RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1656513
Ultra-High Dilutions and Homeopathy: Can They Be Explained without Non-Local Theory?
Publikationsverlauf
01. Juni 2017
12. April 2018
Publikationsdatum:
05. Juni 2018 (online)
Abstract
We discuss questions related to the ‘Benveniste Affair’, its consequences and broader issues in an attempt to understand homeopathy. Specifically, we address the following points:
1. The relationship between the experiments conducted by Benveniste, Montagnier, their collaborators and groups that independently tested their results, and ‘traditional’ homeopathy.
2. Possible non-local components such as ‘generalised entanglement’ as the basis of the homeopathic phenomenon and experimental evidence for them.
3. The capability of highly diluted homeopathic remedies to provoke tangible biological changes in whole organisms and cellular experimental systems.
4. Aspects of the similia principle related to the above.
5. Suggestions that can lead to experimental verifications of the non-local hypothesis in homeopathy.
Keywords
homeopathy - memory of water - potentised ultra-diluted remedies - Benveniste's experiment - non-locality - generalised entanglement - causality - similia principleHighlights
• Non-local explanations for the effects of homeopathy arose from the controversial work of Jacques Benveniste.
• An attempt to demonstrate transmission of the activity of a potentised solution was unsuccessful, but a critical experimenter effect was detected.
• Multiple repetitions of the human basophil degranulation experiments similar to Benveniste's have shown positive results.
• Other workers have proposed non-local hypotheses based on weak quantum theory. These have some experimental support.
-
References
- 1 Thomas Y. From high dilutions to digital biology: the physical nature of the biological signal. Homeopathy 2015; 104: 295-300
- 2 Thomas Y. The history of the memory of water. Homeopathy 2007; 96: 151-157
- 3 Poitevin B. The continuing mystery of the memory of water. Homeopathy 2008; 97: 39-41
- 4 Poitevin B. Mémoire de l'eau ou présence de la matière?. La Revue d'Homéopathie 2011; 2: 4-11
- 5 Schiff M. The Memory of Water: Homoeopathy and the Battle of Ideas in the New Science. Harper Thorsons; 1998
- 6 Beauvais F. Ghosts of Molecules – The Case of the “memory of water”. Lulu Press, Collection Mille-Mondes; 2016
- 7 Walach H. Magic of signs: a non-local interpretation of homeopathy. Br Homeopath J 2000; 89: 127-140
- 8 Walach H. Entanglement model of homeopathy as an example of generalized entanglement predicted by weak quantum theory. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2003; 10: 192-200
- 9 Walach H. Entangled--and tied in knots! Practical consequences of an entanglement model for homeopathic research and practice. Homeopathy 2005; 94: 96-99
- 10 Milgrom LR. Patient-practitioner-remedy (PPR) entanglement. Part 1: a qualitative, non-local metaphor for homeopathy based on quantum theory. Homeopathy 2002; 91: 239-248
- 11 Milgrom LR. The sound of two hands clapping: could homeopathy work locally and non-locally?. Homeopathy 2005; 94: 100-104
- 12 Milgrom LR. Conspicuous by its absence: the memory of water, macro-entanglement, and the possibility of homeopathy. Homeopathy 2007; 96: 209-219
- 13 Weingärtner O. What is the therapeutically active ingredient of homeopathic potencies?. Homeopathy 2003; 92: 145-151
- 14 Weingärtner O. The nature of the active ingredient in ultramolecular dilutions. Homeopathy 2007; 96: 220-226
- 15 Weingärtner O. A formal approach to the problem of reproducing experimental effects with homeopathic potencies. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15: 287-291
- 16 Beauvais F. Emergence of a signal from background noise in the “memory of water” experiments: how to explain it?. Explore (NY) 2012; 8: 185-196
- 17 Beauvais F. A quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical trials: importance of in situ randomization and unblinding. Homeopathy 2013; 102: 106-113
- 18 Beauvais F. ‘Unconventional’ experiments in biology and medicine with optimized design based on quantum-like correlations. Homeopathy 2017; 106: 55-66
- 19 Davenas E, Beauvais F, Amara J. , et al. Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE. Nature 1988; 333: 816-818
- 20 Vithoulkas G. The controversy over the “Memory of Water”. Medical Science Hypotheses 2017; 4: 1-6
- 21 Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M. , et al. Inhibition of human basophil degranulation by successive histamine dilutions: results of a European multi-centre trial. Inflamm Res 1999; 48 (Suppl. 01) S17-S18
- 22 Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M. , et al. Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res 2004; 53: 181-188
- 23 Maddox J, Randi J, Stewart WW. “High-dilution” experiments a delusion. Nature 1988; 334: 287-291
- 24 Sainte-Laudy J, Belon P. Inhibition of basophil activation by histamine: a sensitive and reproducible model for the study of the biological activity of high dilutions. Homeopathy 2009; 98: 186-197
