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Semin Neurol 2018; 38(03): 267-277
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660501
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Antibodies in Autoimmune Human Neurological Disease: Pathogenesis and Immunopathology

Jon P. Williams
1   Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
,
Noel G. Carlson
1   Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
2   Research Service and GRECC, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah
3   Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
,
John E. Greenlee
1   Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
16 July 2018 (online)

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Abstract

Immune-mediated processes represent a rapidly expanding categorical etiology for neurological disease manifestations spanning all subspecialties of neurology. Neural autoantibodies can be grossly divided into two main groups based on localization of the antigen: intracellular and cell membrane/synaptic antibodies. Antibodies reactive with neuronal membrane antigens have been identified in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients developing neurological disease either independent of or associated with cancer comorbidity, whereas antibodies directed against intracellular targets have a much higher rate of associated malignancy. Antibodies to neuronal membrane proteins such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor are considered directly pathogenic based on disease models. Similar evidence exists for far fewer autoantibodies directed against intracellular targets. Attempts to produce an antibody-mediated animal model of human paraneoplastic disease have been unsuccessful to date. In this article, we review antineural antibodies and their clinical associations, briefly discuss recently characterized entities, and present proposed mechanisms of antibody pathogenicity.

Keywords

paraneoplastic - autoimmune - encephalitis - antibody - pathogenesis
 

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