Download PDF
Thromb Haemost 1995; 74(01): 541-551
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642736
Symposium
Restenosis
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

Assessment of Factors Important in Atherosclerotic Occlusion and Restenosis

Stephen M Schwartz
Department of Pathology SJ-60University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
,
Michael A Reidy
Department of Pathology SJ-60University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
,
Edward R M O’Brien
Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa, Heart Institute Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
09 July 2018 (online)

Also available at
  PDF Download  Permissions and Reprints
 

  • References

  • 1 Essed CD, Brand MV D, Becker AE. Transluminal coronary angioplasty and early restenosis. Br Heart J 1983; 49: 393-396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Austin GE, Ratliff NB, Hollman J, Tabei S, Phillips DF. Intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells as an explanation for recurrent coronary artery stenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6: 369-375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Waller BF, Pinkerton CA, Foster LN. Morphologic evidence of accelerated left main coronary artery stenosis: A late complication of percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of the proximal left anterior descending coronary arteiy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 1019-1023
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Liu MW, Roubin GS, King SB. Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: Potential biologic determinants and role of intimal hyperplasia. Circulation 1989; 79: 1374-1387
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362: 801-813
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclersis – an update. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 488-500
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Gordon D, Reidy MA, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM. Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4600-4604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 MERCATOR Study Group. Does the new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril prevent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1992; 86: 100-110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Folkow B. Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev 1982; 62: 347-504
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Jamal A, Bendeck M, Langille BL. Structural changes and recovery of function after arterial injury. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992; 12: 307-317
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Langille BL, O’Donnell F. Reductions in arterial diameter produced by chronic diseases in blood flow are endothelium-dependent. Science 1986; 231: 405-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Haudenschild CC, Schwartz SM. Endothelial regeneration. II. Restitution of endothelial continuity Lab Invest 1979; 41: 407-418
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Barger AC, Beeuwkes RI, Lainey LL, Silverman KJ. Vasa vasorum and neovascularization of human coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 175-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ. Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1371-1375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 O’Malley MK, McDermott EW M, Mehigan D, O’Higgins NJ. Role for prazosin in reducing the development of rabbit intimal hyperplasia after endothelial denudation. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 936-938
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Clowes AW, Reidy MA, Clowes MM. Mechanisms of stenosis after arterial injury. Lab Invest 1983; 49: 208-215
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Clowes AW, Clowes MM, Reidy MA. Kinetics of cellular proliferation after arterial injury. I. Smooth muscle growth in the absence of endothelium Lab Invest 1983; 49: 327-333
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Friedman RJ, Stemerman MB, Wenz B, Moore S, Gauldie J, Gent M, Tiell ML, Spaet TH. The effect of thrombocytopenia on experimental athersoclerotic lesion formation in rabbits. Smooth muscle cell proliferation and re-endothelialization J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 1191-1201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Bjorkerud S, Bondjers G. Arterial repair and atherosclerosis after mechanical injury. Part 5. Tissue response after induction of a large superficial transverse injury Atherosclerosis 1973; 18: 235-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Schwartz SM, Stemerman MB, Benditt EP. The aortic intima. II. Repair of the aortic lining after mechanical denudation Am J Pathol 1975; 81: 15-42
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Betz E, Schlote W. Response of vessel walls to chronically applied electrical stimuli. Basic Res Cardiol 1979; 74: 10-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 French JE. Atherosclerosis in relation to the structure and function of the arterial intima, with special reference to the endothelium. Int Rev Exp Pathol 1966; 5: 253-354
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Baumgartner HR. Eine neue Methode zur Erzeugung der Thromben durch gezielte Uberdehnung der Gefasswand. Z Ges Exp Med 1963; 137: 227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Stemerman MB, Spaet TH, Pitlick F, Clintron J, Lejneks I, Tiell ML. Intimal healing: The pattern of reendothelialization and intimal thickening. Am J Pathol 1972; 87: 125
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Clowes AW, Clowes MM, Lingerie J, Reidy MA. Kinetics of cellular proliferation after arterial injury. V. Role of acute distension in the induction of smooth muscle proliferation Lab Invest 1989; 60: 360-364
