor V gene. Haemostasis 1994; 24: 139-151 128 Koster T, Rosendaal FR, DeRonde H, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Bertina RM. Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: Leiden Thrombophilia Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1503-1506 129 Dahlback B. Inherited thrombophilia: resistance to activated protein Casa pathogenic factor of venous thromboembolism. Blood 1995; 85: 607-614 130 Manoussakis MN, Tzioufas G, Silis MP, Pange PJ E, Goudevenos J, Moutsopoulas HM. High prevalence of anticardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 69: 557-565 131 Rosove MH, Brewer PM C. Antiphospholipid thrombosis clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 303-308 132 Piette JC. Prevention of recurrent thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1994; 3: 73-74 (editorial) 133 Derksen RH W N, DeGroot PG, Kater L, Niewenhuis HK. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thrombosis should receive long term anticoagulant treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52: 689-692 134 Silveira LH, Hubble CL, Jara LJ, Saway S, Martinez-Osuna P, Seleznick MJ, Angel J, O’Brien W, Espinoza LR. Prevention of anticardiolipin antibody-related pregnancy losses with prednisone and aspirin. Am J Med 1992; 93: 403-411 135 Rosove MH, Tabsh K, Wasserstrum N, Howard P, Hahn BH, Kalunian KC. Heparin therapy for pregnant women with lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 630-634 136 Rivier G, Herranz MT, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR V. Thrombosis and antiphospholipid syndrome: a preliminaiy assessment of three antithrombotic treatments. Lupus 1994; 3: 85-90 137 Cowchock ES, Reece EA, Balbaban D, Branch DW, Ploutte L. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1318-1323 138 Parke A. The role of IVIG in the managements of patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy losses. IN: IVIG Therapy Today. Ballow M. eds. The Humana Press Inc; Totowa, NJ: 1992. pp 105-118
