Thromb Haemost 1995; 74(01): 382-386
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642707
Symposium
Thrombi as a Target of Therapy
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

Lipoprotein(a), Plasmin Modulation, and Atherogenesis

Peter C Harpel
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
,
Anita Hermann
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
,
Xiaoxia Zhang
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
,
Iris Ostfeld
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
,
Wolfgang Borth
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
09 July 2018 (online)

 
  • References

  • 1 Gaubatz JW, Chari MV, Nava ML, Guyton JR, Morrisett JD. Isolation and characterization of the two major apoproteins in human lipoprotein(a. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 69-79
  • 2 Hess GM, ZumMallen ME, Scanu AM. Physicochemical properties of apolipoprotein (a) and lipoprotein (a) derived from the dissociation of human plasma lipoprotein (a). . J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 8712-8718
  • 3 Laplaud PM, Beaubatie I, Rail Jr. SC, Luc G, Saboureau M. Lipoprotein (a) is the major apo B-containing lipoprotein in the plasma of a hibemator, the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 1157-1170
  • 4 Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Plasma lipoproteins: teaching old dogmas new tricks. . Nature (Lond) 1987; 330: 113-114
  • 5 Armstrong VW, Cremer P, Eberle E, Manke A, Schulze F, Wieland H, Dreuzer H, Seidel K. The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis: dependence on serum LDL levels. . Atherosclerosis 1986; 62: 249-257
  • 6 Dahlen GH, Guyton JR, Attar M, Farmer JA, Kautz JA, Gotto AM. Association of levels of lipoprotein Lp(a), plasma lipids, and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography. . Circulation 1986; 74: 758-765
  • 7 Hoff HF, Beck GJ, Skibinsik Cl, Jurgens G, O’Neil JA, Kramer J, Lytle B. Serum Lp(a) level as a predictor of vein graft stenosis after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients. . Circulation 1988; 77: 1238-1244
  • 8 Heam JA, Donohue BC, Ba’albaki H, Douglas JS, King III SB, Lembo NJ, Roubin GS, Sgoutas DS. Usefulness of serum lipoprotein (a) as a predictor of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. . Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 736-739
  • 9 Molitemo DJ, Lange RA, Meidell RS, Willard JE, Leffert CC, Gerard RD, Boerwinkle E, Hobbs HH, Hillis LD. Relation of plasma lipoprotein(a) to infarct patency in survivors of myocardial infarction. . Circulation 1993; 88: 935-940
  • 10 Koudy JW, Bellinger DA, Nichols TC, Griggs RT, Bumol TF, Fouts RS, Clarkson TB. Occlusive arterial thrombosis in cynomolgus monkeys with varying plasma concentrations of iipoprotein(a). . Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1993; 13: 548-554
  • 11 Rhoads GC, Dahlen G, Berg K, Morton NE, Dannenberg AL. Lp(a) lipoprotein as a riskfactorformyocardial infarction. . JAMA 1986; 256: 2540-2544
  • 12 Hoefler G, Harnoncourt R, Paschke E, Mini W, Pfeiffer KH, Kostner GM. Lipoprotein Lp(a): A risk factor for myocardial infarction. . Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 398-401
  • 13 Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Eriksson E, Risberg B, Wedel H. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease: a prospective case-control study in a general population sample of middle aged men. . Br Med J 1990; 301: 1248-1251
  • 14 Sandkamp M, Funke H, Schulte H, Kohler E, Assman G. Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction at a young age. . Clin Chem 1990; 36: 20-23
  • 15 Genest JJ, Jenner JL, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Silberman SR, Wilson P WF, Schaefer EJ. Prevalence of lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)] excess in coronary artery disease. . Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 1039-1045
  • 16 Jauhiainen M, Koskinen P, Ehnholm C, Frick MH, Manttari M, Manninen V, Huttunen JK. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease risk. A nested case-control study of the Helsinki Heart Study participants. . Atherosclerosis 1991; 89: 59-67
  • 17 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of lipoprotein(a)andthe risk of myocardial infarction. . JAMA 1993; 270: 2195-2199
  • 18 Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Jenner JL, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Davis CE, Abolafia JM, Lippel K, Levy RI. Lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of coronary heart disease in men. . JAMA 1994; 271: 999-1003