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Clowes AW, Reidy MA. Prevention of stenosis aftervascular reconstruction: Pharmacologic control of intimal hyperplasia - A review. J Vasc Surg 1991; 13: 885-891
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Fingerle J, Johnson R, Clowes AW, Majesky MW, Reidy MA. Role of platelets in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration after vascular injury in rat carotid artery. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 8412-8416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Jawien A, Bowen-Pope DF, Lindner V, Schwartz SM, Clowes AW. Platelet-derived growth factor promotes smooth muscle migration and intimal thickening in a rat model of balloon angioplasty. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 507-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Jackson CL, Raines E, Ross R, Reidy MA. Role of endogenous platelet-derived growth factor in arterial smooth muscle cell migration after balloon catheter injury. Arteriosclerosis 1993; 13: 1218-1226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Ferns GA A, Raines EW, Spragel KH, Motani AS, Reidy MA, Ross R. Inhibition of neointimal smooth muscle accumulation after angioplasty by an antibody to PDGF. Science 1991; 253: 1129-1132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Clowes AW, Clowes MM, Reidy MA. Kinetics of cellular proliferation after arterial injury. III. Endothelial and smooth muscle growth in chronically denuded vessels Lab Invest 1986; 54: 295-303
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Olson NE, Chao S, Lindner V, Reidy MA. Intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation after balloon catheter injury. The role of basic fibroblast growth factor Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 1017-1023
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Majesky MW, Lindner V, Twardzik DR, Schwartz SM, Reidy MA. Production of transforming growth factor-1 during repair of arterial injury. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 904-910
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Daemen MJ A P, Lombardi DM, Bosman FT, Schwartz SM. Angiotensin II induces smooth muscle cell proliferation in the normal and injured arterial wall. Circ Res 1991; 68: 450-456
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Lindner V, Reidy MA. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells after vascular injury is inhibited by an antibody against basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3739-3743
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Lindner V, Lappi DA, Baird A, Majack RA, Reidy MA. Role of basic fibroblast growth factor in vascular lesion formation. Circ Res 1991; 68: 106-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Majesky MW, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM. Rat carotid neointimal smooth muscle cells re-express a developmentally regulated phenotype during repair of arterial injury. Circ Res 1992; 71: 759-768
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Giachelli CM, Bae N, Almeida M, Denhardt DT, Alpers CE, Schwartz SM. Osteopontin is elevated during neointima formation in rat arteries and is a novel component of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1686-1696
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Fingerle J, Au YP, Clowes AW, Reidy MA. Intimal lesion formation in rat carotid arteries after endothelial denudation in absence of medial injury. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 1082-1087
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Fawcett JW, Housden E. The effects of protease inhibitors on axon growth through astrocytes. Development 1990; 109: 59-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Lindner V, Olson NE, Clowes AW, Reidy MA. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation in injured rat arteries. Interaction of heparin with basic fibroblast growth factor J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 2044-2049
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Morishita R, Gibpns GH, Ellison KE, Nakajima M, Zhang L, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Dzau VJ. Single intraluminal delivery of antisense cdc2 kinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides results in chronic inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8474-8478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Simons M, Edelman ER, Rosenberg RD. Antisense proliferating cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery injury model. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2351-2356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Bennett MR, Schwartz SM. Antisense therapy for angioplasty restenosis: Some critical considerations. Circulation. 1995 (in press)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Williams LT, Schwartz SM, Gordon D. Platelet-derived growth factor mRN A detection in human atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1134-1143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Schwartz SM, Foy L, Bowen-Pope DF, Ross R. Derivation and properties of platelet-derived growth factor-independent rat smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1417-1428
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Majesky MW, Reidy MA, Bowen-Pope DF, Wilcox JN, Schwartz SM. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligand and receptor gene expression during repair of arterial injury. J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 2149-2158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Roberts AB, Spom MB. Physiological actions and clinical applications of transforming growth factor- (TGF-). Am J Physiol 1993; 264: G179-G186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Pompili VJ, Shum L, Yang ZY, San H, Liptay S, Gordon D, Derynck R, Nabel GJ, Nabel EG. Direct gene transfer of transforming growth factor—1 in the arterial wall stimulates fibrocellular hyperplasia. Circulation 1993; 88 (4, Part 2) I468
