Abstract
The orbit is contained within a complex bony architecture with overlying soft tissue
that involves many important anatomical structures. Orbital trauma is a frequent cause
of damage to these structures. The authors review the literature on reconstructive
techniques focusing on fractures of the orbital rim, orbital roof, orbital floor,
medial orbital wall, and naso-orbito-ethmoid complex. A thorough literature review
was conducted using PubMed analyzing articles relevant to the subject matter. Various
search terms were used to identify articles regarding orbital trauma presentation,
diagnosis, management, as well as postoperative complications. Articles were examined
by all authors and pertinent information was gleaned for the purpose of generating
this review. Orbital trauma can result in a wide variety of complications in form
and function. Not all orbital fractures require operative repair. However, bony disruption
can cause enophthalmos, hypophthalmos, telecanthus, epiphora, cerebrospinal fluid
leaks, orbital hematoma, and even blindness to name a few. Timing of operative repair
as well as reconstructive method is dictated by the patient's individual presentation.
Successful fracture management requires a detailed understanding of the anatomy and
pathophysiology to ensure restoration of the patients' preoperative state. Orbital
trauma encompasses a wide variety of mechanisms of injury and resulting fracture patterns.
A variety of surgical approaches to the orbit exist as has been discussed allowing
the surgeon access to all area of interest. Regardless of the fracture complexity,
the principles of atraumatic technique, anatomic reduction, and stable fixation apply
in all cases.
Keywords
orbital trauma - fixation - reduction - fracture