  • 19 Seed M, Hoppichler F, Reaveley D, McCarthy S, Thompson GR, Boerwinkle E, Utermann G. Relation of serum lipoprotein(a) concentration and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype to coronary heart disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia . New Eng J Med 1990; 322: 1494-1499
  • 20 Shandholzer C, Saha N, Kark JD, Rees A, Jaross W, Dieplinger H, Hoppichler F, Boerwinkle E, Utermann G. Apo(a) isofoims predict risk for coronary heart disease. A study in six populations. . Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1992; 12: 1214-1226
  • 21 Farrer M, Game FL, Albers CJ, Neil AW, Winocour PH, Laker MF, Adams PC, Alberti G MM. Coronary artery disease is associated with increased lipoprotein(a) concentrations independent of the size of circulating apolipoprotein(a) isoforms . Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1272-1283
  • 22 Jurgens G, Koltringer P. Lipoprotein(a) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease: A new approach to the assessment of risk for stroke. . Neurology 1987; 37: 513-515
  • 23 Woo J, Lau E, Lam C WK, Kay R, Teoh R, Wong HY, Prall WY, Kreel L, Nicholls MG, Hypertensi on. lipoprotein(a), and apolipoprotein A-I as risk factors for stroke in the Chinese. . Stroke 1991; 22: 203-208
  • 24 Schreiner PJ, Morrisett JD, Sharrett AR, Patsch W, Tyroler HA, Wu K, Heiss G. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for preclinical atherosclerosis. . Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1993; 13: 826-833
  • 25 Sorensen KE, Celennajer DS, Georgakopoulos D, Hatcher G, Betteridge DJ, Deanfield JE. Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and is related to the lipoprotein(a) level. . J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 50-55
  • 26 Eaton DL, Hess GM, Kohr WJ, McLean JW, Xu Q, Miller CG, Lawn RM, Scanu AM. Partial amino acid sequence of apolipoprotein (a) shows that it is homologous to plasminogen. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 3224-3228
  • 27 McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, Scanu AM, Lawn RM. cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen. . Nature 1987; 330: 132-137
  • 28 Scanu AM, Fless GM. Lipoprotein (a). Heterogeneity and biological relevance. . J din Invest 1990; 85: 1709-1715
  • 29 Marcovina SM, Zhang ZH, Gaur VP, Albers JJ. Identification of 34 apolipoprotein(a) isoforms: differential expression of apolipoprotein(a) alleles between American Blacks and Whites. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 191: 1192-1196
  • 30 Lackner C, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Molecular definition of the extreme size polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a). . Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2: 933-940
  • 31 Berg K. Twin research in coronary heart disease. In: Gedda L, Parisi P, Nance WE. eds. Twin Research 3:Epidemiological and Clinical Studies.. 0ew York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1981: 117-130
  • 32 Lamon-Fava S, Jimenez D, Christian JC. The NHLBI twin study: heritability of apolipoprotein A-i, B, and low density lipoprotein subclasses and concordance forlipoprotein(a). . Atherosclerosis 1991; 91: 97-106
  • 33 Gavish D, Azrolan N, Breslow JL. Plasma Lp(a) concentration is inversely correlated with ratio of kringle IV/kringle V encoding domains in the apo(a) gene. . J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 4171-4174
  • 34 Gaubatz JW, Ghanem HI, Guevara JJ, Nava ML, Patsch W, Morrisett JD. Polymorphic forms of human apolipopiotein(a): inheritance and relationship of their molecular weights to plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) . J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 603-613
  • 35 Wilcken D EL, Wang XL, Greenwood J. Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoproteins B and A-l in children and coronary vascular events in their grandparents. . J Pediatr 1993; 123: 519-526
  • 36 Cushing GL, Gaubatz JW, Nava ML, Burdick BJ, Bocan TM A, Guyton JR, Weilbaecher D, DeBakey ME, Lawrie GM, Morrisett JD. Quantitation and localization of apolipoproteins(a) and B in coronary artery bypass vein grafts resected at re-operation. . Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 593-603
  • 37 Rath M, Niendorf A, Reblin T, Dietel M, Krebber H, Beisiegel U. Detection and quantification of lipoprotein(a) in the arterial wall of 107 coronaiy bypass patients. . Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 579-592
  • 38 Pepin JM, O’Neil JA, Hoff HF. Quantification of apo(a) and apoB inhuman atherosclerotic lesions. . J Lipid Research 1991; 32: 317-327