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Majack RA, Majesky MW, Goodman LV. Role of PDGF-A expression in the control of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by transforming growth factor-. J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 239-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Battegay E, Raines E, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF, Ross R. TGF-BB induces bimodal proliferation of connective tissue cells via complex control of an autocrine PDGF loop. Cell 1990; 63: 515-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Gibbons G, Pratt R, Dzau V. Vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia. Autocrine TGF-BB-1 expression determines growth response to angiotensin II J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 456-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Heam JA, Donohue BC, Ba’albaki H, Douglas JS, King SB I, Lembo NJ, Roubin GS, Sgoutas DS. Usefulness of serum lipoprotein(a) as a predictor of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1514
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Grainger DJ, Kirschenlohr HL, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg PL. Proliferation of human smooth muscle cells promoted by lipoprotein(a). Science 1993; 260: 1655-1658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Wolf YG, Rasmussen LM, Ruoslahti E. Antibodies against transforming growth factor-1 suppress intimal hyperplasia in a rat model. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 1172-1178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Jackson CL, Reidy MA. Basic fibroblast growth factor: Its role in the control of smooth muscle cell migration. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 1024-1031
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Bendeck MP, Zempo N, Clowes AW, Galardy RE, Reidy MA. Smooth muscle cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase expression after arterial injury in the rat. Circ Res 1994; 75: 539-545
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Block PC, Myler RK, Stertzer S, Fallon JT. Morphology after transluminal angioplasty in human beings. New Engl J Med 1981; 305: 382-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Clowes AW, Clowes M, Kirkman T, Jackson C, Au Y, Kenagy R. Heparin inhibits the expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator by smooth muscle cells in injured rat carotid artery. Circ Res 1992; 70: 1128-1136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Clowes AW, Kamovsky MJ. Suppression by heparin of smooth muscle cell proliferation in injured arteries. Nature 1977; 265: 625-626
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Fischell TA, Grant G, Johnson DE. Determinants of smooth muscle injury during balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1990; 82: 2170-2184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Galis ZS, Muszynski M, Sukhova GK, Simon-Morrissey E, Unemori EN, Lark MW, Amento E, Libby P. Cytokine-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells synthesize a complement of enzymes required for extracellular matrix digestion. Circ Res 1994; 75: 181-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Newman KM, Ogata Y, Malon AM, Irizarry E, Gandhi RH, Nagase H, Tilson MD. Identification of matrix metalloproteinases 3 (stromelysin-1) and 9 (gelatinase B) in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1315-1320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Newman KM, Malon AM, Shin RD, Scholes JV, Ramey WG, Tilson MD. Matrix metalloproteinases in abdominal aortic aneurysm: Characterization, purification, and their possible sources. Connect Tissue Res 1994; 30: 265-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Giachelli CM, Majesky MW, Schwartz SM. Developmentally regulated cytochrome P450IA1 expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 3981-3986
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Lemire JM, Covin CW, White S, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM. Characterization of cloned aortic smooth muscle cells from young rats. Am J Pathol 1994; 144: 1068-1081
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Walker LN, Bowen-Pope DF, Ross R, Reidy MA. Production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules by cultured arterial smooth muscle cells accompanies proliferation after arterial injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7311-7315
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Seifert RA, Schwartz SM, Bowen-Pope DF. Developmentally regulated production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules. Nature 1984; 311: 669-671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Lindner V, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, Reidy MA. A subpopulation of smooth muscle cells in rat arteries express PDGF-B chain mRNA. Circ Res. 1995 (in press)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Schwartz RS, Edwards WD, Huber KC, Antoniades LC, Bailey KR, Camrud AR, Jorgenson MA, Holmes DR. Coronary restenosis: Prospects for solution and new perspectives from a porcine model. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 54-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Hatton MW, Moar SL, Richardson M. De-endothelialization in vivo initiates a thrombogenic reaction at the rabbit aorta surface. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 499-508