- 25 Atmanspacher H, Römer H, Walach H. Weak quantum theory: complementarity and entanglement in physics and beyond. Found Phys 2002; 32: 379-406
- 26 Walach H, Jonas WB, Ives J, van Wijk R, Weingärtner O. Research on homeopathy: state of the art. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 11: 813-829
- 27 Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press; 1996
- 28 Walach H, Sherr J, Schneider R, Shabi R, Bond A, Rieberer G. Homeopathic proving symptoms: result of a local, non-local, or placebo process? A blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study. Homeopathy 2004; 93: 179-185
- 29 Möllinger H, Schneider R, Löffel M, Walach H. A double-blind, randomized, homeopathic pathogenetic trial with healthy persons: comparing two high potencies. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2004; 11: 274-280
- 30 Walach H, Teut M. Scientific proving of ultra high dilutions on humans. Homeopathy 2015; 104: 322-327
- 31 Bayr G. A model for homœopathic drug tests including statistical analysis. Br Homeopath J 1986; 75: 80-88
- 32 Almirantis Y. Homeopathy--between tradition and modern science: remedies as carriers of significance. Homeopathy 2013; 102: 114-122
- 33 Beauvais F. Description of Benveniste's experiments using quantum-like probabilities. J Sci Explor 2013; 27: 43-71
- 34 Thieves K, Gleiss A, Kratky KW, Frass M. First evidence of Beauvais' hypothesis in a plant model. Homeopathy 2016; 105: 270-279
- 35 Jonas WB, Ives JA, Rollwagen F. , et al. Can specific biological signals be digitized?. FASEB J 2006; 20: 23-28
- 36 Mermin ND. Is the moon there when nobody looks? Reality and the quantum theory. Phys Today 1985; 38: 38-47
- 37 Poitevin B. Orientations récentes de la recherche clinique en homéopathie. La Revue d'Homéopathie 2014; 5: 47-53
- 38 Fisher P. Entangled, or tied in knots?. Homeopathy 2004; 93 (04) 171-172
- 39 Lacan J. Écrits: A Selection. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co; 2002
- 40 Hyland ME, Lewith GT. Oscillatory effects in a homeopathic clinical trial: an explanation using complexity theory, and implications for clinical practice. Homeopathy 2002; 91: 145-149
- 41 Olioso D, Marzotto M, Bonafini C, Brizzi M, Bellavite P. Arnica montana effects on gene expression in a human macrophage cell line. Evaluation by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Homeopathy 2016; 105: 131-147
- 42 Tsitinidis K. Homeopathic Topology. Hellenic Homeopathic Medical Society (HHMS); 2016. Lon-linearity and Hormesis-like features in homeopathy are discussed throughout the book, and particularly in the appended article “Homeopathy – Therapeutic and Diagnostic Means of Diseases and Bioscience” that firstly appeared in Greek in the Journal of the HHMS “HomeoNews”; Athens, Greece; issue April 2006
- 43 Montagnier L, Aïssa J, Ferris S, Montagnier JL, Lavallée C. Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdiscip Sci 2009; 1: 81-90
- 44 Montagnier L, Aïssa J, Del Giudice E, Lavallee C, Tedeschi A, Vitiello G. DNA waves and water. J Phys Conf Ser 2011; 306: 012007
- 45 Montagnier L, Del Giudice E, Aïssa J. , et al. Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic waves. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 34: 106-112
- 46 Milgrom LR. Gold standards, golden calves, and random reproducibility: why homeopaths at last have something to smile about. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15: 205-207
- 47 Ennis M. Basophil models of homeopathy: a sceptical view. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 51-56
- 48 Ennis M. Reply to D. Mastrangelo. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 289
- 49 Fisher P. Local, entangled or both?. Homeopathy 2013; 102: 85-86
- 50 Anagnostatos GS. Small water clusters (clathrates) in the preparation process of homoeopathy. In: Endler PC, Schulte J. , eds. Ultra High Dilution. Springer: Dordrecht; 1994: 121-8
- 51 Anick DJ, Ives JA. The silica hypothesis for homeopathy: physical chemistry. Homeopathy 2007; 96: 189-195
- 52 Voeikov VL. The possible role of active oxygen in the memory of water. Homeopathy 2007; 96: 196-201
- 53 Bono I, Del Giudice E, Gamberale L, Henry M. Emergence of the coherent structure of liquid water. Water 2012; 4: 510-532
- 54 Endler PC, Thieves K, Reich C. , et al. Repetitions of fundamental research models for homeopathically prepared dilutions beyond 10−23: a bibliometric study. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 25-36
- 55 Poitevin B. Survey of immuno-allergological ultra high dilution research. Homeopathy 2015; 104: 269-276
- 56 Poitevin B, Davenas E, Benveniste J. In vitro immunological degranulation of human basophils is modulated by lung histamine and Apis mellifica. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 25: 439-444
- 57 Davenas E, Poitevin B, Benveniste J. Effect of mouse peritoneal macrophages of orally administered very high dilutions of silica. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 135: 313-319
- 58 Rey L. Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride. Physica A 2003; 323: 67-74
- 59 Cartwright SJ. Solvatochromic dyes detect the presence of homeopathic potencies. Homeopathy 2016; 105: 55-65