  • 39 Harpel PC, Gordon BR, Parker TS. Plasmin catalyzes binding of lipoprotein (a) to immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 3847-3851
  • 40 Loscalzo J, Weinfeld M, Fless GM, Scanu AM. Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. . Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 240-245
  • 41 Rouy D, Grailhe P, Nigon F, Chapman J, Angles-Cano E. Lipoprotein(a) impairs generation of plasmin by fibrin-bound tissue-type plasminogen activator. Invitro studies in a plasma milieu. . Arteriosclerosis andThrombosis 1991; 11: 629-638
  • 42 Suenson E, Lutzen O, Thorsen S. Initial plasmin-degradation of fibrin as the basis of a positive feed-back mechanism in fibrinolysis . Eur J Biochem 1984; 140: 513-522
  • 43 Harpel PC, Chang T, Verderber E. Tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase mediate the binding of glu-plasminogen to plasma fibrin I. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 4432-4440
  • 44 Tran-Thang C, Kruithof EK O, Bachman F. Tissue-type plasminogen activator increases the binding of glu-plasminogen to clots. . J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 2009-2016
  • 45 Smith EB, Crosbie L. Does lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) compete with plasminogen inhuman atherosclerotic lesions and thrombi . Atherosclerosis 1991; 89: 127-136
  • 46 Smith EB, Cochran S. Factors influencing the accumulation in fibrous plaques of lipid derived from low density lipoprotein. II. Preferential immobilization of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). Atherosclerosis 1990; 84: 173-181
  • 47 Mudd SH, Levy HL, Skovby F. Disorders of transsulfuration. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D. eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. 6th ed.; new york: McGraw-Hill: 1989: 693-734
  • 48 Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, Newcomer LM, Upson B, Ullmann D, Tishler PV, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. . JAMA 1992; 268: 877-881
  • 49 Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Cahalane S, Fowler TJ, Graham I. Hypeihomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. . N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1149-1155
  • 50 Tsai J, Perrella MA, Yoshizumi M, Hsieh C, Haber E, Schelgel R, Lee M. Promotion of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by homocysteine: a link to atherosclerosis. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 6369-6373
  • 51 Di Minno G, Davi G, Margaglione M, Cirill oR, Grandone E, Ciabattoni G, Catalano IS P, Andria G, Patrono C, Mancini M. Abnoimally high thromboxane biosynthesis in homozygous homocystinuria. . J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1400-1406
  • 52 Fryer RH, Wilson BD, Gubler DB, Fitzgerald LA, Rodgers GM. Homocysteine,a riskfactorforpremature vascular disease and thrombosis, induces tissue factor activity in endothelial cells. . Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1327-1333
  • 53 Hajjar KA. Homocysteine-induced modulation of tissue plasminogen activator binding to its endothelial cell membrane receptor. . J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2873-2879
  • 54 Lentz SR, Sadler JE. Inhibition of thrombomodulin surface expression and protein C activation by the thrombogenic agent homocysteine. . J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1906-1914
  • 55 Haipel PC, Chang VT, Borth W. Homocysteine and other sulfhydryl compounds enhance the binding of lipoprotein (a) to fibrin: a potential biochemical link between thrombosis, atherogenesis and sulfhydryl compound metabolisem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 10193-10197
  • 56 Harpel PC, Borth W. Homocysteine enhances the binding of Lp(a) to cross- linked high molecular weight fibrin degradation products: further support for a link between thrombosis, atherogenesis and sulfhydryl compound metabolism . Circulation 1992; 86 Abs 1341
  • 57 Hermann A, Borth W, Harpel PC. Oxidation of lipoprotein(a) inhibits binding to lysine-Seph arose and fibrin in association with loss of tryptophan. Circulation. 1994 90. Part 2 I-624
  • 58 Niki E. Free radical initiators as source of water- or lipid-soluble peroxyl radicals . Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 100-108
  • 59 Naruszewicz M, Selinger E, Davignon J. Oxidative modification of lipoprotein(a) and the effect of B-carotene. . Metabolism 1992; 41: 1215-1224
  • 60 Scanu AM, Miles LA, Fless GM, Pfaffinger D, Eisenbart J, Jackson E, Hoover-Plow JL, Brunck T, Plow EF. Rhesus monkey lipoprotein(a) binds to lysine sepharose and U937 trnonocytoid cells less efficiently than human lipoprotein(a). . J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 283-291
  • 61 Tomlinson JE, McLean JW, Lawn RM. Rhesus monkey apolipoprotein(a). J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 5957-5965
  • 62 Davies KJ A, Delsignore ME, Lin SW. Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. II. Modification of amino acids. . J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 9902-9907
  • 63 Creed D. The photophysics and photochemistry of the near-UV absorbing amino acids-I. Tryptophan and its simple derivatives. . Photochemistry and Photobiology 1984; 39: 537-562
  • 64 Armstrong VW, Harrach B, Robenek H, Helmhold M, Walli AK, Seidel D. Heterogeneity of human lipoprotein Lp(a): cytochemical and biochemical studies on the interaction of two Lp(a) species with the LDL receptor. . J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 429-441
  • 65 Leerink CB, Duif P, Gimpel JA, Kortlandt W, Bouma BN, van Rijn H JM. Lysine-binding heterogeneity of Lp(a): consequences forfibrin binding and inhibition of plaminogen activation. . Throm Haemostas 1992; 68: 185-188
  • 66 Leerink CB, Gimpel JA, Korlandt W, Bouma BN, van Rijn H JM. Kinetic analysis of lipoprotein (a) inhibition of plasminogen activation by tissue plasminogen activator in vitro. . Fibrinolysis 1991; 5: 233-238
  • 67 Halvorsen S, Skjonsbert OH, Berg K, Ruyter R, Godal HC. Does Lp(a) lipoprotein inhibit the fibrinolytic system . Thromb Res 1992; 68: 223-232
  • 68 Mao S JT, Tucci M, Tucci MI. Lipoprotein(a) enhances plasma clot lysi s in vitro. . FEBS Lett 1990; 267: 131-134
  • 69 Liu J, Harpel PC, Pannell R, Gure wich V. Lipoprotein(a): a kinetic study of its influence on fibrin-dependent plasminogen activation by prourokinase or tissue plasminogen activator . Biochemistry 1993; 32: 9694-9700
  • 70 Liu J, Harpel PC, Gurewich V. Fibrin-bound lipoprotein(a) promotes plasminogen binding but inhibits fibrin degradation by plasmin . Biochemistry 1994; 33: 2554-2560
  • 71 Harpel JG, Metz CN, Kojima S, Rifkin DB. Control of transforming growth factor-beta activity: latency vs. activation . Prog Growth Factor Res 1992; 4: 321-335
  • 72 Rifkin DB, Kojima S, Abe M, Harpel JG. TGF-beta: structure, function, and formation. . Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 177-179
  • 73 Owens GK, Geisterfer AT, Yang YW, Komoriya A. Transforming growth factor-induced growth inhibition and cellular hypertrophy in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. . J Cell Biol 1988; 107: 771-780
  • 74 Lyons RM, Gentry LE, Purchio AF, Moses HL. Mechanism of activation of latent recombinant transforming growth factor B1 by plasmin. . J Cell Biol 1990; 110: 1361-1367
  • 75 Antonelli-Orlidge A, Saunders KB, Smith SR, D’Amore PA. An activated form of transforming growth factor is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 4544-4548
  • 76 Sato Y, Rifkin DB. Inhibition of endothelial cellmovementbypericytes and smooth muscle cells: activation of a latent transforming growth factor 1 -like molecule by plasmin during co-culture . J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 309-315
  • 77 Sato Y, Tsuboi R, Lyons R, Moses H, Rifkin DB. Characterization of the activation of latent TGF- by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self-regulaing system. . J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 757-763
  • 78 Hajjar KA, Gavish D, Breslow JL, Nachman RL. Lipoprotein(a) modulation of endothelial cell surface fibrinolysis and its potential role in atherosclerosis . Nature 1989; 339: 303-305
  • 79 Kojima S, Harpel PC, Rifkin DB. Lipoprotein(a) inhibits the generation of transforming growth factor: an endogenous inhibitor of smooth muscle cell migration. . J Cell Biol 1991; 113: 1439-1445
  • 80 Grainger DJ, Kirschenlohr HL, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg PL, Wade DP, Lawn RM. Proliferation of human smooth muscle cells promoted by lipoprotein(a). . Science 1993; 260: 1655-1658
  • 81 Grainger DJ, Kemp PR, Liu AC, Lawn RM, Metcalfe JC. Activation of transforming growth factor- is inhibited in transgenic apolipoprotein(a) mice. . Nature 1994; 370: 460-462
  • 82 Lawn RM, Wade DP, Hammer RE, Chiesa G, Verstuyft JG, Rubin EM. Atherogenesis in transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein(a). . Nature 1992; 360: 670-672
  • 83 Chiesa G, Hobbs HH, Koschinsky ML, Lawn RM, Maika SD, Hammer RE. Reconstitution of lipoprotein(a) by infusion of human low density lipoprotein into transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein(a) . J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 24369-24374