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Reidy MA. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells at sites distant from vascular injury. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 298-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Okazaki H, Majesky MW, Harker LA, Schwartz SM. Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor ligand and receptor gene expression by -thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1992; 71: 1285-1293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Ross R, Masuda J, Raines EW, Gown AM, Katsuda S, Sasahara M, Malden LT, Masuko H, Sato H. Localization of PDGF-B protein in macrophages in all phases of atherogenesis. Science 1990; 248: 1009-1012
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Camey DH, Mann R, Redin WR, Pemia SD, Berry D, Heggers JP, Hayward PG, Robson MC, Christie J, Annable C, Fenton JW I, Glenn KC. Enhancement of incisional wound healing and neovascularization in normal rats by thrombin and synthetic thrombin receptor-activating peptides. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1469-1477
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Bar-Shavit R, Benezra M, Eldor A, Hy-Am E, Fenton JW I, Wilner GD. Thrombin immobilized to extracellular matrix is a potent mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells: Nonenzymaticmode of action. Cell Regulation 1990; 1: 453-463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Lam JY T, Chesebro JH, Steele PM, Heras M, Webster MW I, Badimon L, Fuster V. Antithrombotic therapy for deep arterial injury by angioplasty: Efficacy of common platelet inhibition compared with thrombin inhibition in pigs. Circulation 1991; 84: 814-820
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Williams JK, Armstrong ML, Heistad DD. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerotic coronary arteries: Responses to vasoactive stimuli and regression of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 1988; 62: 515-523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 deBlois D, Drapeau G, Petitclerc E, Marceau F. Synergism between contractile effect of epidermal growth factor and that of des-Arg9-bradykinin or of -thrombin in rabbit aortic rings. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: 959-967
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Powell J, Clozel J, Muller R, Kuhn H, Hefti F, Hosang M, Baumgartner H. Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme prevent myointimal proliferation after vascular injury. Science 1989; 245: 186-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Kauffman RF, Bean JS, Zimmerman KM, Brown RF, Steinberg MI. Losartan, a nonpeptide All receptor antagonist, inhibits neointima formation following balloon injury to rat carotid arteries. Life Sci 1991; 49: PL223-PL228
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Prescott M, Webb R, Reidy MA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II, ATI receptor antagonist: Effects cm smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation after balloon catheter injury. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 1291-1302
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Farhy RD, Ho KL, Carretero OA, Scicli AG. Kinins mediate the antiproliferative effect of ramipril in rat carotid artery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182: 283-288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Huber KC, Schwartz RS, Edwards WD, Camrud AR, Bailey KR, Jorgenson MA, Holmes DR. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on neointimal proliferation in a porcine coronary injury model. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 695-701
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Griffin S, Brown W, MacPherson F, McGrath J, Wilson V, Korsgaard N, Mulvany M, Lever A. Angiotensin II causes vascular hypertrophy in part by a non-pressor mechanism. Hypertension 1991; 17: 626-635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Geisterfer AA, Peach MJ, Owens GK. Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1988; 62: 749-756
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Poulsen K, Jacobsen J. Enzymic reactions of the renin-angiotensin system. In: Robertson JI, Nicholls MG. eds. The Renin-Angiotensin System. Vol.I New York, NY: Gower Medical Publishing; 1993: 5.1-5.12
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Rakugi H, Krieger J, Wang DS, Dzau VJ, Pratt RE. Induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme in neointima after balloon injury. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1991; 11: 1396a
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Viswanathan M, Stromberg C, Seltzer A, Saavedra JM. Balloon angioplasty enhances the expression of angiotensin II ATI receptors in neointima of rat aorta. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1707-1712
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Fishel RS, Redden RA, Bernstein KE, Berk BC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and vascular injury: Synergistic upregulation by stress steroids and basic fibroblast growth factor. Circulation 1992; 86 (01) I85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Bell L, Madri JA. Influence of the angiotensin system cm endothelial and smooth muscle cell migration. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 7-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Powell JS, Muller RK M, Rouge M, Kuhn H, Hefti F, Baumgartner HR. The proliferative response to vascular injury is suppressed by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 16 (04) S42-S49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Kaartinen M, Penttila A, Kovanen PT. Mast cells of the two types differing in neutral protease composition in the human aortic intima. Demonstration of trypase- and trypase/chymase-containing mast cells in normal intimas, fatty streaks and the shoulder region of atheromas Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 966-972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Nobuyoshi M, Kimura T, Ohishi H, Horiuchi H, Nosaka H, Hamasaki N, Yokoi H, Kim K. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Pathologic observations in 20 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 433-439
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Miller MJ, Kuntz RE, Friedrich SP, Leidig GA, Fishman RF, Schnitt SJ, Bairn DS, Safian RD. Frequency and consequences of intimal hyperplasia in specimens retrieved by directional atherectomy of native primary coronary artery stenoses and subsequent restenoses. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 652-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Schnitt SJ, Safian RD, Kuntz RE, Schmidt DA, Bairn DS. Histologic findings in specimens obtained by percutaneous directional coronary atherectomy. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 415-420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Orekhov AN, Ankarpova II, Tertov VV, Rudchenko SA, Addreeva ER, Krushinsky AV, Smirnov RN. Cellular composition of atherosclerotic and uninvolved human aortic subendothelial intima: light-microscopic study of dissociated aortic cells. Am J Pathol 1984; 115: 17-24
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Andreeva ER, Rekhter MD, Romanov YA, Antonova GM, Antonov AS, Mironov AA, Orekhov AN. Stellate cells of aortic intima: II. Arborization of intimal cells in culture. Tissue Cell 1992; 24: 697-704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 O’Brien ER, Alpers CE, Stewart DK, Ferguson M, Tran N, Gordon D, Benditt EP, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Schwartz SM. Proliferation in primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy tissue; Implications for antiproliferative therapy. Circ Res 1993; 73: 223-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Leclerc G, Kearney M, Schneider D, Rosenfield K, Losordo DW, Isner JM. Assessment of cell kinetics in human restenotic lesions by in vitro bromodeoxyuridine labeling of excised atherectomy specimens. clin Res 1993; 41: 343A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Strauss BH, Umans VA, VanSuylen RJ, deFeyter PJ, Marco J, Robertson GC, Renkin J, Heyndrickx G, Vuzevski VD, Bosnian FT. Directional atherectomy for treatment of restenosis within coronary stents: Clinical, angiographic and histological results. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 1465-1473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Pickering JG, Weir L, Jekanowski J, Kearney MA, Isner JM. Proliferative activity in peripheral and coronary atherosclerotic plaque among patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1469-1480
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Garcia RL, Coltrera MD, Gown AM. Analysis of proliferative grade using anti-PCNA/cycin monoclonal antibodies in fixed, embedded tissues: Comparison with flow cytometric analysis. Am J Pathol 1989; 134: 733-739
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Spagnoli LG, Villaschi S, Neri L, Palmieri G, Taurino M, Faraglia V, Fiorani P. Autoradiographic studies of the smooth muscle cells in human arteries. Arterial Wall 1981; 7: 107-112
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Rekhter M, Nicholls S, Ferguson M, Gordon D. Cell proliferation in human arteriovenous fistulas used for hemodialysis. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 609-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Mintz GS, Douek PC, Bonner RF, Kent KM, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Leon MB. Intravascularultrasound comparison of de novo and restenotic coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 118A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Lesperance J, Bourassa MG, Schwartz L, Hudon G, Laurier J, Eastwood C, Kazim F. Definition and measurement of restenosis after successful coronary angioplasty: Implications for clinical trials. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1394-1408
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Kuntz RE, Gibson M, Nobuyoshi M, Bairn DS. Generalized model of restenosis after conventional balloon angioplasty, stenting and directional atherectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 15-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Penny WF, Schmidt DA, Safian RD, Emy RE, Bairn DS. Insights into the mechanism ofluminal improvement after directional coronary atherectomy. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 435-437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Faxon DP, Weber VJ, Haudenschild C, Gottsman SB, McGovern WA, Ryan TJ. Acute effects of angioplasty in three experimental models of atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1982; 2: 125-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Sanborn TA, Faxon DP, Haudenschild C, Gottsman SB, Ryan TJ. The mechanism of transluminal angioplasty: Evidence for formation of aneurysms in experimental atherosclerosis. Circulation 1983; 68: 1136-1140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Fischell TA, Derby G, Tse TM, Stadius ML. Coronary artery vasoconstriction routinely occurs after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a quantitative arteriographic analysis. Circulation 1988; 78: 1323-1334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Nobuyoshi M, Kimura H, Nosaka H, Mioka S, Ueno K, Hamasaki N, Horiuchi H, Oshishi H. Restenosis after successfulpercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Serial angiographic follow-up of 299 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 616-623
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Isner JM, Rosenfield K, Losordo DW, Rose L, Langevin RE J, Razvi S, Kosowsky BD. Combination balloon-ultrasound imaging catheter for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Validation of imaging, analysis of recoil, and identification of plaque fracture Circulation 1991; 84: 739-754
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar